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Park Fire
2024 wildfire in Northern California

The Park Fire was an extremely large wildfire in Northern California's Butte and Tehama counties. It ignited on July 24, 2024 in an alleged act of arson in the city of Chico's Bidwell Park in Butte County. Defying initial fire suppression efforts, the Park Fire grew rapidly over the following days, burning into the Ishi Wilderness and the Lassen National Forest. Thousands of people in foothill communities evacuated, Lassen Volcanic National Park closed to the public, and hundreds of buildings were destroyed. The fire burned a total of 429,603 acres (173,854 hectares) before being fully contained on September 26, 2024. Fire suppression operations cost $351 million.

The Park Fire became the largest wildfire of California's 2024 wildfire season, the fourth largest in California history, the second largest single wildfire (as compared to a wildfire complex, with multiple ignition points), and the largest fire ever caused by arson in the state.

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Background

The brisk expansion of the Park Fire in late July was driven in large part by antecedent hot and dry conditions.123 July of 2024 was California's hottest month ever recorded, stoked by a heatwave almost two weeks in duration focused on the interior of the state.4 Areas in the fire's vicinity endured temperatures of 100 to 110 degrees Fahrenheit (38 to 43 °C) during the week before it began;5 in the city of Chico itself the temperature surpassed 100 °F (38 °C) on the majority of days in July.6

Evaporative demand (a measure of the atmosphere's capability to draw water out of vegetation and other sources of moisture) increased across much of the state, and particularly so in the Central Valley. This led to a concurrent increase in fire danger.7 California had already endured an active fire season: by July 23, the day before the Park Fire ignited, approximately 287,000 acres (116,000 ha) had burned across the state. This was more than twice the year-to-date average.8

Butte County, where the fire began, has endured several of the state's largest, deadliest, and most destructive wildfires. The Camp Fire in 2018, the North Complex Fire in 2020, and the Dixie Fire in 2021 all burned at least partially within Butte County.9 The topography of the county ranges from the flat Central Valley in the west to the forested Sierra Nevada in the east, with grasslands, oak woodlands, and chaparral landscapes in between. Hot and dry summer weather, fire-receptive vegetation, and large roadless areas enable wildfires in the region to become large.10 A The New York Times analysis calculated that 38 percent of Butte County and 40 percent of Tehama County burned in wildfires between 2014 and 2024. The area burned in 2014–2024 was four to five times as large as the area burned in the two counties in the previous decade.11

Cause

The Park Fire began near Upper Park Road in upper Bidwell Park approximately four miles (6.4 km) northeast of downtown Chico, within city limits.1213 Bidwell Park is a large municipal park and recreational area that stretches from Chico itself into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.1415 Shortly before 3:00 p.m. PDT on Wednesday, July 24, Chico resident Ronnie Dean Stout II, 42, driving his mother's 2007 Toyota Yaris, pulled it over to the side of a road in the Upper Park and went over a berm. The car became stuck in grass and Stout revved the engine to try and free it, setting the grass beneath the vehicle afire and then the car itself.1617

Stout claimed that he panicked and left the car without moving it. Eyewitness accounts assert that Stout instead put it in neutral and then pushed the burning vehicle backwards off the embankment, whereupon it fell approximately 60 feet (18 m) and landed in a ravine. The car continued to burn, and the flames spread to nearby vegetation.1819 Witnesses claim Stout joined the crowd fleeing the growing fire.20 California Highway Patrol investigators examined the car later and found it in neutral.21 Stout was arrested by Butte County District Attorney's Office and Cal Fire investigators at his residence in a Chico mobile home park at 1:30 a.m. the following morning.2223 The Park Fire is the largest arson-caused wildfire in California history.24

Progression

July 24

The first report of the Park Fire came at 2:44 p.m., when at least two people made calls to 911 reporting that a car was ablaze and that it had just set the grass around it on fire. The location given by the callers was Alligator Hole in the upper portion of Bidwell Park,25 near Upper Park Road.26 The first firefighting personnel on scene reported a fire of four to five acres (1.6 to 2.0 ha) in size.27 During the initial fight to contain the fire, air tankers were unable to perform water or fire retardant drops; the fire was burning beneath high-voltage power lines that the aircraft could not release on top of.28

From its ignition point the Park Fire spread north, burning some of the park's eastern portion, driven by winds out of the south of up to 24 miles per hour (39 km/h).2930 The fire had burned 500 acres (200 ha) by 5:00 p.m., 1,000 acres (400 ha) by 5:54 p.m., and 1,500 acres (610 ha) within another hour.31

Residents of Cohasset, a community of several hundred people northeast of Chico in Butte County that is usually accessible only by Cohasset Road, found themselves unable to leave when flames overran the way. At around 8:00 p.m., a convoy of 100–150 people eventually made their way out to California State Route 32 via logging roads when Sierra Pacific Industries (SPI), which owns much of the land surrounding the town, unlocked gates on their property. Many people remained in Cohasset, however, and at 9:00 p.m. Cal Fire directed that two National Guard helicopters fly to Cohasset for possible evacuations.32 At 9:10 p.m. a second group of 80-100 people, led by SPI employees, made their way via more logging roads north to California State Route 36 from upper Cohasset Road.3334 By 10:15 p.m., the Park Fire had burned 6,465 acres (2,616 ha).35

As it spread north, the fire established itself in the Ishi Wilderness, an area with little history of wildfire, heavy vegetation cover, and few easy access routes for ground-based firefighting personnel.36 The fire produced pyrocumulus clouds and burned actively into the night.37 Despite the efforts of ground crews and three night-flying helicopters, the wind-driven fire continued to burn largely north—parallel to California State Route 99—and into Tehama County.38 At 3:00 a.m. Cal Fire announced that the fire had so far burned 45,549 acres (18,433 ha);39 this made it the largest wildfire of the year in California, surpassing the 38,664-acre (15,647 ha) Lake Fire in Southern California's Santa Barbara County.40 During the fire's first 12 hours, it grew at a rate of 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) per hour.41

July 25–July 31

By mid-day on Thursday, July 25, the Park Fire had burned 71,000 acres (29,000 ha). At 4:40 p.m., the Butte County Sheriff's Office issued voluntary evacuation warnings for northwestern portions of the city of Paradise, which had been devastated by the Camp Fire in 2018.42 The fire also generated a fire whirl.43

On Friday morning, Cal Fire reported that the Park Fire had burned 164,286 acres (66,484 ha) and was zero percent contained. Evacuation orders were in place for northeastern Chico, Forest Ranch, and Cohasset in Butte County, and Campbellville in Tehama County.44 On Friday, the fire crossed Highway 36 near Paynes Creek.45

The Park Fire surpassed 300,000 acres (120,000 ha) in burned area by the morning of Saturday, July 27, less than 72 hours after ignition.46 The Cal Fire incident commander, Billy See, estimated at a press conference on Saturday morning that since its ignition the fire had been expanding at the rate of 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) per hour: "...to put that into perspective, we’re looking at almost eight square miles [21 km2] an hour this thing is taking out".47 A Cal Fire spokesperson told SFGate later that day that "This fire is going to burn for another couple weeks for sure. Even if the fire stopped tomorrow, there would still be weeks of work to do. This is a long-duration fire."48

Thousands of firefighters battled to contain the fire as of 29 July 2024.49 Greg Abbott, the governor of Texas, deployed resources to assist in California wildfire response.50

August

Between August 9 and August 16, containment increased by 15 percent.51 Firefighters achieved 50 percent containment of the fire's perimeter on August 17.52 Crews began work to repair the damage done by fire suppression efforts (such as erosion and the creation of firebreaks) in Butte County in mid-August, anticipating that it would take two to three months to complete that work around the entire fire perimeter.53

The National Weather Service office in Sacramento issued a 24-hour flash flood watch for the entirety of the Park Fire burn scar, warning of potential debris flows from scattered showers and thunderstorms on August 23–24.54 All weather stations within the fire's perimeter recorded greater than one-half inch (1.3 cm) of rain during this period. On Saturday the 24th, firefighters observed no active flames and containment of the perimeter reached 71 percent by that night, one month to the day after the fire's ignition.55

September

On September 26, the fire reached 100 percent containment, after burning a total of 429,603 acres (173,854 ha),5657 making the Park Fire the largest wildfire in California in 2024 and the fourth largest in California history.585960 Fire suppression operations cost $351 million.61

Effects

Butte County declared a local state of emergency on Friday, July 25.62 On Sunday, July 26, California governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency for areas affected in Butte and Tehama counties.63 The White House released a statement the same day, noting that President Joe Biden had been briefed on the fire and had "directed his team to do everything possible to support ongoing fire suppression".64 Shasta County declared a local state of emergency on July 31, 2024.65

At least three firefighters sustained heat-related injuries.66

Damage

The fire destroyed 709 structures and damaged 54 others.67 An unknown number of structures burned in the community of Cohasset, which took a "direct hit" from the fire.6869 Amid the damage inspection process, Cal Fire incident commander described the survival rate for buildings in the fire area as 66 to 68 percent.70 The fire burned the majority of the Big Chico Creek Ecological Reserve, a 7,800-acre (3,200 ha) property owned and used for educational purposes by Chico State University. Multiple buildings there burned, including a historic barn and university offices.71 The McCarthy Point Lookout, a fire lookout post built in 1936 overlooking Mill Creek Canyon, was destroyed.72 Electrical infrastructure was also lost in the fire, including transformers, power line segments, and 450 power line poles, mostly in the vicinity of Cohasset and Forest Ranch. Three thousand people serviced by Pacific Gas & Electric lost power; service was restored to two-thirds of those customers by Tuesday, July 30.73

Closures and evacuations

The fire prompted evacuation orders for parts of Butte, Shasta and Tehama counties,74 including residential areas near Chico and the city's airport.75 By the morning of Thursday, July 25, more than 4,000 people were subject to evacuation orders, including the entire community of Cohasset.7677 Included in the evacuation orders were specific areas to evacuate and shelter large and small animals. The Tehama County Sheriff's Office provided short escorts into specific evacuation zones for owners to evacuate or care for animals that may have been left behind.78 The North Valley Animal Disaster Group hosted many evacuated pets and large animals for those evacuated due to the fire.79 On July 28, Shingletown was evacuated on the north side of the fire.80 On July 30, two women were arrested for re-entering Cohasset while it remained under a mandatory evacuation order and a man was separately arrested for entering an evacuation zone in Shingletown.8182 The last remaining evacuation warnings, for parts of Tehama County, were lifted on August 20.83

On Saturday, July 27, Lassen Volcanic National Park closed to the public: evacuating visitors from campgrounds, employees from park housing, and cancelling reservations. Park officials cited concerns that the Park Fire could encroach upon the national park's western side, including Manzanita Lake and park headquarters in the community of Mineral.84 The fire did not burn into the park itself, which partially reopened on August 17.85

The closed portion of California State Route 32 reopened on August 15.86

Environmental impacts

Drifting smoke from the Park Fire caused officials in Reno, Nevada to issue an air quality emergency on July 30 when air quality indices reached unhealthy levels.87

Environmental scientists and officials fear that the Park Fire will negatively impact endangered populations of spring-run Chinook salmon in Tehama County's Mill Creek and Deer Creek watersheds. Firefighting operations can introduce fire retardant—which is toxic to fish—into waterways, and post-fire rains may wash sediment and debris into the water, causing algal blooms, suffocating fish, or blocking parts of the river. Such an event occurred in 2022 in the Klamath River after flash floods in the McKinney Fire burn scar.88

The fire caused an unanticipated second bloom of native milkweed at the Big Chico Creek Ecological Reserve.89

The Butte County District Attorney's office announced the arrest of Ronnie Dean Stout II (born January 10, 1982), a 42-year-old resident of Chico on July 25, the second day of the fire. Stout was held under suspicion of having ignited the Park Fire by pushing a flaming 2007 Toyota Yaris—belonging to his mother90—off an embankment in Bidwell Park.91 The district attorney's office alleged that the suspect blended in with other members of the public who fled from the growing fire.92

Stout has two prior felony convictions: a 2001 child molestation conviction in Butte County, and a 2002 robbery conviction in Kern County.93 After the latter, Stout remained in prison for 19 years. At the time of his arrest in connection of the Park Fire, Stout was on probation for a previous DUI charge.94

Stout was held in Butte County jail without any possibility of bail.95 He was arraigned on July 29 in Butte County Superior Court in Oroville, and charged with reckless arson with multiple enhancements.9697 Stout did not enter a plea during that court appearance. The court ordered that he be held without bail, appointed a public defender and an additional arraignment was calendared for August 1, 2024.98 Stout appeared in court again on August 22 and pled not guilty.99

Growth and containment table

Fire containment statusGray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained;
DateArea burnedPersonnelContainment
Jul 241006,465 acres (26 km2)216 3%
Jul 25101124,948 acres (506 km2)1,153 3%
Jul 26102239,152 acres (968 km2)2,484 0%
Jul 27103350,012 acres (1,416 km2)3,722 10%
Jul 28104360,141 acres (1,457 km2)4,742 12%
Jul 29105373,357 acres (1,511 km2)5,364 14%
Jul 30106386,764 acres (1,565 km2)5,779 18%
Jul 31107391,200 acres (1,583 km2)5,953 18%
Aug 1108393,012 acres (1,590 km2)6,305 22%
Aug 2109399,615 acres (1,617 km2)6,447 25%
Aug 3110401,199 acres (1,624 km2)6,518 28%
Aug 4111401,508 acres (1,625 km2)6,529 31%
Aug 5112406,579 acres (1,645 km2)6,586 34%
Aug 6113414,890 acres (1,679 km2)6,593 34%
Aug 7114422,924 acres (1,712 km2)6,616 34%
Aug 8115427,067 acres (1,728 km2)6,562 34%
Aug 9116428,808 acres (1,735 km2)6,243 34%
Aug 10117429,135 acres (1,737 km2)6,067 37%
Aug 11118429,188 acres (1,737 km2)5,805 38%
Aug 12119429,259 acres (1,737 km2)5,638 39%
Aug 13120429,259 acres (1,737 km2)5,579 40%
Aug 14121429,259 acres (1,737 km2)5,426 40%
Aug 15122429,263 acres (1,737 km2)5,056 45%
Aug 16123429,263 acres (1,737 km2)4,512 50%
Aug 17124429,263 acres (1,737 km2)4,290 50%
Aug 18125429,388 acres (1,738 km2)4,218 51%
Aug 19126429,401 acres (1,738 km2)4,156 54%
Aug 20127429,401 acres (1,738 km2)3,866 56%
Aug 21128429,460 acres (1,738 km2)3,417 59%
Aug 22129429,460 acres (1,738 km2)2,940 63%
Aug 23130429,460 acres (1,738 km2)2,512 67%
Aug 24131429,603 acres (1,739 km2)2,374 71%
Aug 25132429,603 acres (1,739 km2)2,274 79%
Aug 26133429,603 acres (1,739 km2)2,158 85%
Aug 27134429,603 acres (1,739 km2)2,062 89%
Aug 28135429,603 acres (1,739 km2)1,926 92%
Aug 29136429,603 acres (1,739 km2)1,521 94%
Aug 30137429,603 acres (1,739 km2)1,514 95%
Aug 31138429,603 acres (1,739 km2)600 96%
Sep 1139429,603 acres (1,739 km2)600 96%
Sep 2140429,603 acres (1,739 km2)589 98%
Sep 3141429,603 acres (1,739 km2)474 98%
Sep 4142429,603 acres (1,739 km2)477 98%
Sep 5143429,603 acres (1,739 km2)462 99%
............
Sep 26144145429,603 acres (1,739 km2)... 100%

See also

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References

  1. Gaffney, Austyn; Taft, Isabelle (July 30, 2024). "How Did the Park Fire Get So Big, So Fast?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/climate/park-fire-california-heat.html ↩

  2. Leonard, Diana; Sacks, Brianna (July 28, 2024). "Why the Park Fire exploded so quickly". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/07/28/park-fire-fast-spread-fuels/ ↩

  3. Porter, Greg (August 5, 2024). "July was the hottest month on record for California, new data shows". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024. https://www.sfchronicle.com/weather/article/record-hottest-july-california-19621377.php ↩

  4. Porter, Greg (August 5, 2024). "July was the hottest month on record for California, new data shows". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024. https://www.sfchronicle.com/weather/article/record-hottest-july-california-19621377.php ↩

  5. Hutchinson, Bill (July 25, 2024). "As California wildfire explodes to more than 45,000 acres, Oregon blaze becomes largest in the nation". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024. https://abcnews.go.com/US/california-wildfire-explodes-45000-acres-oregon-blaze-largest/story?id=112263327 ↩

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  8. Lee, Jack (July 24, 2024). "California 'atmospheric thirst' is drying out the state. Map shows where flash drought is developing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024. https://www.sfchronicle.com/weather/article/evaporative-demand-wildfire-risk-19592476.php ↩

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  10. Johnson, Julie; Devulapalli, Sriharsha (August 5, 2024). "'Just crummy': Why California's Butte County keeps getting hit by big wildfires". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 7, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/article/butte-county-fire-california-19613151.php ↩

  11. Shao, Elena (August 15, 2024). "Half Their Land Burned in a Decade: The California Counties Constantly on Fire". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/15/us/california-fires.html ↩

  12. "Park Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024. https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/7/24/park-fire ↩

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  14. "Bidwell Park". Explore Butte County. Retrieved July 25, 2024. https://www.explorebuttecounty.com/places/bidwell-park ↩

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  18. Bacon, John; Benda, David (July 30, 2024). "Arson suspect claims massive California blaze was an accident". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/07/30/california-wildfire-park-fire-arson-charges-updates/74598770007/ ↩

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  20. DeBenedetti, Katie; Stark, Kevin (July 29, 2024). "Northern California Man, Accused of Starting Massive Park Fire, Charged With Arson". KQED. Retrieved July 31, 2024. https://www.kqed.org/news/11997808/northern-california-man-accused-of-starting-massive-park-fire-charged-with-arson ↩

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