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New Democratic Party
Federal political party in Canada

The New Democratic Party (NDP) is a federal social democratic party in Canada, positioned at the centre-left to left-wing of the Canadian political spectrum. Founded in 1961 by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labour Congress, the NDP is the fourth-largest party in the House of Commons as of 2025. Though it has never formed a federal government, it served as the Official Opposition from 2011 to 2015 and often holds the balance of power during minority governments. The NDP governs in several provinces, including Ontario and British Columbia, advocating for a mixed economy, expanded welfare, LGBTQ rights, environmental stewardship, and broader universal healthcare coverage.

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History

Main article: History of the New Democratic Party

20th century

Origins and early history

See also: 1961 New Democratic Party leadership election

In 1956, after the birth of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) by a merger of two previous labour congresses, negotiations began between the CLC and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) to bring about an alliance between organized labour and the political left in Canada. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party (NCNP), was formed to create a new social democratic political party, with ten members from each group. The NCNP spent the next three years laying down the foundations of the New Party, the party's interim name pending a national convention. During this process, a large number of New Party Clubs were established to allow like-minded Canadians to join in its founding, and six representatives from New Party Clubs were added to the National Committee. In 1961, at the end of a five-day long founding convention which established its principles, policies and structures, the New Democratic Party was born, and Tommy Douglas, the long-time CCF Premier of Saskatchewan, was elected as its first leader.8

David Lewis

At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called the Waffle tried to take control of the party but was defeated by David Lewis with the help of the union members. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP and formed their own party. The NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau–led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition. Together, they succeeded in passing several socially progressive initiatives into law such as pension indexing and the creation of the crown corporation Petro-Canada.9

In 1974, the NDP worked with the Progressive Conservatives to pass a motion of non-confidence, forcing an election. However, it backfired as Trudeau's Liberals regained a majority government, mostly at the expense of the NDP, which lost half its seats. Lewis lost his own riding and resigned as leader the following year.

Ed Broadbent

Under Ed Broadbent (1975–1989) the NDP attempted to find a more populist image to contrast with the governing parties, focusing on more pocketbook issues than on ideological fervour. The party played a critical role during Joe Clark's minority government of 1979–1980, moving the non-confidence motion on John Crosbie's 1979 budget that brought down the Progressive Conservative government and forced the 1980 election that brought the Liberal Party back to power.10

In the 1984 election, which saw the Progressive Conservatives under Brian Mulroney win the most seats in Canadian history, the NDP won 30 seats, while the governing Liberals fell to 40 seats.11

The NDP set a then-record of 43 members of parliament (MPs) elected to the house in the election of 1988. The Liberals, however, had reaped most of the benefits of opposing the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement to emerge as the dominant alternative to the ruling PC government. In 1989, Broadbent stepped down after 14 years as federal leader of the NDP.12

Audrey McLaughlin

At the party's leadership convention in 1989, former BC Premier Dave Barrett and Yukon MP Audrey McLaughlin were the main contenders for the leadership. During the campaign, Barrett argued that the party should be concerned with western alienation, rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. The Quebec wing of the NDP strongly opposed Barrett's candidacy, with Phil Edmonston, the party's main spokesman in Quebec, threatening to resign from the party if Barrett won.13 McLaughlin ran on a more traditional approach, and became the first woman to lead a major federal political party in Canada.1415

Although enjoying strong support among organized labour and rural voters in the Prairies, McLaughlin tried to expand their support into Quebec without much success. Under McLaughlin, the party did manage to win an election in Quebec for the first time when Edmonston won the 1990 Chambly by-election.16

McLaughlin and the NDP were routed in the 1993 election, where the party won only nine seats, three seats short of official party status in the House of Commons.17 This was, until 2025, the NDP's lowest seat total in any election since the party's founding in 1961; the election also resulted in the lowest-ever total number of votes ever received by the NDP in a federal election.18 The loss was blamed on the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments under Bob Rae in Ontario and Mike Harcourt in British Columbia and the loss of a significant portion of the Western vote to the Reform Party, which promised a more decentralized and democratic federation along with right-wing economic reforms.1920

Alexa McDonough

McLaughlin resigned in 1995 and was succeeded by Alexa McDonough, the former leader of the Nova Scotia NDP. In contrast to traditional Canadian practice, where an MP for a safe seat stands down to allow a newly elected leader a chance to enter Parliament via a by-election, McDonough opted to wait until the next election to enter Parliament.21

The party recovered somewhat in the 1997 election, electing 21 members. The NDP made a breakthrough in Atlantic Canada, a region where they had been practically nonexistent at the federal level. Before 1997, they had won only three seats in Atlantic Canada. However, in 1997 they won eight seats in that region. The party was able to harness the discontent of voters in Atlantic Canada, who were upset over cuts to employment insurance and other social programs implemented by Jean Chrétien's Liberal majority government.2223

In the November 2000 election, the NDP campaigned primarily on the issue of Medicare but lost significant support. The governing Liberals ran an effective campaign on their economic record and managed to recapture some of the Atlantic ridings lost to the NDP in the 1997 election. The initial high electoral prospects of the Canadian Alliance under new leader Stockwell Day also hurt the NDP as many supporters strategically voted Liberal to keep the Alliance from winning. The NDP finished with 13 MPs—just barely over the threshold for official party status.2425 McDonough announced her resignation as party leader for family reasons in June 2002 (effective upon her successor's election).26

21st century

Jack Layton

A Toronto city councillor and recent President of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Jack Layton was elected at the party's leadership election in Toronto on January 25, 2003.27

The 2004 election produced mixed results for the NDP. It increased its total vote by more than a million votes; however, despite Layton's optimistic predictions of reaching 40 seats, the NDP only gained five seats in the election, for a total of 19. The party was disappointed to see its two Saskatchewan incumbents defeated in close races by the new Conservative Party (created by merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties), perhaps because of the unpopularity of the NDP provincial government.2829

The Liberals were re-elected, though this time as a minority government. Combined, the Liberals and NDP had 154 seats – one short of the total needed for the balance of power.30 As has been the case with Liberal minorities in the past, the NDP were in a position to make gains on the party's priorities, such as fighting health care privatization, fulfilling Canada's obligation to the Kyoto Protocol, and electoral reform. The party used Prime Minister Paul Martin's politically precarious position caused by the sponsorship scandal to force investment in multiple federal programs, agreeing not to help topple the government provided that some major concessions in the federal budget were ceded to.3132

On November 9, 2005, after the findings of the Gomery Inquiry were released, Layton notified the Liberal government that continued NDP support would require a ban on private healthcare. When the Liberals refused, Layton announced that he would introduce a motion on November 24 that would ask Martin to call a federal election in February to allow for several pieces of legislation to be passed. The Liberals turned down this offer. On November 28, 2005, Conservative leader Stephen Harper's motion of no confidence was seconded by Layton and it was passed by all three opposition parties, forcing an election.33

During the election, the NDP won 29 seats, a significant increase of 10 seats from the 19 won in 2004. It was the fourth-best performance in party history, approaching the level of popular support enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP kept all of the 18 seats it held at the dissolution of Parliament. While the party gained no seats in Atlantic Canada, Quebec, or the Prairie provinces, it gained five seats in British Columbia, five more in Ontario and the Western Arctic riding of the Northwest Territories.3435

The Conservatives won a minority government in the 2006 election, and initially the NDP was the only party that would not be able to pass legislation with the Conservatives. However, following a series of floor crossings, the NDP also came to hold the balance of power. The NDP voted against the government in all four confidence votes in the 39th parliament, the only party to do so. However, it worked with the Conservatives on other issues, including in passing the Federal Accountability Act and pushing for changes to the Clean Air Act.36

Following that election, the NDP caucus rose to 30 members with the victory of NDP candidate Thomas Mulcair in a by-election in Outremont.37 This marked the second time ever (and first time in seventeen years) that the NDP won a riding in Quebec. The party won 37 seats in the 2008 federal election, the best performance since the 1988 total of 43.38 This included a breakthrough in the riding of Edmonton-Strathcona, only the second time the NDP had managed to win a seat in Alberta in the party's history.39

In the 2011 federal election, the NDP won a record 103 seats, becoming the Official Opposition for the first time in the party's history.40 The party had a historic breakthrough in Quebec, where they won 59 out of 75 seats, dominating Montreal and sweeping Quebec City and the Outaouais. This meant that a majority of the party's MPs now came from a province where they had only ever had two candidates elected in the party's history.41 The NDP's success in Quebec was mirrored by the collapse of the Bloc Québécois, which lost all but four of its 47 seats, and the collapse of the Liberal Party nationally, which was cut down to just 34 seats, its worst-ever result.42 This also marked the first time in history where the Liberal Party was neither the government nor the Official Opposition, as the NDP had taken over the latter role.4344 The NDP was now the second largest party in the House of Commons opposing a Conservative majority government.45

In July 2011, Layton announced that he was suffering from a new cancer and would take a leave of absence, projected to last until the resumption of Parliament in September. He would retain his position of NDP Leader and Leader of the Opposition. The party confirmed his suggestion of Hull—Aylmer MP Nycole Turmel to carry out the functions of party leader in his absence. Layton died from his cancer on August 22, 2011.4647

Tom Mulcair

In his final letter, Layton called for a leadership election to be held in early 2012 to choose his successor,48 which was held on March 24, 2012, and elected new leader Tom Mulcair.49

Despite early campaign polls which showed the NDP in first place, the party lost 59 seats in the 2015 election and fell back to third place in Parliament. By winning 44 seats, Mulcair was able to secure the second best showing in the party's history, winning one more seat than Ed Broadbent managed in the 1988 election, but with a smaller share of the popular vote.50 NDP seat gains in Saskatchewan and British Columbia were offset by numerical losses in almost every other region, while in Alberta and Manitoba the party maintained its existing seat counts. The party was locked out of Atlantic Canada and the Territories, and lost over half of its seats in Ontario, including all of its seats in Toronto. In Quebec, the NDP lost seats to all three of the other major parties, namely the Liberals, Conservatives, and Bloc Québécois, though it managed to place second in both vote share (25.4%) and seats (16) behind the Liberals in the province. The election resulted in a Liberal majority government.5152

Mulcair's leadership faced criticism following the election, culminating in his losing a leadership review vote held at the NDP's policy convention in Edmonton, Alberta on April 10, 2016. This marked the first time in Canadian federal politics that a leader was defeated in a confidence vote.53 Consequently, his successor was to be chosen at a leadership election to be held no later than October 2017, with Mulcair agreeing to remain as leader until then.54

Jagmeet Singh

On October 1, 2017, Jagmeet Singh, the first person of a visible minority group to lead a major Canadian federal political party on a permanent basis, won the leadership vote to head the NDP on the first ballot.55

In the 2019 federal election, the NDP won only 24 seats in its worst result since 2004, shedding 15 seats.56 Alexandre Boulerice, who was elected to his third term in Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie, was the only NDP candidate to win a seat in Quebec,57 while the party lost all three of its Saskatchewan ridings (Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River, Regina—Lewvan, and Saskatoon West) to the Conservatives.58 The party remained shut out of Toronto59 and lost two of its MPs (Cheryl Hardcastle in Windsor—Tecumseh and Tracey Ramsey in Essex) in the rest of Ontario,60 while making small or no gains in the popular vote in Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Alberta and Nunavut. In British Columbia, the NDP lost three seats (Kootenay—Columbia, Port Moody—Coquitlam, and, after having lost it at a by-election, Nanaimo—Ladysmith); however, they retained most of their support in the province.61

Following the election, the NDP held the balance of power as the Liberals won a minority government, although it fell back to fourth place behind the resurgent Bloc Québécois.6263 During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NDP used its leverage to lobby the Liberals to be more generous in their financial aid to Canadians, including by extending of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) program, which was a key demand in order to provide confidence to the government in the autumn of 2020.64

In the snap 2021 federal election, the NDP made minor gains in both vote share and seat count, winning in 25 ridings. The party won a second seat in Alberta for the first time when Blake Desjarlais picked up Edmonton Griesbach and Heather McPherson won her second term at Edmonton Strathcona. The party also picked up two seats in British Columbia with Lisa Marie Barron reclaiming Nanaimo—Ladysmith and Bonita Zarrillo reclaiming Port Moody—Coquitlam.65 These gains were offset by losses to the Liberals in St. John's East and Hamilton Mountain, where incumbent NDP MPs Jack Harris and Scott Duvall did not stand for re-election.6667 Overall, the election resulted in no change to the balance of power in the House of Commons.68

In March 2022, the NDP agreed to a confidence and supply deal with the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.69 Among the policies included in the deal were the establishment of a national dental care program for low income Canadians, progress towards a national pharmacare program, labour reforms for federally regulated workers, and new taxes on financial institutions.70

In September 2024, the NDP faced two competitive by-elections in Elmwood—Transcona in Manitoba and LaSalle—Émard—Verdun in Quebec.7172 The NDP successfully defended the Elmwood—Transcona seat, with Leila Dance elected as MP with a much reduced margin. This was the NDP's first by-election victory in five years. However, the party finished a close third in LaSalle—Émard—Verdun, behind the Liberals and the Bloc Québécois. Further to this, the NDP ended their confidence and supply agreement with the Liberal Party. The deal had run from March 2022 but was pulled nine months early.73

Following the appointment of Mark Carney as prime minister, the NDP suffered poor polling.7475 At the 2025 federal election, the NDP has suffered its worst seat result in its history, losing 17 of their 24 seats to both Liberal and Conservative candidates,76 and lost official party status in the House of Commons.77 Singh lost his own riding of Burnaby Central,78 and announced that he would resign as party leader after the selection of an interim leader.79 He was replaced by Vancouver Kingsway MP Don Davies on an interim basis until a new party leader is elected.80

Ideology and policies

The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern social democratic party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement,81 the NDP is secular and pluralistic. It has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship.82 The NDP also supports a mixed economy and broader welfare,83 and has a left-wing,8485 democratic socialist faction.86 The NDP is a member of the Progressive Alliance, a political international of progressive and social democratic parties.87

Ideological orientation

The NDP's constitution states that both social democracy and democratic socialism are influences on the party. Specific inclusion of the party's history as the continuation of the more radical Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and specific identification of the "democratic socialist" tradition as a continuing influence on the party are part of the language of the preamble to the party's constitution:

New Democrats are proud of our political and activist heritage, and our long record of visionary, practical, and successful governments. That heritage and that record have distinguished and inspired our party since the creation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1933 and the founding of the New Democratic Party in 1961. New Democrats seek a future that brings together the best of the insights and objectives of Canadians who, within the social democratic and democratic socialist traditions, have worked through farmer, labour, co-operative, feminist, human rights and environmental movements, and with First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples, to build a more just, equal, and sustainable Canada within a global community dedicated to the same goals.88

Health care

The NDP states that it is committed to public health care. The party states that it fights for "a national, universal, public pharmacare program to make sure that all Canadians can access the prescription medicine they need with their health card, not their credit card – saving money and improving health outcomes for everyone".89 The party also states its support for expanding services covered under the national health care system to include dental care, mental health care, eye and hearing care, infertility procedures, and prescription drugs. Regarding dentistry, the NDP notes that "one in three Canadians has no dental insurance and over six million people don't visit the dentist every year because they can't afford to. Too many people are forced to go without the care they need until the pain is so severe that they are forced to seek relief in hospital emergency rooms".90

Palestine

The NDP supports the Palestinian state. In March 2024, an NDP motion on Palestine was passed after significant amendments were agreed with the Liberals. In particular, the motion called on the government to "officially recognize the State of Palestine"; however, this was amended to "work...towards the establishment of the State of Palestine as part of a negotiated two-state solution."91

Electoral achievements

Since its formation, the party has had a presence in the House of Commons. It was the third largest political party from 1965 to 1993, when the party dropped to fourth and lost official party status. The NDP's peak period of policy influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson (1963–68) and Pierre Trudeau (1972–74). The NDP regained official status in 1997, and played a similar role in the Liberal and Conservative minority governments of 2004–2006 and 2006–2011, respectively. Following the 2011 election, the party became the second-largest party and formed the Official Opposition in the 41st Canadian Parliament.9293

Provincial New Democratic parties, which are organizationally sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces and one territory. As of 2025, the NDP governs the provinces of British Columbia94 and Manitoba,95 forms the Official Opposition in Alberta,96 Nova Scotia,97 Ontario,98 and Saskatchewan,99 and has sitting members in every provincial legislature except those of New Brunswick,100 Prince Edward Island,101 and Quebec.102 The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of BC,103 Alberta,104 Saskatchewan,105 Manitoba,106 Ontario,107 Nova Scotia,108 and the Yukon Territory.109 The NDP has since its founding in 1961 had at least one sitting member in every provincial legislature except that of Quebec.

While members of the party are active in municipal politics, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP.110111 This is also the case with incumbent Toronto mayor Olivia Chow, Hamilton mayor Andrea Horwath, and former Vancouver mayor Kennedy Stewart.

Provincial and territorial wings

Unlike most other Canadian federal parties, the NDP is integrated with its provincial and territorial parties. Holding membership of a provincial or territorial section of the NDP includes automatic membership in the federal party, and this precludes a person from being a member of different parties at the federal and provincial levels. Membership lists are maintained by the provinces and territories.112 This has the effect of there being different minimum membership ages depending on the province, with age ranges from 12 to 14 years old.113114

There have been three exceptions: Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and Quebec. In Nunavut and in the Northwest Territories, whose territorial legislatures have non-partisan consensus governments, the federal NDP is promoted by its riding associations, since each territory is composed of only one federal riding.115116

In Quebec, the historical New Democratic Party of Quebec was integrated with the federal party from 1963 until 1989, when the two agreed to sever their structural ties after the Quebec party adopted a sovereigntist platform. For the next two decades, the federal NDP was represented in Quebec only by their Quebec Section,117 whose activities in the province were limited to the federal level. In 2014, the New Democratic Party of Quebec (NDPQ) was re-established as a federalist party, unaffiliated with the federal NDP.118 The NDPQ dissolved at the end of 2024.119

The New Democratic Party currently forms government in British Columbia and Manitoba,120121 and has previously formed government in Alberta,122 Nova Scotia,123 Ontario,124 Saskatchewan,125 and Yukon.126

Current members of Parliament

NameRidingProvince/territoryMP sincePredecessor
Alexandre BoulericeRosemont—La Petite-PatrieQuebecMay 2, 2011Bernard Bigras
Don DaviesVancouver KingswayBritish ColumbiaOctober 14, 2008David Emerson
Leah GazanWinnipeg CentreManitobaOctober 21, 2019Robert-Falcon Ouellette
Lori IdloutNunavutNunavutSeptember 20, 2021Mumilaaq Qaqqaq
Gord JohnsCourtenay—AlberniBritish ColumbiaOctober 19, 2015riding created
Jenny KwanVancouver EastBritish ColumbiaOctober 19, 2015Libby Davies
Heather McPhersonEdmonton StrathconaAlbertaOctober 21, 2019Linda Duncan

Federal leadership

Main article: Leader of the New Democratic Party

Leaders

A list of leaders (including interim leaders) since 1961.

See also: New Democratic Party leadership elections

PortraitLeader(birth–death)RidingTook officeLeft officeDeputy
Tommy Douglas(1904–1986)Weyburn (Saskatchewan)127 Burnaby—Coquitlam Nanaimo—Cowichan—The IslandsAugust 3, 1961April 24, 1971
David Lewis(1909–1981)York SouthApril 24, 1971July 7, 1975
Ed Broadbent(1936–2024)Oshawa–Whitby OshawaJuly 7, 1975December 5, 1989
Audrey McLaughlin(b. 1936)YukonDecember 5, 1989October 14, 1995
Alexa McDonough(1944–2022)Halifax Fairview (Nova Scotia)128 HalifaxOctober 14, 1995January 25, 2003
Jack Layton(1950–2011)Toronto–DanforthJanuary 25, 2003August 22, 2011129Bill Blaikie(2004–2008)Tom Mulcair(2007–2011)Libby Davies(2007–2015)
(Interim)Nycole Turmel(b. 1942)Hull—AylmerJuly 28, 2011March 24, 2012Tom Mulcair(2007–2011)Libby Davies(2007–2015)
Tom Mulcair(b. 1954)OutremontMarch 24, 2012October 1, 2017Libby Davies(2007–2015)Megan Leslie(2012–2015)David Christopherson(2012–2019)
Jagmeet Singh(b. 1979)Bramalea—Gore—Malton (Ontario)130 Burnaby SouthOctober 1, 2017May 5, 2025David Christopherson(2012–2019)Sheri Benson(2019)Alexandre Boulerice(2019–present)
(Interim)Don Davies(b. 1963)Vancouver KingswayMay 5, 2025Alexandre Boulerice(2019–present)
Notes

Presidents

The party president is the administrative chairperson of the party, chairing party conventions, councils and executive meetings.

Federal secretaries and national directors

Federal secretaries

National directors

Election results

House of Commons

ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/−PositionStatus
1962Tommy Douglas1,044,75413.5719 / 265 11 4thFourth party
19631,044,70113.2217 / 265 2 4thFourth party
19651,381,65817.9121 / 265 4 3rdThird party
19681,378,26316.9622 / 264 1 3rdThird party
1972David Lewis1,725,71917.8331 / 264 9 3rdThird party
19741,467,74815.4416 / 264 15 3rdThird party
1979Ed Broadbent2,048,98817.8826 / 282 10 3rdThird party
19802,165,08719.7732 / 282 6 3rdThird party
19842,359,91518.8130 / 282 2 3rdThird party
19882,685,26320.3843 / 295 13 3rdThird party
1993Audrey McLaughlin939,5756.889 / 295 34 4thNo status
1997Alexa McDonough1,434,50911.0521 / 301 12 4thFourth party
20001,093,7488.5113 / 301 8 4thFourth party
2004Jack Layton2,127,40315.6819 / 308 6 4thFourth party
20062,589,59717.4829 / 308 10 4thFourth party
20082,515,28818.1837 / 308 8 4thFourth party
20114,508,47430.63103 / 308 66 2ndOpposition
2015Tom Mulcair3,441,40919.7144 / 338 59 3rdThird party
2019Jagmeet Singh2,903,72215.9824 / 338 20 4thFourth party
20213,036,34617.8325 / 338 1 4thFourth party (2021–2022, 2024–2025)
Confidence and supply(2022–2024)
20251,236,3176.297 / 343 18 4thNo status

Logos

Logo history
19611581961–19841984–19971997159–20041602004–20121612012–present162

See also

  • Canada portal
  • Politics portal

Progressive think tanks:

Factions of the NDP:

Affiliated Provincial and Territorial parties:

Notes

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References

  1. The party is widely described as social democratic: Bryan Evans; Ingo Schmidt (2012). Social Democracy After the Cold War. Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-926836-87-4. Melody Hessing; Michael Howlett; Tracy Summerville (2005). Canadian Natural Resource and Environmental Policy: Political Economy and Public Policy. UBC Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-7748-1181-1. Rand Dyck (2011). Canadian Politics. Cengage Learning. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-17-650343-7. Norman Penner (1992). From Protest to Power: Social Democracy in Canada 1900–Present. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-384-6. John M. Herrick; Paul H. Stuart (2004). Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America. SAGE. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-7619-2584-2. John Herd Thompson; Stephen J. Randall (2002). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies. University of Georgia Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8203-2403-6. Ian McLeod (1994). Under Siege: The Federal NDP in the Nineties. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-454-6. Keith Archer (1990). Political Choices and Electoral Consequences: A Study of Organized Labour and the New Democratic Party. McGill-Queens. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7735-0744-9. Richard Collin; Pamela L. Martin (2012). An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-4422-1803-1. Retrieved July 18, 2013. William Cross (September 2012). "The Canadian New Democratic Party: A New Big Player in Canadian Politics?" (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Retrieved January 2, 2019. Jessica Murphy (September 26, 2017). "Who will Canada's New Democrats pick to take on Trudeau?". BBC News. Retrieved January 2, 2019. Gerard Di Trolio (June 4, 2018). "The NDP Claws Its Way Back". Jacobin. Retrieved January 2, 2019. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (April 28, 2025). "New Democratic Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 28, 2025 978-1-926836-87-4978-0-7748-1181-1978-0-17-650343-7978-1-55028-384-6978-0-7619-2584-2978-0-8203-2403-6978-1-55028-454-6978-0-7735-0744-9978-1-4422-1803-1 ↩

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  14. "Yukon's Audrey McLaughlin looks back, 35 years after becoming 1st female leader of major federal party". CBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2025. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/q-a-audrey-mclaughlin-35-years-1.7401061 ↩

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  161. Bilingual version of the logo ↩

  162. Bilingual version of the logo ↩