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Morgan Library & Museum
Museum and library in Manhattan, New York

The Morgan Library & Museum (originally known as the Pierpont Morgan Library and colloquially known the Morgan) is a museum and research library in New York City, New York, U.S. Completed in 1906 as the private library of the banker J. P. Morgan, the institution is housed at 225 Madison Avenue in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan. As of 2024[update], the museum is directed by Colin B. Bailey and governed by a board of trustees.

The site was formerly occupied by several Phelps family residences. J. P. Morgan purchased one of these residences in 1880 and, after collecting thousands of objects in the late 19th century, erected the main library building between 1902 and 1906. The library was made a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgan's son John Pierpont Morgan Jr., in accordance with his father's will, and further expansions were completed in 1928, 1962, and 1991. The Morgan Library was renamed the Morgan Library & Museum after the completion of a major expansion in 2006. Further renovations were completed in 2010 and 2022.

The Morgan Library & Museum is composed of several structures. The main building was designed by Charles McKim of the firm of McKim, Mead and White, with an annex designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris. A 19th-century Italianate brownstone house at 231 Madison Avenue, built by Isaac Newton Phelps, is also part of the grounds. The complex includes three additional structures, including a glass entrance building designed by Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The main building and its interior is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark, while the house at 231 Madison Avenue is a designated city landmark.

The Morgan Library & Museum's collection has more than 350,000 objects, which include illuminated manuscripts, authors' original manuscripts, books, and sheets of music. The Morgan also houses collections of drawings, photographs, paintings, maps, and other objects. In addition to its permanent collection, the museum has hosted temporary exhibitions, as well as events such as concerts and lectures. Both the collection and the original building's architecture have received praise over the years, while the annexes' architecture has received mixed commentary.

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History

Background

Phelps Stokes/Dodge houses

In the second half of the 19th century, the Morgan Library & Museum's site was occupied by four brownstone houses on the east side of Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The houses were all built in 1852 or 1853 by members of the Phelps Stokes/Dodge merchant family.12 Three houses were built along Madison Avenue on lots measuring 65 feet (20 m) wide by 157 feet (48 m) deep, while a fourth house to the east measured 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and stretched 197.5 feet (60.2 m) between 37th and 36th Streets. All the houses were designed in an Italianate style with pink brownstone.3 A driveway and stables were located behind the homes.4 The Madison Avenue houses, from north to south, were owned by Isaac Newton Phelps, William E. Dodge, and John Jay Phelps, while the 37th Street house was owned by George D. Phelps.56 The houses were separated from each other by gardens.7 The surrounding neighborhood of Murray Hill was not yet developed at the time, but began to grow after the American Civil War.8

Isaac Newton Phelps's daughter Helen married Anson Phelps Stokes in 1865. Their son, the architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the Isaac Newton Phelps house at 231 Madison Avenue two years later. Helen Phelps inherited the house following her father's death. In 1888, she doubled the size of her house and added an attic; the architect R. H. Robertson designed the expansion.9

The banker John Pierpont Morgan, who lived at 6 East 40th Street in the 1870s,10 was looking to buy his own house by 1880. He wished to live in Murray Hill, where many of his and his wife's friends and business contacts lived.11 Morgan sought to buy John Jay Phelps's house at 219 Madison Avenue, at the corner with 36th Street, which was offered for $225,000.1213 He acquired the house in 1880 and renovated it over the following two years, moving there in 1882.1415 The exterior design was largely retained, but the interior was extensively renovated by the Herter Brothers.1617

Morgan collection

Morgan had collected handwriting samples as early as the 1850s,18 and he also acquired pictures and stained glass pieces throughout the years.1920 In the late 19th century, Morgan became one of the most influential financiers in the United States.2122 As his wealth grew, Morgan amassed a collection of fine art, inspired by the collection of his father Junius Spencer Morgan, and he also began collecting rare books and other bindings at his nephew Junius's suggestion. The fine art was subject to import taxes and was stored in England; since books were not subject to import taxes, they were stored in the basement of his New York residence.2324 J. P. Morgan's collection included 160 titles by 1883.25

The collection grew quickly after his father died in 1890.26 Morgan began acquiring historically important manuscripts after his father obtained Walter Scott's original manuscript of the book Guy Mannering.27 From 1899 to 1902 alone, he took over three collectors' libraries, which included hundreds of illuminated manuscripts, prints, and other manuscripts.28 Morgan also acquired smaller collections, such as French literature, medieval chivalry, and American manuscript collections.29 Morgan may have collected these objects exclusively for pleasure and not for investment purposes.30 Morgan brought his art collection to the U.S. because an 1897 law allowed him to do it without paying import taxes, and also because he wanted to preserve the objects for the American people.31

Development of library

By 1900, Morgan's collection took up more space than was available in his residence,3233 and his son-in-law described the basement as being packed with piles of objects.34 Some of his collection had to be stored at the Lenox Library.35 Morgan was unable to expand the house due to an 18-foot-wide (5.5 m) driveway east of it.3637 While part of Morgan's collection was stored in the basement of his house,38 other items were loaned to institutions or placed in storage.3940

Site acquisition

In 1900, the plots north and east of J. P. Morgan's house were placed for sale after the death of Melissa Stokes Dodge, who lived in the Dodge mansion just north of Morgan's house.41 That January, he bought a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) plot of land on 36th Street,4243 for a library.4445 The site had been occupied by two brownstone homes at 35 and 37 East 36th Street, which Morgan promptly razed.4647 In 1902, Morgan acquired two more lots on 36th Street with a total frontage of 50 feet (15 m).48 On the far eastern side of that plot, McKim, Mead & White designed a six-story house at 33 East 36th Street for Morgan's daughter Louisa and her husband Herbert Satterlee.495051 The Satterlees' house was made of limestone, as contrasted with the brownstones on Madison Avenue, and was connected to Morgan's own home by tunnels.52 The Satterlee residence measured 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and Morgan used the 135-foot-wide (41 m) plot between his house and the Satterlees' home for his new library.53

Morgan acquired William E. Dodge's home in April 1903.54 While the Satterlee house was under construction, the couple moved into the Dodge mansion.55 By late 1904, Morgan had also purchased the old Isaac Newton Stokes house at 229 Madison Avenue for his son J. P. Morgan Jr., who was known as "Jack".56 Jack initially lived nearby at 22 Park Avenue.57 When Jack and his wife Jane Norton Grew moved into 229 Madison Avenue in 1905, he commissioned a major renovation of the interior and renumbered it as 231 Madison Avenue. Jack Morgan also performed $1,900 in changes to the house's exterior.5859 J. P. Morgan came to own two-thirds of the city block;60 his holdings by 1907 included the whole 197.5-foot (60.2 m) frontage on Madison Avenue, stretching 300 feet (91 m) on 36th Street and 167 feet (51 m) on 37th Street.61

Construction

Morgan first hired Warren and Wetmore to design a Baroque-style library,626364 which would have had a heavily decorated upper section.65 Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore had then just completed the elaborately decorated New York Yacht Club Building,6667 and Warren had wanted to design a domed structure.6869 Morgan's preference for an austere structure may have led him to reject Warren and Wetmore.70 He instead hired Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to design the library in 1902.717273 C. T. Wills was hired as the builder.74 The library was to be a classical marble structure with a simple design; Morgan had told McKim that he wanted "a gem".75 McKim's designs were traditional for their time, while those who wanted more fashionable designs typically hired McKim's partner Stanford White.7677

At the time of the library's planning, restrictive covenants in Murray Hill prohibited the construction of museums there, but the library was originally not planned as a museum.78 While McKim was responsible for the overall design, Morgan had final say over the aspects of the plan.7980 An initial proposal called for a projecting central mass flanked by recessed wings, which Morgan deemed unwieldy. The second version of the plan reduced the size of the central mass and added a recessed entrance.81 Morgan also rejected a proposal for a Greek temple–like structure topped by a portico.82 The final designs called for the central section and wings to be the same distance from the street.83 Morgan insisted the library be made of marble, even though his whole family except for his daughter Louisa lived in a brownstone house.84 Morgan originally planned to use white marble, but he used pinkish-gray Tennessee marble instead after a neighbor told him that white marble would make the building look like a mausoleum.85

By early 1903, workers were laying the foundation for the library.8687 Construction began that April,88 and the library was being dubbed as "Mr. Morgan's jewel case" by the next year.89 Few details of the library were given out during construction, as Morgan prohibited the workers from talking to the press.90 The Wall Street Journal reported in June 1906 that Morgan had "wanted the most perfect structure that human hands could erect and was willing to pay whatever it cost".91 For example, the usage of dry masonry marble blocks, an uncommon construction method that eliminated the need for joints made of mortar, added $50,000 to the cost of construction.929394 McKim had suggested the dry masonry blocks to Morgan, who readily agreed to pay the extra cost.9596 To fit New York City's climate,97 tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks.9899 In addition, the stonework contractor nearly went out of business because the builders would not use any stones with cracks.100

Morgan was impressed with the quality of the work101102 and often upheld the library as an accomplishment of McKim's.103104105 This was because McKim was not only responsible for selecting the marble from Rome but also for hiring the library's decorators and craftsmen.106 The final design was more representative of the work of William M. Kendall from McKim, Mead & White.107 Morgan acquired two hundred cases of books, which were temporarily stored in the Lenox Library and moved to Morgan's personal library starting in December 1905.108 Around the same time, Morgan hired Belle da Costa Greene as his personal librarian.109110 Toward the library's completion, Morgan reportedly requested that the entire library be shortened by one foot.111

Private library

Opening and early years

Morgan first used his office in November 1906 with a reception for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's purchasing committee. The decorative details were not completed until January 1907, and the collection was relocated into the library later that year.112 Morgan's library had cost $1.2 million (equivalent to $30.504 million in 2023113).114115 During the Panic of 1907, the presidents of the city's banks and trust companies were locked in the library overnight until they agreed on a plan to stop the financial crisis.116 To allow people to see his new library from Madison Avenue, Morgan demolished the Dodge house in 1907–1908117118 and replaced it with a garden designed by Beatrix Farrand.119

As the librarian, Greene was tasked with expanding the collection,120121 as well as cataloging and researching the history of each item.122 She frequently searched for rare volumes in back alleys, but initially tended to avoid auctions and rarely spent more than $10,000 on a book without permission.123 Greene tended to acquire items created before the 16th century, since Morgan believed that other libraries were able to adequately care for newer items.124 Morgan also decided to import the rest of his collection and display it at his library. To avoid paying import taxes, he was required to open the library to the public on certain days of the week.125 Morgan sometimes acquired art on short notice; in one case, he bought a Vermeer painting minutes after learning about the artist.126 He also refused to buy works that he believed were too expensive,127 and, although Morgan sometimes bought whole collections, in other instances he acquired a small number of pieces from a collection.128

Morgan frequently met with foreign bankers in the library's study,129 and he often opted to work in the library rather than in his downtown office.130 Among Morgan's larger acquisitions in the late 1900s and early 1910s was a collection of rare American authors' manuscripts from merchant S. H. Wakeman in 1909.131 The Wall Street Journal wrote in 1911 that "Mr. Morgan buys books as some financiers buy a thousand shares of stock";132 in some years, he spent half his income on the collection.133 Acquisitions continued until his death in March 1913.134135 Morgan had bought thousands of objects since 1899, including 600 manuscripts and 3,000 medieval items.136

After J. P. Morgan's death

Morgan's estate was valued at $128 million (about $2.904 billion in 2023137), over half of which lay in the worth of his collection.138 J. P. Morgan bequeathed all except one piece in the collection to the library,139 with the request that Jack make the collection "permanently available for the instruction and pleasure of the American people".140141 The month after J. P. Morgan's death, the New York state legislature granted a two-year exemption enabling Jack to import his father's overseas collection without having to pay import duties.142 Jack did not publicly show interest in his father's art collection and reportedly did not expand it in the year after his father died.143 Jack sold off much of the overseas collection rather than importing it, but he decided to keep the items that were already in his father's library.144 During 1914, the collection was displayed in full at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the only time the whole collection was displayed.145146

The import duty exemption expired in April 1915,147 and Jack sold various items in the collection to pay the inheritance taxes and to raise money for the cash bequests in his father's will.148149 The next year, the collection was valued at $7.5 million for taxation purposes.150 Jack and Jane Morgan continued to employ Greene as the librarian, adding items that personally interested them.151152153 Frances Morgan, Jack's mother and John Pierpont's widow, lived at J. P. Morgan's old residence until her death in November 1924.154 By then, despite Jack's opposition, the surrounding stretch of Madison Avenue was being redeveloped as a business street.155156 Although Jane Morgan died in 1925, Jack continued to live at 231 Madison Avenue until his death in 1943,157 and the Satterlee home remained in the Morgan family until 1944.158 The United Lutheran Church in America bought 231 Madison Avenue for its headquarters in 1943159160 and built a five-story annex there in 1957.161162 It was the only remaining brownstone house along the Murray Hill section of Madison Avenue by the 1960s.163

Public institution

1920s to 1940s

The Pierpont Morgan Library was incorporated as a public institution in March 1924,164165 a month after Jack Morgan announced that he would transfer the collection to a board of trustees and provide a $1.5 million endowment for the library.166167 The library's name reflected the fact that the elder J. P. Morgan had disliked being called by his first name and even his first initial.168 The Morgans transferred the library building, and the land under 219 Madison Avenue, to the Morgan Library.169 Greene was retained as the librarian.170 The Morgan Library was not a public library and initially only allowed researchers into the space;171172 as Jack Morgan said, "one soiled thumb could undo the work of 900 years".173 Only ten scholars could initially enter the building at once.174 The library's collection continued to grow, with emphasis placed on rare items; for example, though only four items were acquired in 1926, all of these were unique manuscripts.175

To accommodate additional scholars, the Morgan Library announced plans for an annex in January 1927.176177 Though Jack initially denied that 219 Madison Avenue would be demolished,178 that house was ultimately razed.179180 Benjamin Wistar Morris was hired to design the annex, while Marc Eidlitz & Son was hired to build it.181182 The annex was completed in 1928.183184185 The Morgan Library continued to expand its collections;186 for instance, between 1936 and 1940, it acquired twelve manuscripts and dozens of drawings.187 In the 25 years after it became a public institution, the Morgan Library acquired 200 total manuscripts, 83 books, and hundreds of autographed letters and papers.188

Through the early 1940s, the Morgan Library continued to limit access only to researchers,189 prompting city officials to request that the library's tax-exempt status be removed because it was not a public library.190 In December 1942, Morgan Library officials agreed to open the library to the general public, and city officials agreed not to fight the library's tax-exempt status.191192 Many of the library's most valuable artifacts were transported to other locations in the U.S. in 1942 to protect them from possible World War II airstrikes; the objects were returned to the library in December 1944.193 The Fellows of the Pierpont Morgan Library was formed in 1949 to raise funds for the collections and distribute funds to scholars and publications.194195196 After Belle da Costa Greene retired from the library in 1948,197 Frederick Baldwin Adams Jr. was appointed as the Morgan's second director.198

1950s to mid-1980s

The Morgan Library started to host concerts and tours during the 1950s,199 and it also acquired items such as a collection of 1,375 letters from a British dealer.200 Officials began raising $3 million for an expansion of the library in 1959; the money was to fund modifications to the annex and a new lecture hall, as well as artifact purchases and new programs.201202 By that November, the library had raised $550,000.203 In 1960, the main library and its annex were connected by a cloister structure.204 During the renovation, the operating hours of the east room and west room were expanded from three to six days a week.205 The renovation, designed by J. P. Morgan's nephew Alexander P. Morgan,206 was completed in 1962 and included office space, a gallery, and meeting space.207208209 In total, the renovation cost $1.4 million.210 By the early 1960s, the library was open six days a week (five days during the summer), and it charged no admission fee.211 Access to parts of the collection was limited to authorized researchers.212213

Adams retired as the Morgan's director in 1969 and was succeeded by Charles Ryskamp.214 During Ryskamp's 17-year tenure, the $11 million endowment was expanded to $38 million.215216 By the early 1970s, the Morgan Library had several hundred fellows, or members,217 and Ryskamp wanted to attract more visitors to the library.218 The Morgan Library constructed a five-story addition with storage vaults and offices in 1975.219

The library continued to acquire other collections in the 1970s and 1980s, including the musical manuscript collection of Mary Flagler Cary;220221 1,500 Italian drawings from János Scholz;222 Dannie Heineman's collection of letters, books, and newspaper clippings;223224 part of Robin Lehman's music manuscript collection;225226 and 75 rare manuscripts from William S. Glazier.227 Ryskamp also arranged various temporary exhibitions.228 During the 1980s, the library raised $1.5 million each year for its operating budget, in addition to funding for repairs.229 The institution received a $1 million grant for the preservation of its printed books (the largest donation it had ever received at the time)230 and a $600,000 matching grant for its conservation department in 1981.231 In the mid-1980s, the institution was officially renamed the Morgan Library.232

1980s and 1990s expansion

Ryskamp resigned as director in 1986233234 and was replaced the next year by Charles Eliot Pierce Jr.235 Pierce was the first director of the Morgan who was not associated with Princeton University. After he was appointed, Pierce sought to attract visitors; he would later recall that he was "disconcerted" by reports that previous visitors had been turned away from the library.236 In 1988, the Morgan Library bought 231 Madison Avenue from the Lutheran Church for $15 million.237238 The library planned to spend $5 million restoring the house,239 and it also announced that it would raise $40 million for a capital campaign.240241 The original buildings could display only one percent of the total collection at once,242243 and the entire exhibition space consisted of two rooms and a corridor.244

In 1989, the firm of Voorsanger and Mills designed a glass conservatory connecting 231 Madison Avenue and the main building's annex.245246 The conservatory would expand the library's space to 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2), add a walled terrace on Madison Avenue, and make the structures wheelchair-accessible. Because the original building was a city landmark, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had to approve the plans.247 An early plan called for converting 231 Madison Avenue to exhibition galleries, but the house's internal structure made this impossible,248 so 231 Madison Avenue became offices and a bookstore.249250 The library's artworks were also extensively cleaned,251252 display cases were added to the original East Library, and the West Study was opened to the public.253 The expansion was finished in October 1991.254255 The project was originally planned to cost $9–10 million256 but ultimately cost $15 million.257 The Morgan finished raising $40 million in November 1992.258

Visitor numbers had increased by the mid-1990s,259 and the library had pay-what-you-wish admission fees.260 At the time, the library still had a reputation for being a rich enclave, and many board members were part of rich families.261 The library's acquisitions in the 1990s included part of Alice Tully's art collection,262 Carter Burden's collection of over 30,000 American literary volumes,263 and Pierre Matisse's collection of 2,000 letters from artists.264 The Morgan opened a drawing center on the second floor of the annex, designed by Beyer Blinder Belle, in 1999.265266 The same year, the Morgan received $10 million from Eugene V. Thaw and Clare E. Thaw;267 these funds were used to establish the Thaw Conservation Center, completed in 2002.268269 By the beginning of the 21st century, the library's facilities had become dated. Pierce said later: "We had a lecture hall, not a concert hall; a reading room that owed more to 1928 instead of 2006."270

2000s expansion

The Morgan's board began planning another expansion in the late 1990s. The board hosted an architectural design competition and selected three finalists, all of whose plans involved demolishing the 1991 conservatory.271272 Ultimately, the board hired the Italian architect Renzo Piano (who had not participated in the original competition273), along with Beyer Blinder Belle.274275 Although Piano had not previously designed a building in New York City,276277 he had been selected because of his experience designing buildings in various styles and geographical contexts.278279 The plans called for new exhibit areas, a reading room, an auditorium, and more storage space.280281 The Morgan planned to raise $25 million for maintenance and $100 million for the renovation itself.282283 Despite the September 11 attacks, the Morgan decided to proceed with the expansion.284285 The library presented preliminary plans to the LPC in January 2002.286 The LPC approved the proposal shortly afterward,287 despite concerns about the design from Manhattan Community Board 6 and the architect Robert A. M. Stern.288

In May 2003, the Morgan Library's buildings were closed for construction and expansion,289290 and the collection was placed into storage or moved to other institutions.291292 At the time, the museum recorded about 200,000 annual visitors293 but wanted to accommodate twice that number.294295 The library sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country.296 All of the post-1928 annexes were demolished.297298 Workers built most of the new spaces underground,299 excavating nearly 50,000 short tons (45,000 long tons; 45,000 t) of bedrock.300 The entrance was also relocated to Madison Avenue.301302 In conjunction with the renovation, Pierce planned to rebrand the institution as a museum.303 The Morgan also continued to acquire objects during the renovation, such as the collection of the lyricist Fred Ebb.304 The project cost $106 million in total;305306307308 the renovation did not include the main building.309310

The library reopened on April 29, 2006,311312 and was renamed the Morgan Library & Museum.313314 J. P. Morgan's private office and vault were also opened to the public.315316 Following the renovation, the number of annual visitors increased to 223,000, but this number had declined to 150,000 by 2010.317 The museum also hosted concerts in its new auditorium,318 and it hired Restaurant Associates to operate a cafe there.319 Pierce retired as the museum's director in early 2007,320321 saying that some museum members had opposed changes made during his tenure.322 William M. Griswold was hired as the museum's next director that April,323324 overseeing the growth of its collections, exhibition programs, and curatorial departments.325 By the late 2000s, there was still not enough space for the museum's permanent collection.326327 The museum began planning to restore the main building c. 2008.328

2010s to present

In May 2010, Griswold announced that the main building would be renovated, and the museum started providing audio guides about its collections.329 The renovation cost $4.5 million330331 and included cleaning the marble facade, replacing electrical systems and lighting, and opening the North Room to the public.332333 Beyer Blinder Belle designed the restoration,334335 which was completed in October 2010.336337 Alongside the main building's renovation, Griswold wanted to digitize the collection.338 The Morgan established a photography department in 2012.339340 Griswold resigned as the Morgan's director in 2014,341 and Colin Bailey was appointed as the director of the Morgan Library & Museum the next year.342

The Morgan Library & Museum announced in February 2019 that it would renovate the main building's facade.343344 Integrated Conservation Resources restored the main building.345346 After the facade's restoration was completed later that year,347348 the landscape designer Todd Longstaffe-Gowan designed a garden surrounding the original building.349350 The LPC had initially opposed the garden, as the original building had never had a garden, but approved the project after learning that J. P. Morgan had wanted a garden around the library.351 The museum was temporarily closed from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,352 and the renovation was delayed as a result.353 The garden opened to the public in June 2022.354355 The renovation had cost $13 million in total.356357

The Morgan Library & Museum celebrated its 100th anniversary as a public institution in 2024.358359 To celebrate its centennial, the museum began raising $50 million in 2023,360361 including $35 million for its endowment and $15 million for capital improvements.362 The heiress Katharine Rayner donated $10 million to endow the director's position, which was renamed in her honor in early 2024,363364 and the Jerome L. Greene Foundation donated another $5 million.365366

Collection

Main category: Collection of the Morgan Library & Museum

John Pierpont Morgan's original collection included porcelains, triptychs, books, and manuscripts.367 The collection of the Morgan Library & Museum contained more than 350,000 objects by the early 21st century.368369370 One late-20th-century reporter described the collection as including a variety of "almost random treasures".371 The library's online catalog, Corsair, contains records for many of the collection's objects.372

Manuscripts and letters

The Morgan Library & Museum has long contained a collection of illuminated manuscripts,373 which date from the sixth to sixteenth centuries.374375376 As early as 1923, the Morgan Library counted 560 illuminated manuscripts in its collection,377 a number that had grown to over 1,100 by the 21st century.378 Among the manuscripts are the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier,379380 as well as an Anglo-Saxon Gospels manuscript.381

The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, many of them autographed.382 The library's early acquisitions included a Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol;383384385 a J. M. Barrie manuscript;386 and original drawings for The Pickwick Papers and the Book of Job.387 The collection also includes manuscripts of poems by Robert Burns;388 nine of Walter Scott's novels;389 Alexander Pope's poem An Essay on Man;390 John Keats's poem Endymion;391 Francis Bacon's book Novum Organum,392 Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains";393 and Ernest Hemingway's short story "Three Stories and Ten Poems".394 There are also writings from Émile Zola, Victor Hugo, Marie Antoinette, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas, Thomas Moore,395 Jane Austen, John Milton,396 John Ruskin,397 and Honoré de Balzac.398 Other documents in the Morgan's collection are a collection of 64 Central European manuscripts399 and one of about two dozen original prints of the United States Declaration of Independence.400

There are many letters in the collection, some dating as far back as ancient Babylonian times.401 The Morgan holds original letters by Napoleon, Horace Walpole,402 Voltaire, Francesco Filelfo,403 John Cheever,404 Thomas Pynchon,405406 Vincent van Gogh,407 and George Beaumont.408 There is also a rare 1516 letter from Andrea Corsali with the first description of the Southern Cross.409

The collection includes notebooks and journals as well. These include the notebooks of Percy Bysshe Shelley,410411 Nathaniel Hawthorne,412 Tennessee Williams,413 and Henry David Thoreau.414 Diaries are also displayed, including those of Queen Victoria, pirate Bartholomew Sharp, writer E. B. White, and J. P. Morgan Sr. himself.415

Musical collection

The Morgan Library & Museum also houses a sizable musical manuscript collection.416417 A 1998 magazine article about the collection described it as containing 1,250 music manuscripts; 1,900 pieces of music-related literature; and 7,000 letters written by musicians.418 The music collection includes autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Charles Gounod, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Gustav Mahler, Gioachino Rossini, and Giuseppe Verdi.419420 It also contains letters by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Felix Mendelssohn, and Richard Wagner, among other musicians.421

The only significant music manuscript that Morgan bought in his lifetime was Beethoven's Violin Sonata in G major, Opus 96, which he acquired in 1907.422 Notable specific pieces include two sets of Schubert's Impromptus manuscripts;423 Andrea Antico's Motetti e Canzone,424425 and Mozart's Haffner Symphony.426427 The collection also contains the scraps of paper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin' in the Wind" and "It Ain't Me Babe".428 There are several pieces of Victorian-era musical artifacts, such as Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.429 In 2024, museum staff discovered an unpublished waltz by Chopin, dating from the 1830s, in the collection.430

Books

The collection includes early printed Bibles and other religious works, among them three Gutenberg Bibles,431432433 one of six original copies of the first Italian Bible,434435 one of three known copies of the Constance Missal,436 a rare copy of the Mainz Psalter,437438439 and the Golden Gospels of Henry III.440 The Morgan also contains material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects (including Coptic literature examples);441 William Blake's original drawings for his edition of the Book of Job; and concept drawings for Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince.442 The Morgan has a collection of ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals: small stone cylinders finely engraved with images for transfer to clay by rolling.443

The Morgan contains various examples of Latin and Greek literary classics, along with more modern American and European printed books.444 The collection includes numerous examples of fine bookbinding.445 These include various bindings of Coptic manuscripts from the 9th and 10th centuries,446 the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels,447448 copies of books by early British printer William Caxton,449 and a binding made for Christina, Queen of Sweden.450

There are also children's books. For example, the collection includes a book with the first known printing of the rhyme "This Is the House That Jack Built".451 In addition, the collection contains the first editions or proofread versions of Struwwelpeter, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Max and Moritz.452

Visual art

The Morgan contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings. The collection includes some Old Master paintings collected by Morgan,453 as well as objects like wedding portraits.454 The Old Master paintings include works by Hans Memling,455456 Perugino,457 and Cima da Conegliano.458 Some Old Master works have been sold off over the years, such as Domenico Ghirlandaio's masterpiece Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni.459 The collection also includes numerous drawings from 13th-to-19th-century French masters such as Antoine Watteau, François Boucher, Jacques-Louis David, and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.460 The Morgan also holds a set of miniature Rajput paintings.461 Other notable artists of the Morgan Library & Museum include Jean de Brunhoff,462 Paul Cézanne,463 Gaston Phoebus,464 and Rembrandt van Rijn.465

The Morgan's collection includes around 12,000 drawings and watercolors dating as far back as the 14th century.466 Notable specific objects include twelve William Blake watercolors,467 the drawing Bathers by Renoir,468 eight Rembrandt etchings, and 54 drawings by Eugène Delacroix.469 The Morgan also has a photography department.470 The collection includes work from such photographers as Dennis Oppenheim and Henri Cartier-Bresson, and the photographs themselves are collected from various genres and time periods.471

Other objects

Before J. P. Morgan died, he had acquired a variety of decorations such as a Persian carpet, Genoese and Chinese vases, and an Egyptian carved-stone group.472 The Washington Post reported in 1914 that the collections included "tapestries, bronzes and silver, Greek antiques, jeweled miniatures, porcelains, ancient jewelry, and wonderful books and manuscripts".473 Among these were royal jewels, 70 pieces of old German silver, 64 miniatures, a set of 15th-century marble and bronze objects, Chinese porcelain, and watches.474475 Morgan also kept various "knickknacks" such as a four-thousand-year-old Babylonian figure found near Pompeii.476 The institution once had a reliquary that supposedly included Mary Magdalene's tooth,477 as well as Renaissance-era bronze medals, which have been sold off.478

The modern-day museum has a silver-gilt figure of Le Roi de Bourges,479 and the 12th-century Stavelot Triptych.480481 Other notable objects include stage and costume designs from the collection of Donald Oenslager482 and a map of the Palestine region from around 1300.483 The museum's Gilder Lehrman Collection also contains various maps.484

Restitution claims

Over the years, there have been several restitution claims regarding alleged stolen artwork in the Morgan's collection.The Morgan returned two items to Germany in 2001 after the Morgan's officials confirmed that they had been stolen.485 In 2019, an Italian prosecutor claimed that the museum hosted a sacramentary that was stolen in 1925 from the municipality of Apiro.486 In 2023, the Morgan and several other institutions surrendered seven pieces painted by Egon Schiele after the New York County District Attorney determined that the works had been looted from the collection of Fritz Grünbaum, who was murdered in the Holocaust.487

Programming and events

Various events and programs are hosted at the Morgan, such as concerts, films, and lectures.488 The museum has hosted concerts and tours since the 1950s,489 and it began hosting regular concerts and recitals in Gilder Lehrman Hall in 2006.490 In addition, guided tours of the permanent collection are hosted each afternoon except Monday.491 The Morgan also operates several classes for school groups.492 Parties are hosted at the Morgan annually, such as the Young Fellows Summer Cocktail Party493 and Mr. Morgan's Winter Gala.494

The Morgan hosts exhibits on a variety of topics throughout the year.495 In the mid-20th century, the Morgan's annual exhibits included showcases of recent acquisitions496 and rare books.497 Temporary exhibitions were staged in the annex buildings, while the main building was reserved for Morgan's main collection.498 Until the Morgan Library's expansion was completed in 1991, the institution had so little space that parts of the permanent collection had to be hidden from view whenever there was a temporary exhibition.499 Although the 1991 expansion allowed for more temporary exhibitions,500 the museum could host only one exhibition at once, and it often could not display its permanent collection.501502 After the 2006 expansion, it could host multiple exhibitions at once.503504

Buildings

Main building

The main building (also known as the McKim Building) was constructed between 1902 and 1906 as the original structure in the complex. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White.505506507 The original building occupies a lot of 117 by 50 feet (36 by 15 m)508509 and was intended to be built in a similar scale to contemporary New York Public Library branches.510 The center of the original structure contains an extension measuring 73.5 feet (22.4 m) long, giving the structure a "T" shape;511 this small wing was intended to connect to a similar structure along 37th Street.512 The original library building is placed behind a solid-bronze fence with hand-twisted bars.513

Facade

The building has a facade of Tennessee marble,514515 behind which is an air gap and an interior brick wall.516 McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia, particularly the attic of its Nymphaeum.517518519 Further inspiration came from the 16th-century Villa Medici in Rome.520521522 The exterior walls are made of dry masonry, which allowed the marble blocks to be set evenly, thus requiring a minimal amount of mortar.523524525 Tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks to prevent moisture buildup;526527 the tinfoil sheeting measures 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) thick and is laid between the horizontal joints.528 Charles T. Wills was responsible for the dry masonry construction.529 The Wall Street Journal reported upon the library's completion, "No other building in Europe or America was ever erected with this care."530

The main entrance is a Palladian arch at the center of the 36th Street facade. It is composed of an arched opening 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, flanked by two openings under flat lintels, each of which is 9 feet (2.7 m) wide.531 There are two recessed niches on that facade, one on each side of the entrance.532 Surrounding the library is a garden, which covers 5,000 square feet (460 m2) and contains artifacts from J. P. Morgan's collection.533534 The garden also contains pathways embedded with pebbles, which Sicilian craftsman Orazio Porto laid manually.535

The central archway contains a portico with a groin vaulted ceiling,536 supported by two Ionic columns on each side.537 A flight of steps, leading to the main entrance, is flanked by two lionesses sculpted by Edward Clark Potter, who would later create the two lions that guard the New York Public Library Main Branch.538539540 Above the entranceway are allegorical roundels and panels, which was originally given to Andrew O'Connor541542 and then reassigned to Adolph Weinman after O'Connor could not complete his contract.543544 These panels depict tragic and lyric poetry.545 The portico has a geometric mosaic tile floor with marble.546 Inside the portico is a 16th-century pair of bronze doors,547 imported from Florence and made in the style of Lorenzo Ghiberti's doors at the Florence Baptistery.548549550 Each door contains five carved bronze panels, which depict allegorical scenes.551 By the 21st century, the doors were opened extremely infrequently.552 There are six Doric style pilasters flanking the main entrance.553554

Interior

The interior of the main library building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda. It leads to three public rooms: Morgan's private study to the west, the librarian's office to the north, and the original library to the east.555556557 Each of the three rooms had dozens of bookcase doors. As a fireproofing measure, almost nothing in the library was made of wood, except for the bookcases' frames and some doors. The bookcases had glass shelves and were covered with steel grilles.558 Morgan also had a steel vault where he kept his most valuable manuscripts,559560561 such as about 600 Renaissance and medieval manuscripts.562 There were asbestos shutters that could seal off the building's windows if necessary.563564 The main building contains 14,700 square feet (1,370 m2) of space565 and has displayed over 300 objects since 2010.566567

The rotunda has a ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by Raphael, created by H. Siddons Mowbray.568569570 On the north side of the ceiling is a half-dome with ten relief panels in a blue-and-white color scheme.571572 The lunette panels on the west, east, and south sides of the ceiling, measuring 23 feet (7.0 m) high,573 allude to material in Morgan's collection.574 There is also a dome with roundels and decorative rectangular panels,575576 as well as an octagonal central skylight.577 The rotunda floor is clad with multicolored marble, patterned after the floor of the Villa Pia in Vatican City,578579 and features a porphyry centerpiece.580 The walls contain mosaic baseboards and are separated into panels with vertical pilasters, topped by Composite style pilasters.581 When the library opened, the rotunda was furnished with two 15th-century chairs and a bronze bust by Benvenuto Cellini.582583 Following a 2010 renovation, the rotunda has several display cases.584585 The doorways to the rooms on the east and west are made of white marble, topped by marble entablatures and flanked by green marble columns.586

Morgan's study is the West Room.587 The design of the study reflected Morgan's tastes; as his son-in-law Herbert Satterlee said, "No one could really know Mr. Morgan at all unless he had seen him in the West Room."588589 The West Room contains low wooden bookshelves as well as a fireplace with a marble mantelpiece.590591 The decorative elements include stained glass panels in the study's windows, as well as a wall covering of red damask.592593594 The current damask covering replicates a pattern that was displayed at Rome's Chigi Palace.595596 The coffered ceiling was reportedly purchased in Italian cardinal's palace.597598 The artist James Wall Finn painted coats-of-arms onto the ceiling based on Italian bookplates from Morgan's collection.599600 Finn's work was designed in such an authentic manner that it was frequently mistaken as part of the ceiling's original design.601 By 2010, the room displayed some of the objects that Morgan collected.602

To the north or rear of the rotunda is the original librarian's office.603604 During the mid-20th century, the room was also used as a directors' office.605 Since 2010, the office has been open to the public as a gallery known as the North Room.606607 The space hosts ancient Roman, Greek, and Near Eastern objects, as well as items such as Egyptian figures and ancient seals.608609 Bookcases are placed on a mezzanine, while the main level includes display cases.610

The East Room (also the library room) is the largest room in the main building611 and has triple-tiered bookcases.612613614 The bookcases were lined with asbestos and encased in glass;615 the original Plexiglas was replaced with acrylic in 2010.616 Some of the bookcases can be moved, providing access to a stairway to the upper tiers and to a secret compartment.617 On the east wall of the East Room is a fireplace with a tapestry showing the "Triumph of Avarice".618619620 The fireplace itself dates from the 15th century621 and was imported from Italy.622 Mowbray designed eighteen lunettes and spandrels atop each wall, modeled after the work of Pinturicchio.623624 The figures in the lunettes alternate between allegorical female muses and notable artists, explorers, or teachers.625626 Zodiac symbols are placed on the spandrels, as the signs of the zodiac were particularly important to J. P. Morgan.627628629 Two additional spandrels contain allegorical motifs that depict changing seasons.630631

Madison Avenue and 36th Street annex

The corner of Madison Avenue and 36th Street contains a two-story Italianate style structure designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris, with space for offices, exhibitions, and a research library.632633 The annex, made of the same Tennessee marble as the original, was completed in 1928.634635636 It measures 90.67 by 60.5 feet (28 by 18 m),637 with a later 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) addition.638 The Morris annex is accessed by a 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) stair facing 36th Street.639 Compared with the main building, the Morris annex is simpler in design.640641642

The Morris annex included a bookstore until 1991,643 when it became a gallery space.644645 After 2006, the gallery space was split up, and the partitions there were removed.646647 At the center of the Morris annex is the Marble Hall, flanked by the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East.648

231 Madison Avenue

Also part of the library grounds is 231 Madison Avenue, an Italianate brownstone house on the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and East 37th Street, which was the home of Isaac Newton Phelps and later J. P. "Jack" Morgan Jr.649 The house contains the Morgan Shop on its northern side, facing 37th Street, and the Morgan Dining Room on its southern side.650 The house is set behind a barricade composed of a wrought-iron fence atop a brownstone ledge. The house was originally three stories tall and faced with pink stone, but after R. H. Robertson's renovation of 1888, became four stories tall with a raised basement. An office annex to the east, built in 1957, was originally faced with brick.651 Before the Morgan acquired it in 1988, it was a headquarters of the Lutheran Church.652653

Facade

The New York Herald Tribune wrote in 1943 that the facade had "a slight suggestion of French Renaissance influence".654 The Madison Avenue facade is divided vertically into three bays. An entrance stoop with a balustrade leads up to a central portico with two Corinthian columns flanked by rectangular sash windows. The second and third stories each have three rectangular windows, and a cornice runs above the third story. The attic contains small Ionic colonettes and pediments.655

Along 37th Street, the water table containing the raised basement is topped by a molding. The original 1853 house to the west and the 1888 extension to the east are divided by a pier. The original section of the house is three bays wide, with a balcony and pediment on the first floor, and oval windows and an oriel window on the second. Within the 1888 extension, the first floor contains a projecting three-sided bay and a windowless arch, and the other two stories contain various windows. The cornice above the third floor, as well as the attic, in both the original house and its extension are similar to on Madison Avenue.656

The southern facade of the house faces the rest of the library and is mostly obscured behind the 2006 addition. The westernmost portion of that facade, near Madison Avenue, contains rounded first- and second-story windows. There are also three-sided angled windows at the center of that facade.657

Interior

Inside the house were 45 rooms.658659660 These spaces included a ballroom and 12 restrooms; in addition, the house had 22 fireplaces.661 After the museum's 1991 expansion, the house contained offices, conference rooms, meeting areas, and a gift shop.662663 In addition, the ground-floor spaces were converted to lecture spaces.664 Following a 2006 renovation, one of the house's first-floor rooms was converted to a dining room, while the shop was relocated to another space.665 Inside the residence's attic is the 5,600-square-foot (520 m2) Thaw Conservation Center,666 which is composed of spaces such as a library, reception area, and conservation rooms.667

Entrance building and other annexes

In 2006, three structures were completed to designs by Renzo Piano,668669 who worked alongside preservation architect Beyer Blinder Belle.670671 There are four galleries in this section of the museum: the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery, the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East, and the Engelhard Gallery.672 The facades of the new above-ground buildings contain pinkish steel-and-glass curtain walls673674 and are set back slightly from the museum's other structures.675 The buildings expanded the Morgan Library's area by 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2),676677678 much of which is below ground.679

Entrance building

The primary structure in that grouping is a four-story, steel-and-glass entrance building on Madison Avenue.680 The structure links McKim's library building, the annex, and the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.681682 The steel structural members are covered in rose-tinted paint as an allusion to the designs of main library and Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.683 Although externally inconspicuous, the building links the interior spaces of the complex.684685 Inside the structure, a glass elevator links the different levels.686687

The entrance building contains the JPMorgan Chase Lobby,688 a space clad in cherry wood.689690 Stairs lead up to the Morgan Shop and Morgan Dining Room, and there is an admission counter and coat room. The south wall has a corridor to the Morris annex and stairs to the second-floor Engelhard Gallery,691 the latter of which is a temporary-exhibition space.692 The Sherman Fairchild Reading Room, the museum's research library, is located on the top floor of the Madison Avenue pavilion693694 and has balconies and a skylight.695 At the northeast corner of the entrance building696 is Gilder Lehrman Hall, an auditorium about 65 feet (20 m) below street level.697698 Lehrman Hall has 280 seats.699700701 New storage rooms were also created by drilling into Manhattan's bedrock schist.702703 The underground rooms exten 55 feet (17 m) deep and contain much of the Morgan Library's collection.704

Adjacent structures

Gilbert Court, a covered courtyard at the center of the complex,705 surrounds the entrance building on the north, east, and south.706 The courtyard is topped by a 50-foot-tall (15 m) glass roof.707708 On the south wall of the court is the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery,709 a 20-by-20-by-20-foot (6.1 m × 6.1 m × 6.1 m) space inspired by Renaissance chambers that Piano observed in Italy.710711712 At the court's southeast corner, stairs lead up to the original Morgan Library building, connecting to a vestibule between Morgan's study (the West Library) and the rotunda.713 There is also a structure next to 231 Madison Avenue, with ancillary areas and offices,714 in addition to a loading dock.715

Former structures

The 2006 annexes replaced all of the additions built after 1928.716717 These included a glass conservatory called the Garden Court, which was designed by Bartholomew Voorsanger and completed in 1991. The Garden Court had a curved roof measuring 42 feet (13 m) tall.718719 Under the roof was a vaulted space with plants selected by landscape architect Dan Kiley.720721 The roof was supported by a 55-foot-long (17 m) truss and was covered by clear laminated glass to allow the plants to grow.722 The space also had metal-and-translucent-glass wall panels and a limestone wall on Madison Avenue.723724 There was a vestibule connecting with the Morris annex to the south.725

The post-1928 annexes also included a cloister structure between the main building and the Morris annex, built in 1960.726 A five-story, 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) expansion was built in 1975 and designed by Platt, Wyckoff & Coles, with storage vaults and offices.727

Operation

Management

The Morgan Library & Museum is operated by a nonprofit organization of the same name, which is dedicated to conserving the artworks in the museum's collection.728 Colin Bailey has been the director of the Morgan Library & Museum since 2015.729 As a result of a 2024 donation from Katharine Rayner, the director's position is known as the Katharine J. Rayner Director until 2049.730731 The museum is administered by a board of trustees.732 As of March 2024[update], Robert K. Steel and G. Scott Clemons were the co-presidents of the museum's board of trustees.733

Until 1981, the president of the museum was a Morgan family member.734 Previous museum presidents have included Jack Morgan's sons Junius Spencer Morgan III735 and Henry Sturgis Morgan.736 Other notable people in the museum's history have included Felice Stampfle, who was appointed the first Curator of Drawings and Prints at the Morgan Library in 1945.737 Some of the museum's past staff have donated objects to the collection, such as longtime librarian Curt F. Bühler, who donated illuminated manuscripts upon his death in 1985.738

Attendance and funding

As of 2024[update], the museum accommodates 250,000 in-person visitors annually, while its online programming serves seven million additional people each year.739 Starting in January 2024, college students have been able to visit for free on the first Sunday of each month.740 The museum also allows visitors to reserve tickets for free admission on Friday evenings.741 According to the Condé Nast Traveler, most visitors are tourists, though local residents also visit the museum whenever there was an event or new exhibition.742

Jack Morgan established a $1.5 million endowment fund for the Pierpont Morgan Library when it was opened to researchers in 1924.743744 The endowment had grown to $53.5 million by the mid-1990s745 and $105 million by the early 2000s.746 In 2023[update], the museum recorded revenue of $23.7 million, expenses of $31.4 million, total assets of $386 million, and liabilities of $19.5 million.747

Reception and commentary

Collection commentary

A correspondent for the London Times, in 1908, characterized John Pierpont Morgan as "probably the greatest collector of things splendid and beautiful and rare who has ever lived".748749 In 1927, after the library became a research institution, one writer for the New York Herald Tribune called it "a temple of white marble, most fair and proportionate yet with an air of secret exclusiveness".750 A writer for The Christian Science Monitor said in 1961 that the library housed "one of the most important private art collections in the world",751 and the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1966 that the Morgan Library was "a source of aesthetic refreshment and intellectual stimulation in any season".752 Another writer in 1969 described the Morgan as shunning publicity and that the collection of illuminated manuscripts, book bindings, and drawings was "unsurpassed in the Western Hemisphere".753

A Newsweek article from 1970 described the library as having a "regal atmosphere",754 and a 1974 article from the same magazine called the library a symbol of the "patronage and connoisseurship" of the early 20th century.755 The Globe and Mail described the library in 1980 as a "treasure trove of early art".756 A writer for The New York Times Magazine said in 1994 that she felt the library was inviting, despite its formidable appearance.757

In 1998, a reporter for The Journal News described the library as "a hushed and shady refuge from the city's sweltering asphalt".758 During the 2000s, a writer for the Chicago Tribune said that, although the Morgan was "a bibliophile's vision of paradise on Earth", it had a lower profile than other New York City museums because of its location.759 A 21st-century review from the Condé Nast Traveler said: "The Morgan is like a multi-hyphenate millennial—only instead of actress/model/influencer/whatever leads to early retirement, it's museum/library/landmark/historic site/music venue."760 A Fodor's review described the museum as having an "exceptional" collection of artifacts.761

Architectural reception

Architectural commentary

Several publications praised the library after its completion.762 In 1906, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote of McKim, Mead & White: "the new Morgan Library, in Thirty-sixth street, is among their most carefully studied designs."763 The library building was described in another publication as "one of the Seven Wonders of the Edwardian World",764765 while Architectural Review called it "icy and exquisite".766 In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, eleven ranked the Morgan Library as the United States' best building.767 A 1969 news article described the interiors' opulence as "almost indescribable",768 and Newsweek called Morgan's study as emblematic of "his taste, his power and his vanity".769 Morgan's private study was described by historian Wayne Andrews as "one of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration".770771 Paul Goldberger wrote in 1981 that the main building's facade represented "rigorous, not fanciful, classicism" and the interiors were "very rich and very cold".772

The annexes received mixed reviews. Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the 1928 addition "did not frame McKim's jewel box so much as sidle up to it like an unattractive sibling",773 and Washington Post reporter Benjamin Forgey said it was "not nearly so exquisite" as the original structure.774 Conversely, Norval White and Elliot Willensky thought the 1928 annex "modestly defers to its master".775 Goldberger described the Garden Court in 1991 as having "a sleek, almost brittle quality",776 and Forgey described the conservatory as helping create "a definable low-rise historical place in high-rise New York".777

When the Piano annex opened in 2006, Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that the museum was "cool in its understated excellence, its laid-back drama, the refinement of its details", as opposed to the old museum, which was "hot" because it was outwardly extravagant.778 Although Newsday and the Wall Street Journal both described the new entrance atrium as inviting,779780 the Architectural Record criticized the atrium as not being distinctive.781 The Financial Times wrote that the 2006 annex's "luminous steel and glass spaces, was as radically different to the heavy stone and dense ornament of the library as was possible".782

Landmark designations

231 Madison Avenue was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965, being one of the first structures protected under New York City's landmarks law.783 The Lutheran Church, then the owner of 231 Madison Avenue, had hoped to erect an office structure on the site of the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house784 and heavily opposed the house's designation. As a result, in 1974, the landmark status was removed from that house following a New York Court of Appeals ruling.785786 After the Morgan acquired 231 Madison Avenue, that house was re-designated as a city landmark in 2002; the Morgan did not oppose the designation.787

In 1952, the Municipal Art Society and the Society of Architects' New York chapter published a list of 20 buildings in the city that should "be preserved at all costs".788 The main library building on 36th Street was the only 20th-century building on that list.789790 The LPC designated the exterior of the library's main building as a city landmark in 1966,791792 and that structure was declared a National Historic Landmark the same year.793794795 In 1982, the main library building's interior was designated a city landmark.796 After the 1991 renovation made the main building wheelchair-accessible, the LPC gave the library an excellence award.797

Media

The Morgan has also occasionally appeared in works of popular culture.798 E. L. Doctorow's 1975 novel Ragtime and its 1981 film adaptation depicted the library as a symbol of the wealthy.799 In addition, part of the Netflix TV series Dash & Lily was filmed in the museum.800

See also

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

  • The Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. 2000. ISBN 978-0-87598-129-1.
  • Tonkovich, Jennifer (2016). Inside the Morgan. Morgan Library & Museum. ISBN 978-0-87598-196-3.

References

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  2. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2. - Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2114.pdf ↩

  3. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2. - Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2114.pdf ↩

  4. Gray, Christopher (November 4, 2010). "New York's Rare Family Compounds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/realestate/07scapes.html ↩

  5. Gray, Christopher (August 26, 2001). "Streetscapes/Morgan Library's Bookstore at 37th Street and Madison Avenue; A Brownstone Holdout Among the Skyscrapers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/26/realestate/streetscapes-morgan-library-s-bookstore-37th-street-madison-avenue-brownstone.html ↩

  6. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2. - Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2114.pdf ↩

  7. "A Stonishing Extravagances of the Hopelessly Rich: How J. Pierpont Morgan Tore Down a Half Million Dollar Mansion to Make a Garden Palaces of Other Multi-Millionaires". Detroit Free Press. March 15, 1908. p. D4. ProQuest 564128665. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  8. Strouse 1999, p. 74; Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 2–3. - Strouse, Jean (1999). Morgan: American Financier. New York: Perennial. ISBN 0-06-095589-9. OCLC 43050112. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43050112 ↩

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  12. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 3. - Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2114.pdf ↩

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  15. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 3. - Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2114.pdf ↩

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  174. "Seekers for Admission Swamp Morgan Library: Consideration of Applications Halted Until Late Summer". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 16, 1924. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113092372. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

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  429. Wilson, Frederic Woodbridge. The Gilbert and Sullivan Collection Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at The Morgan Library website, accessed May 5, 2010 http://arcadia.org/pml/gs-collection.html ↩

  430. Peart, Hannah (October 29, 2024). "Lost Chopin waltz discovered in New York museum after almost 200 years". NBC News. Retrieved November 2, 2024; Hernández, Javier C. (October 27, 2024). "Hear a Chopin Waltz Unearthed After Nearly 200 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/chopin-waltz-discovered-new-york-mogran-library-museum-200-years-rcna177759 ↩

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  435. "Italian Bible, Rarer Than the Gutenberg, Acquired by Morgan for His Library Here". The New York Times. April 26, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/1931/04/26/archives/italian-bible-rarer-than-the-gutenberg-acquired-by-morgan-for-his.html ↩

  436. Knox, Sanka (February 26, 1954). "Morgan Library Gets 'Oldest Book'; Missal, Placed Prior to Gutenberg Bible, Is Exhibited Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024; "Morgan Library Acquires Missal". Daily Boston Globe. February 26, 1954. p. 7. ProQuest 840087324; "A predecessor to the Gutenberg Bible". Life Magazine. Vol. 36, no. 9. March 1, 1954. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/morgan-library-gets-oldest-book-missal-placed-prior-to-gutenberg.html ↩

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  443. "Ancient Western Asian Seals & Tablets". The Morgan Library & Museum. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021. https://www.themorgan.org/collection/ancient-near-eastern-seals-and-tablets ↩

  444. Russell, John (April 20, 1988). "Morgan Library, In an Expansion, Is Buying a Neighboring Mansion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/arts/morgan-library-in-an-expansion-is-buying-a-neighboring-mansion.html ↩

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  473. "Great Morgan Art Collection May Prove White Elephant to New Head of House: Son Said to Lack the Father's Artistic Appreciation of Rare Treasures Costing Millions, And Even Proposes to Sell Some of Them -Will He, In Time, Make Gift to the People as Father Planned?". The Washington Post. February 8, 1914. p. 6. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 145355573. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

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  486. Kenney, Nancy; Miliani, Stefano (April 26, 2019). "Italian Prosecutor Claims Medieval Missal in Morgan Library Was Stolen from Parish Church". The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2019/04/26/italian-prosecutor-claims-medieval-missal-in-morgan-library-was-stolen-from-parish-church ↩

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  500. Barker, Olivia (July 18, 1998). "Cooling Off in the Shade of J.P. Morgan's Library". The Journal News. p. 23. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-news-cooling-off-in-the-shad/146443838/ ↩

  501. Gibson, Eric (June 8, 2006). "...and Its Collections Are Showcased as Never Before". The Wall Street Journal. p. D08. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398986911. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  502. Vogel, Carol (April 26, 2005). "Morgan Library Plans a Makeover and an Image Upgrade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/26/arts/design/morgan-library-plans-a-makeover-and-an-image-upgrade.html ↩

  503. Gibson, Eric (June 8, 2006). "...and Its Collections Are Showcased as Never Before". The Wall Street Journal. p. D08. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398986911. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  504. Vogel, Carol (April 26, 2005). "Morgan Library Plans a Makeover and an Image Upgrade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/26/arts/design/morgan-library-plans-a-makeover-and-an-image-upgrade.html ↩

  505. Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395. 0-8478-0511-5 ↩

  506. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1. 978-0-470-28963-1 ↩

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  633. "Outlines Annex to Morgan Library; Plan Calls for a Two-Story Structure on Site of Late Financier's Home". The New York Times. January 30, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/1927/01/30/archives/outlines-annex-to-morgan-library-plan-calls-for-a-twostory.html ↩

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  701. Other sources give conflicting figures of 260[331] or 299 seats.[330] ↩

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