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Mantophasmatidae
Family of insects

Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous wingless insects within the monotypic order Mantophasmatodea, which was discovered in Africa in 2001. Recent evidence indicates a sister group relationship with Grylloblattidae (classified in the order Grylloblattodea), and Arillo and Engel have combined the two groups into a single order, Notoptera, with Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea ranked as suborders.

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Overview

The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they also are called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and colloquially, mantos.6 Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia (Brandberg Massif),7 although the modern relict population of Tanzaniophasma subsolana in Tanzania and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.

Mantophasmatodea are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a cross between praying mantises and phasmids, and molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to the equally enigmatic group Grylloblattodea.89 Initially, the gladiators were described from old museum specimens that originally were found in Namibia (Mantophasma zephyra) and Tanzania (M. subsolana), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber (Raptophasma kerneggeri).

Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; Tyrannophasma gladiator was found on the Brandberg Massif, and Mantophasma zephyra was found on the Erongoberg Massif.10

Since then, a number of new genera and species have been discovered, the most recent being two new genera, Kuboesphasma and Minutophasma, each with a single species, described from Richtersveld in South Africa in 2018.11

Biology

Mantophasmatids are wingless carnivores. During courtship, they communicate using vibrations transmitted through the ground or substrate.12

Classification

The classification of Mantophasmatodea in Arillo & Engel (2006)13 recognizes numerous genera, including fossils, in a single family Manophasmatidae:

  • Basal and incertae sedis
    • Genus †Raptophasma Zompro, 2001 – Baltic amber, Eocene
    • Genus †Adicophasma Engel & Grimaldi, 2004 – Baltic amber, Eocene
    • Genus †Juramantophasma Huang et al, 200814 – Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
    • Genus ?†Ensiferophasma Zompro, 200515 – Baltic amber, Eocene (assignment to Mantophasmatodea considered dubious)16
  • Subfamily Tanzaniophasmatinae Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 200317
  • Subfamily Mantophasmatinae
    • Tribe Tyrannophasmatini Zompro, 200518
      • Genus Praedatophasma Zompro & Adis, 2002 – Namibia
        • Species Praedatophasma maraisi Zompro & Adis, 2002
      • Genus Tyrannophasma Zompro, 2003 – Namibia
    • Tribe Mantophasmatini Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002 (paraphyletic?)
      • Genus Mantophasma Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002 – Namibia
      • Genus Pachyphasma Wipfler, Pohl, & Predel, 2012 – Namibia
        • Species Pachyphasma brandbergense Wipfler, Pohl, & Predel, 2012
      • Genus Sclerophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – Namibia
        • Species Sclerophasma paresisense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, & Tojo 2003
    • Tribe Austrophasmatini Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 200319
      • Genus Austrophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Austrophasma caledonense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
        • Species Austrophasma gansbaaiense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
        • Species Austrophasma rawsonvillense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Hemilobophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Hemilobophasma montaguense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Karoophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
      • Genus Kuboesphasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018 – South Africa
        • Species Kuboesphasma compactum Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
      • Genus Lobatophasma Damgaard, Klass, Picker & Buder, 2008 (formerly Lobophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003) – South Africa
        • Species Lobatophasma redelinghuysense (Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003)
      • Genus Minutophasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018 – South Africa
        • Species Minutophasma richtersveldense Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
      • Genus Namaquaphasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Namaquaphasma ookiepense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Striatophasma Wipfler, Pohl & Predel, 2012 – Namibia
        • Species Striatophasma naukluftense Wipfler, Pohl & Predel, 2012
      • Genus Viridiphasma Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 201120 – South Africa
        • Species Viridiphasma clanwilliamense Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 2011

Some taxonomists assign full family status to the subfamilies and tribes, and sub-ordinal status to the family. In total, there are 21 extant species described as of 2018.21

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mantophasmatidae. Wikispecies has information related to Mantophasmatidae.

References

  1. Klass, K.-D.; Zompro, O.; Kristensen, N.P.; Adis, J. (2002). "Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the afrotropics". Science. 296: 1456–1459. doi:10.1126/science.1069397. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  2. Adis, J.; Zompro, O.; Moombolah-Goagoses, E.; Marais, E. (November 2002). "Gladiators: A new order of insect" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 287, no. 5. pp. 60–65. Retrieved 16 August 2024. https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/baldwin/webbugs/3005_5006/Docs/gladiators.pdf ↩

  3. Terry, M.D.; Whiting, M.F. (2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics. 21 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2005.00062.x ↩

  4. Cameron, S. L.; Barker, S. C.; Whiting, M. F. (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. PMID 16321547. /wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution ↩

  5. Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates. 3539: 1–10. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59821931 ↩

  6. "Biodiversity Explorer: Mantophasmatodea". Iziko. Retrieved 30 June 2018. http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mantophasmatodea/ ↩

  7. Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Weitschat, W. (2002). "A review of the order Mantophasmatodea (Insecta)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 241 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1078/0044-5231-00080. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  8. Terry, M.D.; Whiting, M.F. (2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics. 21 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2005.00062.x ↩

  9. Cameron, S. L.; Barker, S. C.; Whiting, M. F. (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. PMID 16321547. /wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution ↩

  10. Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Bragg, P.E.; Naskrecki, P.; Meakin, K.; Wittneben, M.; Saxe, V. (2003). "A new genus and species of Mantophasmatidae (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with notes on behaviour". Cimbebasia. 19: 13–24. ↩

  11. Wipfler, B; Theska, T; Predel, R (2018). "Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species". ZooKeys (746): 137–160. doi:10.3897/zookeys.746.14885. PMC 5904538. PMID 29674900. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904538 ↩

  12. Randall, J. A. (2014). "Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats". Biocommunication of Animals: 103–133. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_7. ISBN 978-94-007-7413-1. 978-94-007-7413-1 ↩

  13. Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates. 3539: 1–10. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59821931 ↩

  14. Huang, Di-ying; Nel, André; Zompro, Oliver; Waller, Alain (2008-06-11). "Mantophasmatodea now in the Jurassic". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (10): 947–952. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0412-x. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 18545982. S2CID 35408984. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5311278 ↩

  15. Zompro, O. (2005). "Inter- and intra-ordinal relationships of the Mantophasmatodea, with comments on the phylogeny of polyneopteran orders (Insecta: Polyneoptera)". Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg. 89: 85–116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285307536 ↩

  16. This genus is sometimes placed in its own family, Ensiferophasmatidae. ↩

  17. This subfamily is sometimes known as the family Tanzaniophasmatidae. ↩

  18. Zompro, O. (2005). "Inter- and intra-ordinal relationships of the Mantophasmatodea, with comments on the phylogeny of polyneopteran orders (Insecta: Polyneoptera)". Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg. 89: 85–116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285307536 ↩

  19. This tribe is sometimes known as the family Austrophasmatidae. ↩

  20. Eberhard, M.J.B.; Picker, M.D.; Klass, K.D. (2011). "Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 11 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1007/s13127-010-0037-8. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  21. Wipfler, B; Theska, T; Predel, R (2018). "Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species". ZooKeys (746): 137–160. doi:10.3897/zookeys.746.14885. PMC 5904538. PMID 29674900. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904538 ↩