The Payload Assist Module (PAM) is a modular upper stage designed and built by McDonnell Douglas (Boeing), using Thiokol Star-series solid propellant rocket motors. The PAM was used with the Space Shuttle, Delta, and Titan launchers and carried satellites from low Earth orbit to a geostationary transfer orbit or an interplanetary course. The payload was spin stabilized by being mounted on a rotating plate. Originally developed for the Space Shuttle, different versions of the PAM were developed:
- PAM-A (Atlas class), development terminated; originally to be used on both the Atlas and Space Shuttle, designed for satellites up to 4,400 lb (2,000 kg)
- PAM-D (Delta class), uses a Star-48B rocket motor, designed for satellites up to 2,750 lb (1,250 kg)
- PAM-DII (Delta class), uses a Star-63 rocket motor, designed for satellites up to 4,150 lb (1,880 kg)
- PAM-S (Special), uses a Star-48B as a kick motor for the space probe Ulysses
The PAM-D module was used as an optional third stage of the classic Delta rocket. The PAM-D was discontinued after the Challenger accident. A simplified 3rd stage using the STAR-48 motor was employed on Delta II.
2001 re-entry incident
On January 12, 2001, a PAM-D module re-entered the atmosphere after a "catastrophic orbital decay".5 The PAM-D stage, which had been used to launch the GPS satellite 2A-11 in 1993, crashed in the sparsely populated Saudi Arabian desert, where it was positively identified.6
Gallery
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Payload Assist Module.- Payload Assist Module Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine at the NASA Shuttle Reference Manual
- Payload Assist Module at GlobalSecurity.org
References
"Payload Assist Module (PAM)". Global Security. Retrieved June 8, 2012. http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/pam.htm ↩
Krebs, Gunter D. "PAM-D, PAM-D2, PAM-S". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-05. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/pam-d.htm ↩
Krebs, Gunter D. "PAM-D, PAM-D2, PAM-S". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-05. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/pam-d.htm ↩
Krebs, Gunter D. "PAM-D, PAM-D2, PAM-S". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-05. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/pam-d.htm ↩
"PAM-D Debris Falls in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). The Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 6 (2). NASA Johnson Space Center: 1. April 2001. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv6i2.pdf ↩
"PAM-D Debris Falls in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). The Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 6 (2). NASA Johnson Space Center: 1. April 2001. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv6i2.pdf ↩