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NIST hash function competition
Competition to develop SHA-3

The NIST hash function competition was an open competition held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a new hash function called SHA-3 to complement the older SHA-1 and SHA-2. The competition was formally announced in the Federal Register on November 2, 2007. "NIST is initiating an effort to develop one or more additional hash algorithms through a public competition, similar to the development process for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)." The competition ended on October 2, 2012, when NIST announced that Keccak would be the new SHA-3 hash algorithm.

The winning hash function has been published as NIST FIPS 202 the "SHA-3 Standard", to complement FIPS 180-4, the Secure Hash Standard.

The NIST competition has inspired other competitions such as the Password Hashing Competition.

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Process

Submissions were due October 31, 2008 and the list of candidates accepted for the first round was published on December 9, 2008.4 NIST held a conference in late February 2009 where submitters presented their algorithms and NIST officials discussed criteria for narrowing down the field of candidates for Round 2.5 The list of 14 candidates accepted to Round 2 was published on July 24, 2009.6 Another conference was held on August 23–24, 2010 (after CRYPTO 2010) at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where the second-round candidates were discussed.7 The announcement of the final round candidates occurred on December 10, 2010.8 On October 2, 2012, NIST announced its winner, choosing Keccak, created by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, and Gilles Van Assche of STMicroelectronics and Michaël Peeters of NXP.9

Entrants

This is an incomplete list of known submissions. NIST selected 51 entries for round 1.10 14 of them advanced to round 2,11 from which 5 finalists were selected.

Winner

The winner was announced to be Keccak on October 2, 2012.12

Finalists

NIST selected five SHA-3 candidate algorithms to advance to the third (and final) round:13

NIST noted some factors that figured into its selection as it announced the finalists:14

  • Performance: "A couple of algorithms were wounded or eliminated by very large [hardware gate] area requirement – it seemed that the area they required precluded their use in too much of the potential application space."
  • Security: "We preferred to be conservative about security, and in some cases did not select algorithms with exceptional performance, largely because something about them made us 'nervous,' even though we knew of no clear attack against the full algorithm."
  • Analysis: "NIST eliminated several algorithms because of the extent of their second-round tweaks or because of a relative lack of reported cryptanalysis – either tended to create the suspicion that the design might not yet be fully tested and mature."
  • Diversity: The finalists included hashes based on different modes of operation, including the HAIFA and sponge function constructions, and with different internal structures, including ones based on AES, bitslicing, and alternating XOR with addition.

NIST has released a report explaining its evaluation algorithm-by-algorithm.151617

Did not pass to final round

The following hash function submissions were accepted for round two, but did not make it to the final round. As noted in the announcement of the finalists, "none of these candidates was clearly broken".

Did not pass to round two

The following hash function submissions were accepted for round one but did not pass to round two. They have neither been conceded by the submitters nor have had substantial cryptographic weaknesses. However, most of them have some weaknesses in the design components, or performance issues.

Entrants with substantial weaknesses

The following non-conceded round one entrants have had substantial cryptographic weaknesses announced:

Conceded entrants

The following round one entrants have been officially retracted from the competition by their submitters; they are considered broken according to the NIST official round one candidates web site.57 As such, they are withdrawn from the competition.

Rejected entrants

Several submissions received by NIST were not accepted as first-round candidates, following an internal review by NIST.78 In general, NIST gave no details as to why each was rejected. NIST also has not given a comprehensive list of rejected algorithms; there are known to be 13,7980 but only the following are public.

See also

References

  1. "Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 212" (PDF). Federal Register. Government Printing Office. November 2, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2008. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/documents/FR_Notice_Nov07.pdf ↩

  2. "cryptographic hash project – Background Information". Computer Security Resource Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology. November 2, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2008. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/index.html ↩

  3. "NIST Selects Winner of Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-3) Competition". NIST. October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012. https://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sha-100212.cfm ↩

  4. "Round 1". December 9, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round1/index.html ↩

  5. National Institute of Standards and Technology (December 9, 2008). "The First SHA-3 Candidate Conference". Retrieved December 23, 2008. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round1/Feb2009/index.html ↩

  6. "Second Round Candidates". National Institute for Standards and Technology. July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round2/submissions_rnd2.html ↩

  7. National Institute of Standards and Technology (June 30, 2010). "The Second SHA-3 Candidate Conference". http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round2/Aug2010/ ↩

  8. "Tentative Timeline of the Development of New Hash Functions". NIST. December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2009. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/timeline.html ↩

  9. "NIST Selects Winner of Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-3) Competition". NIST. October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012. https://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sha-100212.cfm ↩

  10. "Round 1". December 9, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round1/index.html ↩

  11. "Second Round Candidates". National Institute for Standards and Technology. July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009. http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round2/submissions_rnd2.html ↩

  12. NIST Selects Winner of Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-3) Competition https://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sha-100212.cfm ↩

  13. Third (Final) Round Candidates Retrieved 9 Nov 2011 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round3/submissions_rnd3.html ↩

  14. SHA-3 Finalists Announced by NIST Archived July 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, blog post quoting NIST's announcement in full. http://crypto.junod.info/2010/12/10/sha-3-finalists-announced-by-nist/ ↩

  15. Status Report on the first round of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition (PDF). http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round1/documents/sha3_NISTIR7620.pdf ↩

  16. Status Report on the second round of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2011 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/Round2/documents/Round2_Report_NISTIR_7764.pdf ↩

  17. Third-Round Report of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition (PDF). http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2012/NIST.IR.7896.pdf ↩

  18. Svein Johan Knapskog; Danilo Gligoroski; Vlastimil Klima; Mohamed El-Hadedy; Jørn Amundsen; Stig Frode Mjølsnes (November 4, 2008). "blue_midnight_wish". Retrieved November 10, 2008. http://www.item.ntnu.no/people/personalpages/fac/danilog/blue_midnight_wish ↩

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  20. Henri Gilbert; Ryad Benadjila; Olivier Billet; Gilles Macario-Rat; Thomas Peyrin; Matt Robshaw; Yannick Seurin (October 29, 2008). "SHA-3 Proposal: ECHO" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/9/91/Echo.pdf ↩

  21. Özgül Kücük (October 31, 2008). "The Hash Function Hamsi" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/9/95/Hamsi.pdf ↩

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  23. Jean-François Misarsky; Emmanuel Bresson; Anne Canteaut; Benoît Chevallier-Mames; Christophe Clavier; Thomas Fuhr; Aline Gouget; Thomas Icart; Jean-François Misarsky; Marìa Naya-Plasencia; Pascal Paillier; Thomas Pornin; Jean-René Reinhard; Céline Thuillet; Marion Videau (October 28, 2008). "Shabal, a Submission to NIST's Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. /wiki/Anne_Canteaut ↩

  24. Eli Biham; Orr Dunkelman. "The SHAvite-3 Hash Function" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/f/f5/Shavite.pdf ↩

  25. Jongin Lim; Donghoon Chang; Seokhie Hong; Changheon Kang; Jinkeon Kang; Jongsung Kim; Changhoon Lee; Jesang Lee; Jongtae Lee; Sangjin Lee; Yuseop Lee; Jaechul Sung (October 29, 2008). "ARIRANG" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/2/2c/Arirang.pdf ↩

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  27. Jacques Patarin; Louis Goubin; Mickael Ivascot; William Jalby; Olivier Ly; Valerie Nachef; Joana Treger; Emmanuel Volte. "CRUNCH". Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090129125541/http://voltee.com/crunch/ ↩

  28. Hirotaka Yoshida; Shoichi Hirose; Hidenori Kuwakado (October 30, 2008). "SHA-3 Proposal: Lesamnta" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/5/5c/Lesamnta.pdf ↩

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  31. Tetsu Iwata; Kyoji Shibutani; Taizo Shirai; Shiho Moriai; Toru Akishita (October 31, 2008). "AURORA: A Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Family" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/b/ba/AURORA.pdf ↩

  32. Niels Ferguson; Stefan Lucks (2009). "Attacks on AURORA-512 and the Double-MIX Merkle–Damgård Transform" (PDF). Retrieved July 10, 2009. /wiki/Niels_Ferguson ↩

  33. Colin Bradbury (October 25, 2008). "BLENDER: A Proposed New Family of Cryptographic Hash Algorithms" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/5/5e/Blender.pdf ↩

  34. Craig Newbold. "Observations and Attacks On The SHA-3 Candidate Blender" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/2/20/Observations_on_Blender.pdf ↩

  35. Florian Mendel. "Preimage Attack on Blender" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/4/48/Blender-preimage.pdf ↩

  36. Dmitry Khovratovich; Alex Biryukov; Ivica Nikolić (October 30, 2008). "The Hash Function Cheetah: Specification and Supporting Documentation" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/c/ca/Cheetah.pdf ↩

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  38. Zijie Xu. "Dynamic SHA" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/e/e2/DyamicSHA.pdf ↩

  39. Vlastimil Klima (December 14, 2008). "Dynamic SHA is vulnerable to generic attacks". Retrieved December 21, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/e/e7/Dynamic-sha_length-extension.txt ↩

  40. Zijie Xu. "Dynamic SHA2" (PDF). NIST. Retrieved December 11, 2008. http://ehash.iaik.tugraz.at/uploads/5/5b/DyamicSHA2.pdf ↩

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  42. Danilo Gligoroski; Rune Steinsmo Ødegård; Marija Mihova; Svein Johan Knapskog; Ljupco Kocarev; Aleš Drápal (November 4, 2008). "edon-r". Retrieved November 10, 2008. http://www.item.ntnu.no/people/personalpages/fac/danilog/edon-r ↩

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  44. Sean O'Neil; Karsten Nohl; Luca Henzen (October 31, 2008). "EnRUPT – The Simpler The Better". Retrieved November 10, 2008. http://www.enrupt.com/ ↩

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  46. Jason Worth Martin (October 21, 2008). "ESSENCE: A Candidate Hashing Algorithm for the NIST Competition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20100612084041/http://www.math.jmu.edu/~martin/essence/Supporting_Documentation/essence_NIST.pdf ↩

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  49. Mikhail Maslennikov. "MCSSHA-3 hash algorithm". Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090502224350/http://registercsp.nets.co.kr/hash_competition.htm ↩

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