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Medical Scientist Training Program
MD–PhD training programs

The Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTPs) are dual-degree training programs that streamline the education towards both clinical (typically MD) and research doctoral degrees. MSTPs are offered by some United States medical schools, who are awarded financial support from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goal of these training programs is to produce physician scientists who can translate laboratory discoveries into effective treatments for patients.

The NIH began awarding the MSTP designation in 1964. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Northwestern University, and New York University were the original three MSTP programs that were established. As of 2024, there were 58 NIH-funded MSTP programs in the US (56 MD-PhD, 4 DVM-PhD), supporting over 1000 students at all stages of the program.

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History

The program has its origins in the non-NIH funded MD-PhD training offered at the nation's research-centric medical schools. An early dual-degree program began at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1956.5 Other prominent medical schools quickly followed this example and developed integrated MD-PhD training structures.

In 1964, the NIH created the Medical Scientist Training Program to begin funding this medical and research education. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Northwestern University, and New York University were the original three MSTP programs that were established.

In 2022, the NIH announced the Leading Equity and Advancing Diversity in the Medical Scientist Training Program (LEAD MSTP).6 The LEAD MSTP shares a similar goal to the MSTP by supporting dual-degree training programs, but at institutions that have not historically been well represented among NIH-funded MSTPs. LEAD MSTP awards are limited to programs at historically Black colleges and universities, tribal colleges and universities, and institutions in Institutional Development Award (IDeA)-eligible states.7 The first LEAD MSTP program was established at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in 2024.8 As of 2025, there are 2 NIH-funded LEAD MSTP programs in the US.9

Admissions

Admission to MSTPs is the most competitive of all graduate medical education programs in the country.

In 2018, 672 of 1855 total applicants successfully matriculated into MD-PhD programs (36.2%), but only 513 of these slots were at MSTPs, making the matriculation rate for MSTPs nationally 27.7%.10

In comparison, MD-only programs had 40,174 positions for a total of 95,797 applicants (a 41.9% matriculation rate).11 At each institution, these acceptance rates are varied and are often far more competitive than the national data. Applicants must have very strong MCAT scores and GPAs to be considered for positions in MSTP. Reflecting this fact, from 2018 to 2019 the average GPA and MCAT for matriculants to MSTPs were 3.79 and 515.6, respectively.12 MSTP applicants will often have very strong research experience as well, in addition to the typical qualifications required from MD-only applicants.

Interviews for admissions at MSTPs tend to focus on the applicant's career goals and past experiences in scientific research. These may include short research talks or presentations followed by rigorous questioning by an interviewer or interviewing committee. MSTP applicants are often required to demonstrate a deep understanding of their past research projects. Multiple interview sessions conducted by different interviewers that last for 2 days are very common. At some MSTPs, applicants may also be required (or be offered the chance) to interview with the MD-only program.

Financial support

MSTP matriculants receive substantial financial awards that make them financially competitive to their MD-only counterparts even with the longer training periods. These allowances cover all tuition expenses, provide travel and supply allowances, and accommodate living expenses through an annual stipend (ranging from $26,000 to $39,000). Overall grants typically range from $600,000 - $1,000,000. These monetary awards compare to approximately $250,000 of pre-tax income.

Since MSTP grants are a type of National Research Service Award, students must be nationals (citizens or noncitizens) of the United States or possess a I-151 or I-551 alien registration receipt. However many MSTPs offer non-MSTP grant funded positions, allowing for non-citizens and non-legalized nationals to be accepted into the MD-PhD program at that particular school. These programs are indistinguishable between the students besides the funding source. Furthermore, many non-MSTP medical schools have MD-PhD programs that are not supported by the NIH but offer similar training opportunities and grant stipends.{{13}}

Allied-institution programs

Several MSTPs allow for the PhD portion of the MSTP to be completed outside the home university at an allied institution. These relationships provide additional and sometimes stronger research opportunities to students in these MSTPs.

Programs

InstitutionYear FoundedAllied Institution(s)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine196414
Baylor College of Medicine197615Rice University
Case Western Reserve University197516Cleveland Clinic
Colorado State University20201718
Columbia University196919
Cornell University1974,20 20232122Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and The Rockefeller University (Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program)
Duke University196623
Emory University197624Georgia Institute of Technology
Harvard University197425Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Indiana University199326Purdue University
Johns Hopkins University197527
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science198628
Medical College of Wisconsin201029
Medical University of South Carolina199930
Mount Sinai School of Medicine197631
New York University196432
Northwestern University196433
Oregon Health & Science University198234
Penn State University201635
Stanford University196836
Stony Brook University199237Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory
Ohio State University201138
Tufts University199439
University of Alabama at Birmingham199240
University of Arizona199041
University of California, Davis20204243
University of California, Irvine199944
University of California, Los Angeles198345California Institute of Technology
University of California, San Diego197546Salk Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, and La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
University of California, San Francisco197747University of California, Berkeley
University of Chicago196848
University of Cincinnati200249Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
University of Colorado Denver199350University of Colorado Boulder and National Jewish Health
University of Illinois Chicago200751
University of Iowa197652
University of Kansas Medical Center202053Stowers Institute for Medical Research
University of Maryland, Baltimore201054University of Maryland, College Park, NIH Intramural Research Program
University of Massachusetts201355
University of Miami201756
University of Michigan198057
University of Minnesota198858
University of Nebraska Medical Center20245960
University of New Mexico20246162
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill199963North Carolina State University
University of Pennsylvania1969,64 19776566Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
University of Pittsburgh198767Carnegie Mellon University
University of Rochester197368
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston201869University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio201870Texas Biomedical Research Institute
University of Texas Southwestern198271
University of Utah202372
University of Virginia197673
University of Washington197074Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Benaroya Research Institute
University of Wisconsin-Madison196875
Vanderbilt University197676
Virginia Commonwealth University202277
Washington University in St. Louis196978
Yale University196979

Outcomes

According to a 2010 report of students from the 1970s-2010s, 95% of MSTP graduates entered a residency program after graduation.80

Applicants for NIH research grants that completed an MSTP program were three times more likely to be successfully funded than graduates with an MD/PhD that did not participate in an MSTP program.81

Non-MSTP MD-PhD programs

A number of medical schools without funded NIH MSTP grant slots maintain their own non-MSTP MD-PhD combined degree programs, sometimes offering full or partial student financial support funded by the schools themselves.82 As of 2021, 75 institutions provide a means for non-MSTP MD-PhD education in the United States.83 Internationally, there are 34 non-US institutions that provide MD–PhD training.84

See also

Notes

References

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  43. DVM-PhD, not to be confused UCD's non-MSTP MD-PhD program.[27][28] ↩

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