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Houthis launch second wave of attacks on Red Sea vessels after deadly British-US airstrikes

Jun 1 2024

Houthis claim fresh attacks on British and US ships in Red Sea

Feb 6 2024

Yemen's Houthi rebels target 2 ships in Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with ballistic missiles

Feb 6 2024

Europe split over US, UK strikes on Houthis in Yemen

Jan 12 2024

US announces naval coalition to defend Red Sea shipping from Houthi attacks

Dec 19 2023

The fighter pilots hunting Houthi drones over the Red Sea

bbc.com

Background

See also: Red Sea crisis

The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden.²³ Following the start of the Gaza war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces.²⁴ Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit.²⁵²⁶ The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.²⁷ As of 1 January 2024, at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa.²⁸ This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis" by The Economist.²⁹

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.³⁰ In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.³¹ In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,³² with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.³³

Forces

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces,³⁴ will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 2.³⁵ This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escorting Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, USS Gravely, USS Laboon and USS Mason.³⁶³⁷ Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer HMS Diamond and frigate HMS Richmond, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.³⁸³⁹⁴⁰ Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.⁴¹⁴²⁴³

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.⁴⁴⁴⁵ The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.⁴⁶ Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis.⁴⁷ The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.⁴⁸ Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).⁴⁹⁵⁰

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).⁵¹ On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting".⁵²

On 24 February 2024, Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.⁵³ It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.⁵⁴⁵⁵

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union-led Operation Aspides.⁵⁶

On 1 February 2025, Destroyer Squadron 50 of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command assumed responsibility for leading Operation Prosperity Guardian from Combined Task Force 153.⁵⁷

Prosperity Guardian

•  United States
  • CENTCOM⁵⁸
  •  United States Navy
    • NAVCENT
      • Fifth Fleet
        • Carrier Strike Group 2
          • USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (Aircraft carrier)
          • USS Philippine Sea (Cruiser)
          • USS Carney (Destroyer)
          • USS Laboon (Destroyer)
          • USS Mason (Destroyer)
          • USS Thomas Hudner (Destroyer)
          • USS Arleigh Burke (Destroyer)⁵⁹
          • USS Bataan (Amphibious assault ships)⁶⁰
          • USS Florida (Submarine)
    • United States Pacific Fleet
      • Third Fleet
        • Carrier Strike Group 3⁶¹
          • USS Abraham Lincoln (Aircraft Carrier)
          • USS Frank E. Petersen Jr. (Cruiser)
          • USS Stockdale (Destroyer)
          • USS Spruance (Destroyer)
          • USS O'Kane (Destroyer)
          • USS Michael Murphy (Destroyer)
        • Carrier Strike Group 9⁶²
          • USS Theodore Roosevelt (Aircraft Carrier)
          • USS Daniel Inouye (Destroyer)
          • USS Russell (Destroyer)
          • USS Halsey (Destroyer)
      • USFFC
        • Carrier Strike Group 8⁶³
          • USS Harry S. Truman (Aircraft Carrier)
          • USS Stout (Destroyer)
          • USS Jason Dunham (Destroyer)
          • USS Gravely (Destroyer)
          • USS Cole (Destroyer)⁶⁴
          • USS Gettysburg (Destroyer)
    • United States Naval Air Forces
      • Carrier Air Wing One⁶⁵
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 11
          • F/A-18F Super Hornet
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 136
          • F/A-18E Super Hornet
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 143
          • F/A-18E Super Hornet
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 81
          • F/A-18E Super Hornet
        • Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 126
          • E-2D Hawkeye
        • Electronic Attack Squadron 144
          • EA-18G Growler
        • Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40
          • C-2A Greyhound
        • Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 11
          • MH-60S Seahawk
        • Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 72
          • MH-60R Seahawk
      • Carrier Air Wing Three⁶⁶
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 32
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 83
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 105
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 131
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Electronic Attack Squadron 130⁶⁷
          • EA-18G Growler⁶⁸
        • Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 123
          • E-2C Hawkeye
        • Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 7⁶⁹
          • MH-60S Seahawk
        • Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 74
          • MH-60R Seahawk
      • Carrier Air Wing Nine⁷⁰
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 14
          • F/A-18E Super Hornet
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 41
          • F/A-18F Super Hornet
        • Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 314
          • F-35C Lightning II
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 151
          • F/A-18E Super Hornet
        • Electronic Attack Squadron 133
          • EA-18G Growler
        • Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 117
          • E-2 Hawkeye
        • Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 14
          • MH-60S Seahawk
        • Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 71
          • MH-60R Seahawk
    • United States Naval Special Warfare Command
      • United States Navy SEALs⁷¹
  •  United States Air Force
    • One KC-135 Stratotanker
    • MQ-9 Reapers
  • United States Marine Corps
    • II Marine Expeditionary Force
      • 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit⁷²
      • 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing
        • Marine Aircraft Group 14
          • McDonnell Douglas Harriers⁷³
  • United States Coast Guard⁷⁴
•  United Kingdom
  •  Royal Navy
    • HMS Diamond (Destroyer)
    • HMS Duncan (Destroyer)⁷⁵
    • HMS Richmond (Frigate)
    • HMS Lancaster (Frigate)
  •  Royal Air Force
    • RAF Akrotiri
      • No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing⁷⁶⁷⁷
        • Four RAF Typhoon fighters
        • Two Voyager KC2s⁷⁸
•  Sri Lanka
  •  Sri Lanka Navy
    • SLNS Gajabahu⁷⁹⁸⁰ (Armed patrol vessel)
•  Canada
  •  Royal Canadian Navy (personnel only)
•  Australia
  •  Royal Australian Navy (personnel only)
•  New Zealand
  •  Royal New Zealand Navy (personnel only)
•  Singapore
  •  Republic of Singapore Navy (personnel only)
•  Bahrain
  •  Royal Bahrain Naval Force (personnel only)
•  Seychelles
  •  Seychelles Coast Guard (intelligence support)

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

•  Greece
  • Hellenic Navy
    • Hydra (Frigate)
    • Psara (Frigate)⁸¹
•  Denmark
  •  Royal Danish Navy
    • HDMS Iver Huitfeldt (Frigate)
•  Netherlands
  •  Royal Netherlands Navy
    • HNLMS Tromp (Frigate)
    • HLMS Karel Doorman (Joint support ship)⁸²⁸³
    • Netherlands Naval Aviation Service
      • One NH90
      • One Eurocopter AS532 Cougar
•  Sweden
  •  Swedish Navy (personnel only)
•  Finland
  •  Finnish Navy (personnel only)

Attacks on shipping

Main article: Timeline of the Red Sea crisis

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".¹⁷⁹ In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹ (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.¹⁸²

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc, would remain under French command.¹⁸³ Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.¹⁸⁴ Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination.¹⁸⁵ Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta.¹⁸⁶ At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.¹⁸⁷

The Maersk Line announced on 24 December 2023 that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.¹⁸⁸ On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.¹⁸⁹¹⁹⁰

On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.¹⁹¹

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".¹⁹²

Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024. US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations.¹⁹³

In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen". al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as "arrogant" and "unjustified actions", saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind.¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵

See also

• Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
• Operation Aspides
• Operation Earnest Will
• Operation Ocean Shield
• Operation Praying Mantis
• Operation Sankalp
• International Maritime Security Construct
• List of wars involving the United Kingdom
• List of wars involving the United States
• United States conflict with Iran-backed militias (2023–present)
• Denmark's role in Operation Prosperity Guardian

External links

• Media related to Operation Prosperity Guardian at Wikimedia Commons

References

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2. "Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking Red Sea ships?". BBC. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67614911 ↩

3. "Yemen: Houthis Attack Civilian Ships | Human Rights Watch". 13 December 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships ↩

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