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Monofluorophosphate
Chemical compound

Monofluorophosphate is an anion with the formula PO3F2−, which is a phosphate group with one oxygen atom substituted with a fluoride atom. The charge of the ion is −2. The ion resembles sulfate in size, shape and charge, and can thus form compounds with the same structure as sulfates. These include Tutton's salts and langbeinites. The most well-known compound of monofluorophosphate is sodium monofluorophosphate, commonly used in toothpaste.

Related ions include difluorophosphate (PO2F−2) and hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−). The related neutral molecule is phosphenic fluoride PO2F.

Organic derivatives can be highly toxic and include diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Some of the Novichok agents are monofluorophosphate esters. Names are given to these by naming the groups attached as esters and then adding "fluorophosphonate" to the end of the name. Two organic groups can be attached. Other related nerve gas substances may not be esters, and instead have carbon-phosphorus or nitrogen-phosphorus bonds. The organic fluorophosphonates react with serine esterases and serine proteases irreversibly. This prevents these enzymes from functioning. Such an important enzyme is acetylcholinesterase as found in most animals. Some of the organic esters are detoxified in mammals by an enzyme in the blood and liver called paraoxonase PON1.

Willy Lange from Berlin discovered sodium monofluorophosphate in 1929. He fruitlessly tried to make monofluorophosphoric acid. However, he did discover the highly toxic organic esters. Following this discovery various nerve gases like sarin were developed.

Fluorophosphate glasses are low melting point kinds of glass which are mixtures of fluoride and phosphate metal compounds. For example, the composition 10% SnO, 40% SnF2, 50% P2O5 forms a glass melting about 139 °C. PbO and PbF2 can lower the melting temperature, and increase water resistance. These glasses can also be coloured by various other elements, and organic dyes.

Some mixed anion compounds are known with other anions like fluoride, chloride, difluorophosphate or tetrafluoroborate.

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Production

Hydrolysis of difluorophosphate with an alkali produces monofluorophosphate.

PO2F−2 + 2 MOH → M2PO3F + H2O + F−

Industrial production is by reaction of a fluoride with a metaphosphate.

MF + MPO3 → M2PO3F

Disodium hydrogen phosphate or tetrasodium pyrophosphate can react with hydrogen fluoride to form the sodium salt.

Na2HPO4 or Na4P2O7

Phosphoric acid reacts with metal fluorides dissolved in molten urea to yield monofluorophosphates.5

Properties

Monofluorophosphates are stable at room temperature, but will decompose when heated. For example, at 450 K (177 °C), silver monofluorophosphate gives off phosphoryl fluoride (POF3) as a gas leaving behind silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) and silver pyrophosphate (Ag4P2O7).6

In inorganic compounds the monofluorophosphate ion has an average P–O bond length of 1.51 Å. The P–F bond is longer, on average 1.58 Å. The O P F angle is 104.8°, smaller than the tetrahedral 109.47°. To compensate the O P O bond angle is 113.7° on average.7

Most commonly the monofluorophosphtae ion takes on point group 1, but a significant number have point group m. Only two are known with 3m and one with 3.8

When compared to sulfates, some are isotypical with the monofluorophosphates. Yet others have sulfates that take on a different form. But most know monofluorophosphates have no known equivalent sulfate.9

Compounds

NameFormulaCrystal formFormula weightDensityCommentChemSpiderPubChemCAS
fluorophosphoric acidH2PO3F99.986226872426713537-32-1
10BePO3F-IPc a=4.9331 b=6.6283 c=4.7083 β=90.2007 Z=2band gap 8.03 eV SHG 1.72×KDP
11BePO3F-IIP63 a=4.9651 c=9.3236 Z=2
12BePO3F-IIICc a=4.9542 b=8.5812 c=10.0532 β=98.0674 Z=4
13BePO3F-IVCc a=8.5892 b=4.9532 c=10.1526 β=92.4967 Z=4
14BePO3F-VCm a=9.2837 b=5.1602 c=7.1809 β=143.9321 Z=2
15BePO3F-VIP63mc a=5.1519 c=8.8598 Z=2
ammonium monofluorophosphate16(NH4)2PO3Forthorhombic: a = 6.29 Å, b = 8.31 Å, c = 12.70 Å, β = 99.6°, Z = 417134.051.6338324505
ammonium monofluorophosphate hydrate18(NH4)2PO3F·H2Omonoclinic: a = 7.9481 Å, b = 11.3472 Å, c = 6.0425 Å, β = 117.55°, Z = 4monoclinic: a = 6.3042 Å, b = 8.2942 Å, c = 12.760 Å, β = 98.415°, Z = 4, V = 657.416 Å319152.051.536
ammonium tetrafluoroborate-monofluorophosphate20(NH4)3[PO3F][BF4]monoclinic P21/m: a = 7.8384 Å, b = 6.0996 Å, c = 9.9079 Å, β = 111.990°, V = 439.24 Å3, Z = 2238.911.806
21(NH4)2PO3F·NH4NO3monoclinic P21/n a=10.3145 b=6.1034 c=14.3299 β=103.885° Z=4875.81.624@−73
22(NH4)2PO3F·NH4NO3triclinic P1a=10.3414 b=6.1056 c=14.1704 α=91.248 β=101.016 γ=89.173 Z=4877.981.620@−98
23(NH4)2PO3F·NH4NO3monoclinic P21ppa=10.3182 b=6.0591 c=14.3715 β=98.563 Z=4888.481.601@−173
24(N2H6)[HPO3F]2monoclinic C12/c1 a=14.1326 b=7.0340 c=7.9877 β=96.763 Z=4788.521.954colourless; large birefringence
sodium monofluorophosphateNa2PO3F226862426610163-15-2
sodium hydrogen monofluorophosphateNaHPO3F121.9681986080820859-36-3
sodium hydrogen monofluorophosphate dihydrate25NaHPO3F·2H2Omonoclinic: a = 19.112 Å, b = 5.341 Å, c = 12.72 Å, α = 110.18°, V = 1219.4 Å3167.011.819
magnesium monofluorophosphateMgPO3F122.2823206079
diammonium manganese dimonofluorophosphate dihydrate26(NH4)2Mg(PO3F)2·2H2Omonoclinic C2/m: a = 13.374 Å, b = 5.3541 Å, c = 7.385 Å, β = 113.758°, V = 484.01 Å3, Z = 2292.372.006
potassium monofluorophosphate27K2PO3Forthorhombic: a = 7.554 Å, b = 5.954 Å, c = 10.171 Å, V = 457 Å3, Z = 4 (at 20 °C)28176.172.5720859-37-4 14306-73-1
K2PO3F·KF29
Potassium hydrogen monofluorophosphateKHPO3Fmonoclinic: a = 7.273 Å, b = 14.086 Å, c = 7.655 Å, β = 90.13°, Z = 8, V = 784.233 Å330
Tripotassium hydrogen monofluorophosphateK3H(PO3F)2monoclinic: a = 7.973 Å; b = 11.635 Å; c = 9.668 Å, β = 113.52°, Z = 4, V = 822.35 Å331
Ammonium dipotassium hydrogen difluorophosphate32NH4K2H(PO3F)2
calcium monofluorophosphate dihydrate33CaPO3F·2H2Otriclinic: a = 8.6497 Å, b = 6.4614 Å, c = 5.7353 Å, α = 119.003°, β = 110.853°, γ = 94.146°, V = 249.943 Å3, Z = 2342.3138096036992040137809-19-1
calcium monofluorophosphate hemihydrate35CaPO3F·0.5H2O
vanadium monofluorophosphateVPO3F148.9120452625
chromium(III) monofluorophosphate36Cr2(PO3F)3·18.8H2Otriclinic: a = 11.594 Å, b = 15.292 Å, c = 15.360 Å, α = 83.804°, β = 84.203, γ = 82.597, V = 2674.1 Å3, Z = 4736.881.830
ammonium chromium(III) difluorophosphate hexahydrate37NH4Cr(PO3F)2·6H2OR3m: a = 6.5491 Å, c = 25.438 Å, Z = 39.44891.972green
manganese(II) fluorophosphate dihydrateMnPO3F·2H2Otriclinic: a = 5.528 Å, b = 5.636 Å, c = 8.257 Å, α = 81.279°, β = 75.156°, γ = 71.722°, Z = 238188.94
diammonium manganese monofluorophosphate39(NH4)2Mn(PO3F)2·2H2Omonoclinic: P21/n a = 12.558 Å, b = 5.5456 Å, c = 7.422 Å, β = 99.918°, Z = 2500.92.142pink
ammonium trimanganese dimonofluorophosphate difluorophosphate difluoride40(NH4)Mn3(PO3F)2(PO2F2)F2monoclinic: a = 20.3151 Å, b = 7.6382 Å, c = 7.8312 Å, β = 103.589°, V = 1181.16 Å3517.82.9116
diammonium cobalt dimonofluorophosphate dihydrate41(NH4)2Co(PO3F)2·2H2Omonoclinic C2/m: a = 13.386 Å, b = 5.3476 Å, c = 7.390 Å, β = 114.02°, V = 483.2 Å3, Z = 2326.992.247
ammonium tricobalt dimonofluorophosphate difluorophosphate difluoride42(NH4)Co3(PO3F)2(PO2F2)F2monclinic: a = 19.9678 Å, b = 7.4883 Å, c = 7.5679 Å, β = 102.676°, V = 1104.01 Å3529.73.1871
Diammonium nickel dimonofluorophosphate hexahydrate43(NH4)2Ni(PO3F)2·6H2Omonoclinic: a = 6.2700 Å, b = 12.2845 Å, c = 9.1894 Å, β = 106.033°, Z = 2680.271.947blue Tutton
copper monofluorophosphate44CuPO3F·5H2O251.59
basic copper potassium monofluorophosphate45Cu2K(OH)(PO3F)2·5H2Omonoclinic: a = 9.094 Å, b = 6.333 Å, c = 7.75 Å, β = 117.55°, Z = 2natrochalcite
diammonium diaquabis(monofluorophosphato) copper46Cu(NH4)2(PO3F)2·2H2Omonoclinic: a = 13.454 Å, b = 5.243 Å, c = 7.518 Å, β = 114.59°, V = 482.2 Å3, Z = 2331.62.28
basic tetraammonium dicopper dimonofluorophosphate47NH4Cu2OH(PO3F)2·H2OC2/m: a = 9.1012 Å, b = 6.4121 Å, c = 7.8506 Å, β = 116.277°, Z = 2410.803.040light blue natrochalcite
zinc monofluorophosphate4849ZnPO3F·2.5H2Otriclinic: a = 7.6020 Å, b = 7.6490 Å, c = 9.4671 Å, α = 88.633°, β = 88.888°, γ = 87.182°, V = 549.58 Å3, Z = 4163.352.5182084632368705-59-9
anhydrous diammonium zinc tetramonofluorophosphate50(NH4)2Zn3(PO3F)4cubic: a = 11.4769 Å
diammonium zinc dimonofluorophosphate51(NH4)2Zn(PO3F)2·0.2H2Omonoclinic C2/c: a = 18.936 Å, b = 7.6955 Å, c = 20.528 Å, β = 108.641° Z = 122834.42.117colourless
diammonium trizinc tetramonofluorophosphate52(NH4)2Zn3(PO3F)4·H2Ocubic I43d: a = 11.3693 Å, Z = 41469.62.902colourless
rubidium monofluorophosphate53Rb2PO3Forthorhombic:54 a = 7.8714 Å, b = 6.1236 Å, c = 10.5424 Å, V = 508.15 Å3, Z = 4 (at 17 °C)268.93.514
Rubidium hydrogen monofluorophosphateRbHPO3Fmonoclinic: a = 7.465 Å, b = 15.551 Å, c = 7.563 Å, β = 105.38°, V = 846.533 Å3, Z = 855
56Na1.5Rb0.5PO3F·H2Oorthorhombic Pmn21: a = 6.015 Å, b = 8.965 Å, c = 4.9689 Å, Z = 2267.972.398colourless
strontium monofluorophosphateSrPO3Fmonoclinic57185.5918183579
strontium monofluorphosphate hydrate58SrPO3F·H2O185.59
silver monofluorophosphate59Ag2PO3Fmonoclinic: a = 9.245 Å, b = 5.585 Å, c = 14.784 Å, β = 90.178°, Z = 860313.744135907
trisilver ammonium monofluorophosphateNH4Ag3(PO3F)2monoclinic: a = 30.895 Å, b = 5.5976 Å, c = 9.7522 Å, β = 90.027°, V = 1686.6 Å3, Z = 861537.594.234
cadmium monofluorophosphate62CdPO3F·2H2Otriclinic P1_: a = 5.2678 Å, b = 6.6697 Å, c = 7.7037 Å, α = 65.506°, β = 85.919°, γ = 75.394°, V = 238.584 Å3, Z = 2246.403.430
cadmium ammonium monofluorophosphate chloride dihydrate63Cd2.5(NH4)2(PO3F)3Cl·2H2Ocolourless
tin monofluorophosphateSnPO3F·2.5H2Omonoclinic216.684471763952262-58-5
caesium monofluorophosphateCs2PO3F64orthorhombic: a = 8.308 Å, b = 6.3812 Å, c = 11.036 Å, V = 585.1 Å3, Z = 4 (at −33 °C)363.84.129
caesium hydrogen monofluorophosphateCsHPO3Fmonoclinic: a = 14.478 Å, b = 5.929 Å, c = 5.413 Å, β = 103.30°, V = 452.2 Å3, Z = 465231.89
tricaesium diammonium hydrogen monofluorophosphateCs3(NH4)2H3(PO3F)4monoclinic: a = 20.619 Å, b = 12.076 Å, c = 15.856 Å, β = 102.58°, V = 3853 Å3, Z = 866829.72
barium monofluorophosphateBaPO3Fmonoclinic: a = 11.3105 Å, b = 8.6934 Å, c = 9.2231 Å, β = 127.819°, Z = 4orthorhombic67235.2992083612415600-53-068
Mercurous monofluorophosphateHg2PO3Forthorhombic: a = 9.406 Å, b = 12.145 Å, c = 8.567 Å, V = 978.7 Å3, Z = 869
lead monofluorophosphatePbPO3Forthorhombic: a = 6.95 Å, b = 8.52 Å, c = 5.47 Å706.24
dilead monofluorophosphate dichloride hydrate71Pb2(PO3F)Cl2·H2Oorthorhombic Pnma: a = 20.486 Å, b = 5.3967 Å, c = 6.9722 Å, V = 770.8 Å3, Z = 4601.275.181
ditheylammonium hydrogen monofluorophosphate72[NH2(CH2CH3)2]HPO3Forthorhombic: a = 12.892 Å, b = 9.530 Å, c = 13.555 Å, α = 90°, V = 1665 Å3173.121.381
tetramethylammonium monofluorophosphate73[N(CH3)4]2PO3F246.26
tetraethylammonium monofluorophosphate74[N(CH2CH3)4]2PO3F358.47
tetrabutylammonium monofluorophosphate75[N(CH2CH2CH2CH3)4]2PO3F582.90
piperazinium hydrogen monofluorophosphate76[PipzH2]HPO3Fmonoclinic: a = 6.020 Å, b = 13.012 Å, c = 7.285 Å, α = 95.09°, V = 568.4 Å3286.111.672
glutamine monofluorophosphate monohydrateC5H12N2O3PFO3246.13119989732
glutamine monofluorophosphate disodium dichlorideC10H20Cl2FN4Na2O9P507.146143826164002
anilinium hydrogen monofluorophosphate77[C6H8N]+[HPO3F]−monoclinic: a = 9.418 Å, b = 14.31 Å, c = 6.303 Å, β = 92.45°, V = 859 Å3, Z = 4193.121.51
Tris(2-carbamoylguanidinium) hydrogen fluorophosphonate fluorophosphonate monohydrate78[C2H7N4O+]3[HPO3F]−[PO3F]2−·H2Otriclinic: a = 6.7523 Å, b = 8.2926 Å, c = 9.7297 Å, α = 100.630°, β = 90.885°, γ = 99.168°, V = 528.05 Å3
bis(2-carbamoylguanidinium) fluorophosphonate dihydrate79[C2H7N4O+]2[PO3F]2−·2H2O

Organic

NameFormulaFormula weightChemSpiderPubChemCAS
dimethyl fluorophosphate(CH3)2PO2F128.03972304800525954-50-7
methyl ethyl fluorophosphate(CH3)(CH3CH2)PO2F
1-[ethoxy(fluoro)phosphoryl]oxyethane80(CH3CH2)2PO2F156.09367752358-74-7
isoflurophate[(CH3)2CH]2PO2F184.1475723593655-91-4
1-[fluoro(2-oxopropoxy)phosphoryl]oxypropan-2-one212.113129718773
isobutyl methyl fluorophosphate81170.12129684440
1-[fluoro(methoxy)phosphoryl]oxypentane(CH3)(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2)PO3F184.147129761096
1-[fluoro(propoxy)phosphoryl]oxypropane(CH3CH2CH2)2PO3F184.14749540636451603381-45-3
O-isopropyl propyl fluorophosphonate(CH3)2CH(CH3CH2CH2)PO3F184.14788538036
O-1-methylbutyl ethyl fluorophosphonate198.174129761095
dibutyl fluorophosphate(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2PO3F212.2011164056013025172674-48-6
di-sec-butyl fluorophosphate[CH3CH2CH(CH3)]2PO3F212.20192528102452625-17-2
di(1,3-dimethyl-n-butyl) fluorophosphate[(CH3)2CHCH2CH(CH3)]2PO3F268.30991838101643311-60-4
1-[fluoro(2-methylpentan-3-yloxy)phosphoryl]oxyoctane296.363129760905
methyl arachidonoyl fluorophosphonate400.471117417119916415
12-[fluoro(propan-2-yloxy)phosphoryl]oxydodec-1-ene308.374129892247
bis(4-phenylbutyl) fluorophosphate(C6H5CH2CH2CH2CH2)2PO3F364.39716296118745285473-46-7
3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine 5′-fluorophosphate326.19323393983081896152829-59-9
cytidine 5′-fluorophosphate325.1898786192968521-86-8
chlorofluoromethylideneamino-2-chloroethyl fluorophosphateClFC=NClCH2CH2PO3FA-230 Novichok agent82
chlorofluoromethylideneamino-1-methyl-2-chloroethyl fluorophosphateClFC=NClCH2CH(CH3)PO3FA-232 Novichok agent
chlorofluoromethylideneamino-1,2-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl fluorophosphateClFC=NCl(CH3)CHCH(CH3)PO3FA-234 Novichok agent

Uses

Zinc monofluorophosphate can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel when salt is present.83

Glutamine monofluorophosphate has been used as a fluoride-bearing medicine.

Other reading

  • Leblanc, Marc; Maisonneuve, Vincent; Tressaud, Alain (2014). "Crystal Chemistry and Selected Physical Properties of Inorganic Fluorides and Oxide-Fluorides". Chemical Reviews. 115 (2): 1191–1254. doi:10.1021/cr500173c. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 25135645.

References

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  6. Weil, Matthias; Puchberger, Michael; Füglein, Ekkehard; Baran, Enrique J.; Vannahme, Julia; Jakobsen, Hans J.; Skibsted, Jørgen (2007). "Single-Crystal Growth and Characterization of Disilver(I) Monofluorophosphate(V), Ag2PO3F: Crystal Structure, Thermal Behavior, Vibrational Spectroscopy, and Solid-State 19F, 31P, and 109Ag MAS NMR Spectroscopy". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (3): 801–808. doi:10.1021/ic061765w. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 17257023. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  7. Weil, Matthias (7 January 2021). "Monofluorophosphates—New Examples and a Survey of the PO3F2− Anion". Chemistry. 3 (1): 45–73. doi:10.3390/chemistry3010005. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fchemistry3010005 ↩

  8. Weil, Matthias (7 January 2021). "Monofluorophosphates—New Examples and a Survey of the PO3F2− Anion". Chemistry. 3 (1): 45–73. doi:10.3390/chemistry3010005. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fchemistry3010005 ↩

  9. Weil, Matthias (7 January 2021). "Monofluorophosphates—New Examples and a Survey of the PO3F2− Anion". Chemistry. 3 (1): 45–73. doi:10.3390/chemistry3010005. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fchemistry3010005 ↩

  10. Wu, Mengfan; Feng, Junwei; Xie, Congwei; Tudi, Abudukadi; Chu, Dongdong; Lu, Juanjuan; Pan, Shilie; Yang, Zhihua (2022-08-31). "From Phosphate Fluoride to Fluorophosphate: Design of Novel Ultraviolet/Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials for BePO 3 F with Optical Property Enhancement". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 14 (34): 39081–39090. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c12001. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 35980008. S2CID 251645352. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c12001 ↩

  11. Wu, Mengfan; Feng, Junwei; Xie, Congwei; Tudi, Abudukadi; Chu, Dongdong; Lu, Juanjuan; Pan, Shilie; Yang, Zhihua (2022-08-31). "From Phosphate Fluoride to Fluorophosphate: Design of Novel Ultraviolet/Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials for BePO 3 F with Optical Property Enhancement". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 14 (34): 39081–39090. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c12001. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 35980008. S2CID 251645352. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c12001 ↩

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