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November 2015 Paris attacks
Series of terrorist attacks in Paris, France, on November 13, 2015

On 13 November 2015, coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks struck Paris and Saint-Denis, killing 130 people—including 90 at the Bataclan theatre during an Eagles of Death Metal concert—and injuring hundreds more. Attackers used suicide bombers and gunmen targeting cafes and the Stade de France. The Islamic State claimed responsibility, citing retaliation for French airstrikes in Syria and Iraq. Following the attacks, France declared a state of emergency, expanding police powers and banning demonstrations. The suspected planner, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, was killed during a police raid in Saint-Denis. These attacks were the deadliest in the European Union since 2004 and occurred amidst wider regional violence including the Beirut bombings.

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Background

See also: Terrorism in France and Opération Chammal

France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in January by militants belonging to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,33 and had increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris at the beginning of December, as well as reinstating border checks a week before the attacks.34

Throughout 2015, France witnessed smaller attacks: the February stabbing of three soldiers guarding a Jewish community centre in Nice,35 the June attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin Fallavier,36 and the August shooting and stabbing attack on a passenger train.37

The Bataclan theatre had been threatened a number of times because of its support for Jewish organizations and Israel.38 Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,3940 owned the Bataclan for more than 40 years before selling it in September 2015.41 In 2011, a group calling itself Army of Islam told French security services they had planned an attack on the Bataclan because its owners were Jewish.42434445

In the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks, ISIL and its branches had claimed responsibility for several other attacks: the downing of Metrojet Flight 9268 on 31 October4647 and the suicide bombings in Beirut on 12 November.4849

Intelligence agencies in Turkey and Iraq had reportedly warned of an imminent attack on France months beforehand, but said they never heard back from the French authorities until after the attacks.505152 According to The Irish Times, a senior French security official said they receive this kind of correspondence "every day".53

This was one of two terrorist cells sent to Europe by the Islamic State in 2015, the other cell consisting of three Syrians was apprehended by German special police in Schleswig-Holstein in mid September 2016.54

Attacks

Three groups of men5556 launched six distinct attacks:57 three suicide bombings in one attack, a fourth suicide bombing in another attack, and shootings at four locations.5859 The shootings were in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre, and avenue de la République.6061 Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France, another on boulevard Voltaire, and two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the standoff.62 According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wore suicide vests that used acetone peroxide as an explosive.63 French police reports on cellphones recovered from crime scenes showed that the attacks were being coordinated in real time from Brussels, Belgium, the location of origin of the terrorist cell that the Paris attackers were members of.64

Stade de France bombings

Three explosions occurred near the country's national sports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, resulting in four deaths, including the three suicide bombers.65 The explosions happened at 21:16, 21:19,66 and 21:53.67 At the time, the stadium was hosting an international friendly football match between France and Germany, which President Hollande was attending.6869 The suicide bombers arrived slightly late for the game, and eyewitness reports indicated they did not have tickets, resulting in them being turned away by security guards several times.70

The first explosion near the stadium occurred about 20 minutes after the start of the game.7172 The first bomber was prevented from entering the stadium after a security guard patted him down and found the explosive vest.73 A few seconds after being turned away, he detonated the vest outside the security gate, killing himself and a bystander.7475 Investigators later surmised that the first bomber had planned to detonate his vest within the stadium, triggering the crowd's panicked exit onto the streets where the two other bombers were lying in wait.76 Three minutes after the first bombing, the second bomber blew himself up outside another security gate.7778 Another 23 minutes after that, the third bomber's vest detonated near the stadium. According to some reports, the location of the third explosion was at a McDonald's restaurant, where over 50 people were injured, seven seriously;798081 others state the bomb detonated some distance away from any discernible target.82

Hollande was evacuated from the stadium at half-time, while the German foreign minister, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, remained at the stadium.8384 Hollande met with his interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve to co-ordinate a response to the emergency.85 Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match;86 both football coaches were informed by French officials of a developing crisis, but players and fans were kept unaware of it until the game had finished.87 Hollande, concerned that the safety of the crowd outside the stadium could not be assured if the match was immediately canceled, decided that the game should continue without a public announcement.88

Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue. Security sources said all three explosions were suicide bombings.89 The Germany national football team was advised not to return to their hotel, where there had been a bomb threat earlier in the day, and they spent the night in the stadium on mattresses, along with the France team, who stayed with them in a display of comradeship.90

Restaurant shootings and bombing

The first shootings occurred around 21:25 on the rue Bichat and the rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement. The three Belgian-Moroccan attackers, including ringleader Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Brahim Abdeslam and Chakib Akrouh emerged from a rental SEAT León before killing the driver of a car in front of them and then proceeding to shoot at people outside Le Carillon, a café and bar. Next, they crossed the rue Bichat and shot people inside the restaurant Le Petit Cambodge. According to French police, an eyewitness said one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar".919293 A total of thirteen people were killed94 at these locations, and ten others were critically injured.95 Afterwards, the assailants fled in the SEAT León.96 Doctors and nurses from the nearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks happened and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded.97

At 21:32, the attackers arrived outside Café Bonne Bière,98 located close to the terrace of the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.99 There, they shouted "Allahu Akbar" again and opened fire on revelers.100 The Paris prosecutor said five people were killed, and eight others were injured.101 An eyewitness reported seeing a gunman firing short bursts.102 The assailants then fled again in the SEAT León.103

At 21:36, the assailants arrived at the restaurant La Belle Équipe on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement. They fired for several minutes at the outdoor terrace, before returning to the SEAT León and driving away.104105106 Twenty-one people were killed,107 and seven others were left in critical condition.108 Many of the deceased victims at the targeted restaurants and cafés had been sitting on the outdoor terraces when they were shot.109

At 21:40, Brahim Abdeslam was dropped off at the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement, near the place de la Nation.110111 He sat down at the interior terrace of the Comptoir Voltaire café, wearing a hooded jacket over several layers of clothing. After placing an order, he smiled at patrons and apologized for interrupting their dinner. Finally, he detonated his explosive vest, killing himself and injuring fifteen people, one of them seriously.112113114

Bataclan theatre massacre

Beginning at around 21:50, a mass shooting and hostage-taking occurred at the Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement. The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of about 1,500 people.115

Three dark-clad gunmen armed with three different types of assault rifles (Zastava M70, Norinco Type 56-1, and an AKKS-47 rifle)116117118 had been waiting in a black rental car near the venue for more than an hour.119120 The terrorists were three French natives of Algerian descent: Foued Mohamed-Aggad, age 23; Ismaël Omar Mostefaï, age 29; and Samy Amimour, age 28. As the band was playing their song "Kiss the Devil", the three men got out of the car and opened fire on people outside the venue, killing three. Then, they burst into the concert hall and opened fire on the crowd.121122 Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu Akbar" as the terrorists opened fire.123124125 Initially, the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics.126127 The band ran offstage and escaped with many of the crew.128129

Rows of people were mowed down by gunfire or were forced to drop to the ground to avoid being shot. Survivors described hundreds of people lying beside and on top of each other in pools of blood, screaming in terror and pain. The gunmen also fired up into the balconies, and dead bodies fell down onto the stalls below. For a few minutes, the hall was plunged into darkness, with only the flashes from the assault rifles as the gunmen kept shooting. The terrorists shouted that they were there because of the French airstrikes against Islamic State.130 Another witness who was inside the Bataclan heard a gunman say, "This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world."131

A radio reporter attending the concert described the terrorists as calm and determined and said they reloaded three or four times.132 Two gunmen attacked the concert hall; one gunman covered fire while another reloaded, to ensure maximum efficiency.133 Whenever the gunmen stopped to reload, some of the crowd ran for the emergency exits, scrambling over each other to escape.134 Some were shot from behind as they fled, and the terrorists laughed as they shot them.135 Those who reached the emergency exit were shot by the third gunman, who positioned himself there.136 Other groups of people barricaded themselves in backstage rooms. Some smashed open the ceiling in an upstairs toilet and hid among the rafters under the roof. Those who could not run lay still on the floor pretending to be dead. According to survivors, the terrorists walked among those who were lying down, kicked them, and shot them in the head if there was any sign of life.137

An eyewitness reported hearing the gunmen ask amongst themselves where the members of the Eagles of Death Metal were once the gunfire stopped.138 Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï then went upstairs to the balconies, while Amimour stayed downstairs and fired at people who tried to flee.139140 The Search and Intervention Brigade (BRI) arrived on the scene at 22:15, soon followed by the elite tactical unit, RAID (French police unit).141 At 22:15, the first two responding officers entered the building armed with handguns and encountered Amimour, who was standing on the stage. Amimour died after being shot by the officers and detonating his explosive vest. Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï then fired upon the officers, forcing them to withdraw and wait for backup.142143

From this point, Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï took about twenty hostages and herded them into a room at the end of an L-shaped corridor located further in the building. They also seized the hostages' mobile phones and attempted to use them to access the Internet, but they were unable to find a signal. Some of the hostages were forced to look down into the hall and out the windows and tell the terrorists what they saw.144145 During this time, Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï fired on police and other first responders arriving at the scene.146

At 23:30, an elite police squad entered the building. One unit evacuated survivors from downstairs, while another unit went upstairs. They found Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï, who had begun using hostages as human shields. They shouted out to police the number of a hostage's phone. Over the next 50 minutes, they had four phone exchanges with a police negotiator, during which they threatened to execute hostages unless they received a signed paper promising France's departure from Muslim lands.147148 The police assault began at 00:20 and lasted three minutes.149150 Police launched the assault because of reports that Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï had started killing hostages.151152153 Police using shields burst open the door to the room and exchanged fire with Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï while managing to pull the hostages one-by-one behind their shields. One terrorist detonated his explosive vest, and the other tried to do the same but was shot.154

Ninety people were killed, and hundreds of others were wounded.155156 Almost all of the deceased victims were killed within the first 20 minutes of the attack.157 All of the hostages were rescued without injury.158 Police dog teams from the Brigade Cynophile assisted with body removal because of concerns that there could still be live explosives in the theatre.159 Identification and removal of the bodies took 10 hours, a process made difficult because some audience members had left their identity papers in the theatre's cloakroom.160

Perpetrators

See also: Brussels ISIL terror cell

Three groups, comprising three men each, executed the attacks.161162 They wore explosive vests and belts with identical detonators.163 Seven perpetrators died at the scenes of their attacks.164165 The other two were killed five days later during the Saint-Denis police raid.166 The tenth participant, Salah Abdeslam, drove the Stade de France bombers to the stadium. He was supposed to execute a suicide bombing in the 18th arrondissement after dropping off the group, but he never did and disposed of his explosive vest.

On 14 November, ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks.167168169170 François Hollande said ISIL organized the attacks with help from inside France.171 Claimed motives were an ideological objection to Paris as a capital of abomination and perversion,172 retaliation for airstrikes on ISIL in Syria and Iraq,173 and the foreign policy of Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide.174 Shortly after the attacks, ISIL's media organ, the Al-Hayat Media Group, launched a website on the dark web extolling the organization and recommending the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram.175176

Fabien Clain released an audio recording the day before the attacks in which he personally claimed responsibility for the attacks. Clain is known to intelligence services as a veteran jihadist belonging to ISIL, and of French nationality.177

Syrian and Egyptian passports were found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites,178 but Egyptian authorities said the passport belonged to a victim, Aleed Abdel-Razzak, and not one of the perpetrators.179 By 16 November, the focus of the French and Belgian investigation turned to Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the radical jihadist they believed was the leader of the plot.180 Abaaoud had escaped to Syria181182 after having been suspected in other plots in Belgium and France, including the thwarted 2015 Thalys train attack.183 Abaaoud had recruited an extensive network of accomplices, including two brothers, Brahim Abdeslam and Salah Abdeslam, to execute terrorist attacks; Abaaoud was killed in the Saint-Denis raid on 18 November.184185186

Most of the Paris attackers were French and Belgian born citizens of Moroccan and Algerian backgrounds who crossed borders without difficulty, albeit registered as terrorism suspects.187 Two other attackers were Iraqi.188 According to the French prime minister, Manuel Valls, several of the perpetrators had exploited Europe's immigration crisis to enter the continent undetected.189 At least some, including the alleged leader Abdelhamid Abaaoud, had visited Syria and returned radicalized. Jean-Charles Brisard, a French expert on terrorism, called this a change of paradigm, in that returning European citizens were themselves the attackers.190 The Los Angeles Times reported that more than 3,000 Europeans have traveled to Syria and joined ISIL and other radical groups.191

On 30 August 2016, jihadist Abu Mohammad al-Adnani was killed by an American missile and DGSI declared that his death ended the terrorist who had supervised the attacks on Brussels and Paris.192

Search for accomplices

Three cars were recovered in Paris after the attacks:

  1. A grey Volkswagen Polo with Belgian licence plates abandoned near the Bataclan was hired by a French citizen living in Belgium and contained a parking ticket from the town of Molenbeek.193
  2. A SEAT was found in the Paris suburb of Montreuil on 15 November and contained three Zastava M70 assault rifles, ammunition, and three butcher knives.194
  3. A Renault Clio hired by Salah Abdeslam was discovered near Montmartre on 11 November and contained a butcher knife.195196

Police described Salah, a 26-year-old Belgian citizen, as dangerous, and warned the public not to approach him.197 He was arrested on 18 March 2016 during an anti-terrorist raid in the Molenbeek area of Brussels (see below).198 His brother, Brahim, died in the attacks.199 Another brother, Mohamed, was detained on 14 November in the Molenbeek area of Brussels and released after several hours of questioning.200 Mohamed said he did not suspect his siblings of planning anything.201

On 14 November, a car was stopped at the Belgium-France border and its three occupants were questioned then released. Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek.202 Links to the attacks were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November, when police stopped a 51-year-old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives in his car.203

On 15-16 November, French tactical police units raided over 200 locations in France, arresting 23 people and seizing weapons.204 Another 104 people were placed under house arrest.205206

On 17 November, police followed a female cousin of the attacker and ringleader, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, to a block of flats in Saint-Denis where they saw Abaaoud with her.207208 The next day, police raided a flat in Saint-Denis, and Abaaoud was killed in the ensuing gunfight, which lasted several hours.209210211 Chakib Akrouh, one of the perpetrators of the restaurant shootings, also died during the raid after detonating an explosive vest.212 Eight suspected militants were arrested at or near the flat.213

On 23 November, an explosive belt was found in a litter bin in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. It may have been discarded by Salah Abdeslam, whose phone records showed that he was in Montrouge on the night of the attacks.214

On 24 November, five people in Belgium were charged on suspicion of their involvement in the Paris attacks, and Belgian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Mohamed Abrini, a 30-year-old suspected accomplice of Salah Abdeslam.215 Abrini was subsequently reported to have been arrested on 8 April 2016.216 He is also suspected of having been involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings.217

On 9 December, two ISIL militants accompanying two of the Paris attackers into Europe, all masquerading as migrants, were arrested in Greece weeks before the attacks.218219 In July 2016, a third militant involved was also arrested despite regular activity on Facebook from Belgium.220221 The three militants were part of a unit intended to carry out further attacks on 13 November, but their plans were apparently disrupted by the first two arrests.222

Fabien Clain was identified as the person reading the ISIL claim of responsibility. Clain was a French national who served 5 years from 2009 to 2014 in a French prison for recruiting fighters to go to Syria for jihad. Clain has been linked to other executed and planned terror attacks and is seen as a leader of known terrorists.223

Jawad Bendaoud was arrested 18 November 2015 for "criminal terrorist association for the purpose of committing violent action", as he provided lodging for Abaaoud, Hasna Aït Boulahcen, and a third man. In September 2017, the prosecuting judge filed for Bendaoud's trial for "concealment of terrorist criminals", a charge with a maximum penalty of six years.224225

Analysis of tactics

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center, said the attacks demonstrated a sophistication not seen in a city attack since the 2008 Mumbai attacks and that it would change how the West regarded the threat.226 Further comparisons were made between the Paris- and Mumbai-attacks.227228229 Mumbai Police Joint Commissioner (Law and Order) Deven Bharti pointed out the similarities as having several targets, shooting indiscriminately, and the use of improvised explosive devices.230231 According to Bharti, one key difference was that the Mumbai attacks lasted several days, and the Paris attackers killed themselves as soon as capture seemed imminent.232 Evidence points to the attackers having regularly used unencrypted communications during the planning of the attack.233

Casualties

Deaths by citizenship
CitizenshipDeaths
 France106234
 Chile003235
 Algeria002236237238
 Belgium002239
 Egypt002240
 Portugal002241
 Germany002242243
 Romania002244
 Tunisia002245
 Italy001246247
 Mexico001248
 Morocco001249
 Spain001250
 Sweden001251
 United Kingdom001252
 United States001253
 Venezuela001254
Total131255

The attackers killed 130 victims and injured 416,256257 with 80 to 99 taken to hospital in serious condition.258259 Of the dead, 90 died at the Bataclan theatre,260261 21 at La Belle Équipe,262 13 at Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge,263 five at Café Bonne Bière and La Casa Nostra, and one at Stade de France.264

Among those who died at the Bataclan were a music critic of Les Inrockuptibles,265 an executive of Mercury Records France, and the merchandise manager of Eagles of Death Metal, the band that was performing.266 Some people suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),267 including a man who died by suicide two years after the attacks.268 In May 2024, survivor and graphic novelist Fred Dewilde died by suicide nine years after the attacks, during which he depicted his trauma in several graphic novels.269

Main article: Paris attacks trial

On 8 September 2021, the trial of 20 men accused of planning and carrying out the attacks began in Paris in a custom-designed chamber within the Palais de Justice.270 The trial was expected to hear the testimony of over 300 witnesses and victims, including more than 300 lawyers, and was expected to last about nine months.271 The trial was filmed, however the film will not be released until fifty years after the conclusion of the trial.272 Of the 20 accused, fourteen were tried in person and six were tried in absentia. The trial concluded on 29 June 2022 with the conviction of all 20 defendants. Salah Abdeslam, the only surviving assailant in the attacks, received a sentence of life without parole.273274 Of Abdeslam's 19 co-defendants, who were suspected of offering mostly logistical support or plotting other attacks, 18 were convicted on terrorism related charges, while one was convicted of a lesser fraud charge.275

In January 2022, an orthopaedic surgeon at the Georges Pompidou hospital was sued and faces possible misconduct charges after using a survivor's X-ray as a NFT (non-fungible token), without consulting her prior. The image was an X-ray of the survivor's forearm with a Kalashnikov bullet near the bone, and was listed as an X-ray of a survivor who had lost her boyfriend in the attack.276

Responses

Local

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Popular reactions

The hashtag #portesouvertes ("open doors") was used by Parisians to offer shelter to those afraid to travel home after the attacks.277

As had been the case in January after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, the Place de la République became a focal point of mourning, memorial, and tributes.278 An impromptu memorial also developed near the Bataclan theatre.279 On 15 November, two days after the attacks, a memorial service was held at Notre Dame Cathedral, presided over by the Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, with several political and religious figures in attendance.280

Muslim organizations in France, such as the Union of Islamic Organizations of France, strongly condemned the attacks in Paris.281282283 The attacks affected business at high-profile venues and shopping centres in Paris, and many Parisians were concerned the attacks might lead to a marginalization of Muslims in the city.284 There was not the same call for solidarity with Islam, as in January, following the attacks.285 Sales of the French flag, which the French had rarely displayed prior to the attacks, increased dramatically after the attacks.286

On 4 December, the Bonne Bière café reopened, adorned by a banner with the defiant slogan "Je suis en terrasse" ("I'm on the Terrace"). A street cleaner told France 24 that the city had removed six truckloads of wilted flowers and several kilograms of candles from memorials placed around this and the other shooting scenes: "We didn't really want to get rid of things, but it feels a bit like a cemetery with all the flowers."287

National

Government

President Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of the attacks.288289 He also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to "mercilessly" fight against terrorism.290 Hollande chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night and directed his national security council to meet the next morning.291 The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety and declared a state of emergency.292293294 Hollande canceled his trip to the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks, instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.295 On 14 November, Hollande announced three days of national mourning.296 On 16 November, Hollande convened a special Congress of the French Parliament to address the attack and lay out legislative and diplomatic plans he wanted to take in response to them. These proposals included an extension of the state of emergency for three months, changes to the French constitution, one of which would have enabled France to protect itself from dual citizens who might pose a risk, and an increase in military attacks against ISIL.297

On 4 December 2015, the French government published a guide in form of a cartoon on how to survive a terrorist attack. The guide is to be posted in public places and be available online.298299

In July 2016, the French government published the report of a commission of inquiry, presided over by Georges Fenech, into possible security failings relating to the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. The report recommended the establishment of a single "national anti-terrorism agency".300301

In August 2016, minister of the interior Bernard Cazeneuve stated that about 20 radicalized mosques and more than 80 hate preachers had been expelled from France since 2012.302

Military

On 15 November, the French Air Force launched the biggest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its bombing campaign against ISIL, sending 10 aircraft to drop 20 bombs on Raqqa, the city where ISIL is based.303 On 16 November, the French Air Force carried out more airstrikes on ISIL targets in Raqqa, including a command centre and a training camp.304 On 18 November 2015, French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle left its home port of Toulon heading towards the eastern Mediterranean to support bombing operations carried out by the international coalition.305 This decision was taken before the November attacks but was accelerated by the events.

French authorities regularly gave detailed information to US authorities on the whereabouts of high-ranking IS members in the Syria-Iraq zone to be tracked and killed. This cooperation led to American air strikes being able to kill the planners of the 13 November 2015 attacks. United States authorities cooperated as they consider that if terrorist attacks hadn't taken place in France, they would have done so in the US instead.306

Public

Applications to join the French Army, which were around 100-150 per day in 2014, rose to 1,500 in the week following the attacks, higher than the rise to 400 after the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January.307308

Domestic politics

All major political parties, including Hollande's governing Socialist Party, Marine Le Pen's National Front, and Nicolas Sarkozy's Republicans temporarily suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections.309 There was a nationwide minute of silence at noon which President Hollande and several ministers observed at a ceremony at the Paris Sorbonne University.310

On 18 November, Hollande reaffirmed France's commitment to accept 30,000 Syrian refugees over the next two years.311 This was despite the doubts that the terror attack had sown in people's minds. His announcement drew a standing ovation from a gathering of French mayors.312

However, in the election campaign for the regional elections of France, to begin on 6 December 2015, Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right Front National party who was vying to be president of the Nord-Pas de Calais area, was recommending hardline security measures. She was getting a great deal of media attention with her strong anti-immigrant stance and may have been helping to sway public opinion across France. "The influx of migrants must be stopped," Le Pen told the CBC in an interview.313 Le Pen was doing well in opinion polls as of early December 2015. Since the elections would start only weeks after the Paris attacks, she was thought to be getting dividends from the timing, when the fear of terrorism was still very strong.314

European Union

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § European Union

Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission, rejected calls to rethink the European Union's policy on migration. Dismissing suggestions that open borders led to the attacks, Juncker said he believed that the attacks should be met with a stronger display of liberal values, including internal open borders.315316 European Commission Vice-president Federica Mogherini and EU defence ministers unanimously backed France's request for help in military missions.317

The United Kingdom has stated its intent to help France with operations in Syria,318 while some countries intend to aid France by taking over activities in Africa. Germany announced sending troops to Mali and military trainers to Kurdish forces in Iraq, and on 4 December voted in favor of deploying aircraft and a frigate in an effort to aid the French forces over Syria.319320

The attacks prompted European officials to re-evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants, especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis.321322 Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed, and criticized German Chancellor Angela Merkel, while the German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her.323

French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said that he would meet with EU ministers to discuss how to deal with terrorism across the European Union.324 Meeting reports indicated that Schengen area border controls have been tightened for EU citizens entering or leaving, with passport checks325 and systematic screening against biometric databases.

Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański declared that he saw no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme.326327 The new Prime Minister of Poland, Beata Szydło said she would ask the EU to change its decision on refugee quotas.328329 Szydło said Poland would honor the commitment made by the previous government to accommodate 9,000 refugees.330331

Hungary's prime minister, Viktor Orbán, rejected the concept of mandatory resettlement quotas.332

Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka criticized President Miloš Zeman for supporting anti-Islamic groups and spreading hatred, according to Reuters, whose report added that the Sobotka government had been deporting migrants.333

Intelligence review

Shortly after the attacks, intelligence staff in multiple countries began to review electronic surveillance recorded before the attacks.334 Adam Schiff, the ranking Democratic member of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said he did not know of any intercepted communications that would have provided warning of the attacks.335

One source said the French National Police met with German police and intelligence services a month before the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were staking out possible targets in France. The exact targets were not known at that time.336

Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November, arrested its driver, and confiscated weapons that may have been connected to the Paris attacks.337

Some of the attackers were known to law enforcement officials prior to the attacks, and at least some of the attackers lived in the Molenbeek area of Brussels, which is noted for its links to extremist activities.338 A counter-terrorism expert said the fact that the perpetrators were known to authorities suggested that intelligence was "pretty good" but the ability to act on it was lacking. The number of Europeans who have links to Syria makes it difficult for security services to keep track of them all.339

On 26 December 2015, "Belgian newspaper De Morgen reported that a police oversight body, known as Committee P," is investigating why prior warnings from a school about the radicalization of one of the attackers, Bilal Hadfi, were not reported to Belgian law enforcement.340

On 8 March 2021, Italian police arrested a 36-year-old Algerian man on suspicion of helping authors of the Paris attacks and for belonging to the Islamic State group. It was reported that he had "guaranteed the availability of forged documents" to the Paris attackers.341

Security changes

In France

In response to the attacks, France was put under an état d'urgence (state of emergency) for the first time since the 2005 riots,342 borders were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris.343344345 The plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), two contingency plans for times of emergency, were immediately activated.346347348

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected.349 American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice.350 Many Paris Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks.351352 Uber suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.353

All state schools and universities in Paris remained closed the next day.354355 Sports events in France for the weekend of 14-15 November were postponed or canceled.356357 Disneyland Paris, which had operated every day since opening in 1992, closed its parks as a mark of respect for those who died in the attacks.358359 The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by 20,000 people a day, was closed for two days.360361 Other venues that were to remain closed included shops and cinemas.362 Protests were banned until 19 November,363 while bands such as U2, Foo Fighters, Motörhead, and Coldplay cancelled performances in Paris.364

The week after 20 November, Hollande was planning to travel to the US and Russia to discuss greater international co-operation against ISIL.365

State of emergency

On 13 November, President Hollande declared the state of emergency.366

On 20 November, the Senate in France agreed to extend the current state of emergency by three months; this measure gave police extra powers of detention and arrest intended to increase security, at the expense of some personal liberties.367 Public demonstrations of environmental activists during COP21, held in Paris from 30 November to 12 December 2015, were prevented from happening under the state of emergency regulations, while others were allowed.368369

The state of emergency was extended until the end of July 2016.370 Further extensions followed after the attack in Nice on 14 July 2016.

Belgium

Further information: 2015 Brussels lockdown

Belgium immediately on 13 November tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France.371

Starting on 21 November 2015, the government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris.372373374375376 One of the perpetrators of the attack, Belgian-born French national Salah Abdeslam, was thought to be hiding in the city. As a result of warnings of a serious and imminent threat, the terror alert level was raised to the highest level (four) across the Brussels metropolitan area, and people were advised not to congregate publicly, effectively putting the city under lockdown.377378379380

International

Cities in the United States took security precautions, especially at sites where large crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy and other French government sites.381382 William J. Bratton, the New York City Police Commissioner, said the Paris attacks have changed the way law enforcement deals with security.383 Singapore raised its national security alert level, stepping up border checks and security across the city-state.384 Police and military authorities in Manila were placed on full alert in preparation for the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.385

International reactions

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks

Many heads of state and heads of government, as well as the United Nations, offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.386387388

The U.S. House of Representatives has passed a bill that made it more difficult for Syrian and Iraqi refugees to enter the United States.389 At least 31 governors of U.S. states declared they would refuse to accept Syrian refugees.390

Muslim officials

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Responses from Muslim groups

Muslim heads of state, scholars, imams, leaders and groups condemned the attacks, many before ISIL claimed responsibility.391 These included the imam who heads the university of Al-Azhar in Egypt; the Supreme council of Religious Scholars in Saudi Arabia;392 Iranian president Hassan Rouhani393 and the Ahmadiyya caliph Mirza Masroor Ahmad.394

Syrian president Bashar al-Assad condemned the attacks, but added that France's support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism.395 France had been a particularly vocal opponent of Assad during the Syrian civil war.396

Ahrar ash-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam, the major mainstream Islamist rebels against the Syrian regime, both condemned the attacks.397 Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, condemned the attacks, and expressed his solidarity with the French people.398 Other militant groups also condemned the attacks, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.399

The al-Nusra Front, the Syrian branch of Al-Qaeda, praised the attacks, saying that even though they viewed ISIL as "dogs of hellfire", they applauded when "infidels" get attacked by ISIL.400

Hanover bombing plot

A few days after the attacks, on 17 November, a football friendly set to be played at HDI-Arena in Hanover between Germany (who had just been present at the Stade de France during the Paris attacks) and the Netherlands was cancelld and thousands of football fans evacuated from the arena following a bomb threat.401 The match, having been hailed as a "symbol of freedom" after the Paris attacks, was set to be attended in a show of solidarity with France by German chancellor Angela Merkel, vice-chancellor Sigmar Gabriel, several other German government ministers, as well as Dutch defence minister Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert and health and sport minister Edith Schippers.402

According to a French intelligence dossier, five bombs had been prepared to be detonated at or around the stadium by a named five-member terror cell in a series of coordinated bomb attacks.403 German authorities refused to give more details on findings, with Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere claiming that "some of these answers would alarm the public."404 While police claimed to not have found any explosives, German newspapers published allegations of a cover-up, which claimed that a paramedic had witnessed explosives hidden in an ambulance at the stadium, before being told by special forces at the scene "to not talk about it."405 Another newspaper claimed it had been a truck bomb disguised as an ambulance.406407 Three police officers were disciplined for leaking information about alleged bomb finds.408

At the same time also in Hanover, the TUI Arena was evacuated before a concert by the band Söhne Mannheims, and a train station was closed off after a suspicious device was found.409410 Later the same evening, two Air France flights headed from the United States to Paris were diverted to Salt Lake City, Utah411 and Halifax, Nova Scotia because of bomb threats.412 The events followed the previous day, when a football match set to be played in Brussels between Belgium and Spain had also been cancelled over security concerns.413414

2016 Brussels raids

Main article: 2016 Brussels police raids

On 15 March 2016, Belgian police carried out a raid on a house in the suburb of Forest in Brussels. A police statement said that the raid was related to the Paris attacks.415416 Four police officers were wounded in the raid, and a manhunt for escaped suspects followed.417418

On 18 March 2016, there were further raids in the Molenbeek area of Brussels.419 Two suspects were reportedly injured in one such raid and a third suspect was killed. Five people, one identified as Salah Abdeslam, suspected accomplice in the Paris attacks, were arrested during the raid.420421422

Media depictions

One of the people who was present in the Bataclan theatre on 13 November 2015 during the terrorist attacks was a French artist who works under the pseudonym Fred Dewilde. In October 2016, he published a graphic novel about his firsthand experience of these tragic events, named Mon Bataclan.423424425

On 27 April 2016, American rock band Pierce the Veil released a song titled "Circles", inspired by the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks.426

On 6 June 2018, Gédéon and Jules Naudet released the documentary November 13: Attack on Paris.427

On 5 October 2022, the French film November was released, directed by Cédric Jimenez and starring Jean Dujardin, that depicts the investigations and the interventions of the police (in particular of the anti-terrorist sub-directorate) during the five days which followed the attacks.

Alice Winocour's 2022 feature film Revoir Paris428 (Paris Memories) looked at the effects of the aftermath of a group of people trapped in an attached bistro and starred Virginie Efira.

A 4-part miniseries named Les Espions de la Terreur was released by M6 in 2024. It shows the aftermath of the November attacks through the eyes of the French Secret Service.

See also

  • France portal

Notes

References

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