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Sylvia Plath
American poet, novelist and short story writer

Sylvia Plath was an influential American poet and author known for advancing confessional poetry. Her major works include The Colossus and Other Poems (1960), Ariel (1965), and the semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar. Born in Boston, she attended Smith College and University of Cambridge. Plath studied under Robert Lowell at Boston University and married poet Ted Hughes in 1956. Struggling with major depression, she underwent electroconvulsive therapy and died by suicide in 1963. Posthumously, she received the Pulitzer Prize for The Collected Poems in 1982.

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Biography

Early life and education

Plath was born on October 27, 1932, in Boston, Massachusetts.45 Her mother, Aurelia Schober Plath (1906–1994), was the American-born daughter of Austrian immigrants,6 and her father, Otto Plath (1885–1940), was from Grabow, Germany.7 Plath's father was an entomologist and a professor of biology at Boston University who wrote a book about bumblebees in 1934.8

On April 27, 1935, Plath's brother Warren was born.9 In 1936 the family moved from 24 Prince Street in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, to 92 Johnson Avenue, Winthrop, Massachusetts.10 Since 1920, Plath's maternal grandparents, the Schobers, had lived in a section of Winthrop called Point Shirley, a location mentioned in Plath's poetry.

Otto Plath died on November 5, 1940, a week and a half after Sylvia's eighth birthday,11 of complications following the amputation of a foot due to untreated diabetes. He had become ill shortly after a close friend died of lung cancer. Comparing the similarities between his friend's symptoms and his own, Otto became convinced that he, too, had lung cancer and did not seek treatment until his diabetes had progressed too far. Raised as a Unitarian, Plath experienced a loss of faith after her father's death and remained ambivalent about religion throughout her life.12 Her father was buried in Winthrop Cemetery in Massachusetts. A visit to her father's grave later prompted Plath to write the poem "Electra on Azalea Path".

After Otto's death, Aurelia moved her children and her parents to 26 Elmwood Road, Wellesley, Massachusetts, in 1942.13 Plath commented in "Ocean 1212-W", one of her final works, that her first nine years "sealed themselves off like a ship in a bottle—beautiful, inaccessible, obsolete, a fine, white flying myth".1415

Plath published her first poem at the age of eight in the Boston Herald's children's section.16 Over the next few years, Plath published multiple poems in regional magazines and newspapers.17 At age 11, Plath began keeping a journal.18 In addition to writing, she showed early promise as an artist, winning an award for her paintings from the Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in 1947.19 "Even in her youth, Plath was ambitiously driven to succeed."20

Plath attended Bradford Senior High School, which is now Wellesley High School in Wellesley, Massachusetts, graduating in 1950.21 Just after graduating from high school, she had her first national publication in The Christian Science Monitor.22

College years and depression

In 1950, Plath attended Smith College, a private women's liberal arts college in Massachusetts, where she excelled academically. While at Smith, she lived in Lawrence House, and a plaque can be found outside her old room. She edited The Smith Review. After her third year of college, Plath was awarded a coveted position as a guest editor at Mademoiselle magazine, during which she spent a month in New York City.23 The experience was not what she had hoped for, and many of the events that took place during that summer were later used as inspiration for her novel The Bell Jar.24

She was furious at not being at a meeting that Mademoiselle editor Cyrilly Abels had arranged with Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, a writer whose work she loved, according to one of her boyfriends, "more than life itself". She loitered around the White Horse Tavern and the Chelsea Hotel for two days, hoping to meet Thomas, but he was already on his way home. A few weeks later, she slashed her legs "to see if she had enough courage to kill herself."2526 During this time, she was not accepted into a Harvard University writing seminar with author Frank O'Connor.27 Following ECT for depression, Plath made her first medically documented suicide attempt on August 24, 1953,28 by crawling under the front porch and taking her mother's sleeping pills.29

She survived this first suicide attempt, later writing that she "blissfully succumbed to the whirling blackness that I honestly believed was eternal oblivion". She spent the next six months in psychiatric care, receiving more electric and insulin shock treatment under the care of Ruth Beuscher.30 Her stay at McLean Hospital and her Smith scholarship were paid for by the author Olive Higgins Prouty, who had also recovered from a mental breakdown.31 According to Plath's biographer Andrew Wilson, Olive Higgins Prouty "would take Dr Tillotson to task for the badly managed ECT, blaming him for Sylvia's suicide attempt".32

Plath seemed to make a good recovery and returned to college. In January 1955, she submitted her thesis The Magic Mirror: A Study of the Double in Two of Dostoyevsky's Novels, and in June graduated from Smith with an A.B., summa cum laude.33 She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society,34 and had an IQ of around 160.3536

She obtained a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Newnham College, one of the two women-only colleges of the University of Cambridge in England, where she continued actively writing poetry and publishing her work in the student newspaper Varsity. At Newnham, she studied with Dorothea Krook, whom she held in high regard.37 She spent her first-year winter and spring holidays traveling around Europe.38

Career and marriage

Plath met poet Ted Hughes on February 25, 1956. In a 1961 BBC interview now held by the British Library Sound Archive,39 Plath describes how she met Hughes:

I'd read some of Ted's poems in this magazine and I was very impressed and I wanted to meet him. I went to this little celebration and that's actually where we met... Then we saw a great deal of each other. Ted came back to Cambridge and suddenly we found ourselves getting married a few months later... We kept writing poems to each other. Then it just grew out of that, I guess, a feeling that we both were writing so much and having such a fine time doing it, we decided that this should keep on.40

Plath described Hughes as "a singer, story-teller, lion and world-wanderer" with "a voice like the thunder of God".41

The couple married on June 16, 1956, at St George's, Bloomsbury, with Plath's mother as the sole witness. They spent their honeymoon in Paris and Benidorm, Spain. Plath returned to Newnham in October to begin her second year.42 During this time, they both became deeply interested in astrology and the supernatural, using ouija boards.43

In June 1957, Plath and Hughes moved to the United States; beginning in September, Plath taught at Smith College, her alma mater. She found it difficult to both teach and have enough time and energy to write,44 and in the middle of 1958, the couple moved to Boston. Plath took a job as a receptionist in the psychiatric unit of Massachusetts General Hospital and in the evenings sat in on creative writing seminars given by poet Robert Lowell (also attended by the writers Anne Sexton and George Starbuck).45

Both Lowell and Sexton encouraged Plath to write from her personal experience. She openly discussed her depression with Lowell and her suicide attempt with Sexton, who led her to write from a more female perspective. Plath began to consider herself as a more serious, focused writer.46 At this time Plath and Hughes met the poet W.S. Merwin, who admired their work and was to remain a lifelong friend.[27] Plath resumed psychoanalytic treatment in December, working with Ruth Beuscher.47

Plath and Hughes traveled across Canada and the United States, staying at the Yaddo artist colony in Saratoga Springs, New York, in late 1959. Plath stated that at Yaddo she learned "to be true to my own weirdnesses", but she remained anxious about writing confessionally, from deeply personal and private material.48[28]

The couple moved back to England in December 1959 and lived in London at 3 Chalcot Square, near the Primrose Hill area of Regent's Park, where an English Heritage plaque records Plath's residence.4950 Their daughter Frieda was born on April 1, 1960, and in October, Plath published The Colossus, her first collection of poetry.51

In February 1961, Plath's second pregnancy ended in miscarriage; several of her poems, including "Parliament Hill Fields", address this event.52 In a letter to her therapist, Plath wrote that Hughes beat her two days before the miscarriage.53 In August she finished her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar; immediately afterwards, the family moved to Court Green in the small market town of North Tawton. Nicholas was born in January 1962.54 In mid-1962, Plath and Hughes began to keep bees, which would be the subject of many Plath poems.55

In August 1961, the couple rented their flat at Chalcot Square to Assia (née Gutmann) Wevill and David Wevill.56 Hughes was immediately struck with Assia, as she was with him. In June 1962, Plath had a car accident, which she later described as a suicide attempt. In July 1962 Plath discovered Hughes was having an affair with Wevill; in September, Plath and Hughes separated.57

Beginning in October 1962, Plath experienced a great burst of creativity and composed most of the poems on which her reputation now rests, writing at least 26 of the poems of her posthumous collection Ariel during the final months of her life.585960 In December 1962, she returned alone to London with their children and rented, on a five-year lease, a flat at 23 Fitzroy Road—only a few streets from the Chalcot Square flat. William Butler Yeats once lived in the house, which bears an English Heritage blue plaque for the Irish poet. Plath was pleased by this fact and considered it a good omen.

The winter of 1962–1963 was one of the coldest on record in the UK; the pipes froze, the children—now two years old and nine months—were often sick, and the house had no telephone.61 Her depression returned but she completed the rest of her poetry collection, which would be published after her death (1965 in the UK, 1966 in the US). Her only novel, The Bell Jar, was published in January 1963 under the pen name Victoria Lucas and was met with critical indifference.62

Final depressive episode and death

Before her death, Plath tried at least twice to take her own life.63 On August 24, 1953, she overdosed on sleeping pills;64 then, in June 1962, she drove her car off the side of the road into a river, which she later characterized as a suicide attempt.65

In January 1963, Plath spoke with John Horder, her general practitioner. She described the current depressive episode she was experiencing; it had been ongoing for six or seven months. While for most of the time she had been able to continue working, her depression had worsened and become severe, "marked by constant agitation, suicidal thoughts and inability to cope with daily life." Plath struggled with insomnia, taking medication at night to induce sleep, and frequently woke up early.66 She had lost 20 pounds (9 kg) in a short time.67 However, she continued to take care of her physical appearance and did not outwardly speak of feeling guilty or unworthy.68

Horder prescribed her an anti-depressant, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor,69 a few days before her suicide. Knowing she was at risk with two young children, he made strenuous efforts to have her admitted to a hospital; when that failed, he arranged for a live-in nurse.70

Hughes claimed in a hand-written note to the literary critic Keith Sagar, discovered in 2001, that the anti-depressants prescribed were a "key factor" in Plath's suicide. He said Plath had previously had an adverse reaction to a prescription she had taken when they lived in the U.S. These pills were sold in England under a different name, and although Hughes did not name the pills explicitly, he claimed a new doctor had prescribed them to Plath without realizing she had taken them before with adverse effects.71 Several commentators have argued that because anti-depressants may take up to three weeks to take effect, her prescription from Horder would not have taken full effect prior to her death; however, others have pointed out that adverse effects of anti-depressants can begin immediately.72

The live-in nurse was due to arrive at nine on the morning of February 11, 1963, to help Plath with the care of her children. Upon arrival, she could not get into the flat but eventually gained access with the help of a workman. They found Plath dead with her head in the oven, having sealed the rooms between her and her sleeping children with tape, towels, and cloths.73 She was 30 years old.74

Plath's intentions have been debated. That morning, she asked her downstairs neighbor, art historian Trevor Thomas (1907–1993), what time he would be leaving. She also left a note reading "Call Dr. Horder", including the doctor's phone number. It is argued Plath turned on the gas at a time when Thomas would have been likely to see the note, but the escaping gas seeped downstairs and also rendered Thomas unconscious while he slept.75 However, in her biography Giving Up: The Last Days of Sylvia Plath, Plath's friend Jillian Becker wrote, "According to Mr. Goodchild, a police officer attached to the coroner's office... [Plath] had thrust her head far into the gas oven... [and] had really meant to die."[46] Horder also believed her intention was clear. He stated that "No one who saw the care with which the kitchen was prepared could have interpreted her action as anything but an irrational compulsion."76 Plath had described the quality of her despair as "owl's talons clenching my heart".77

Aftermath

An inquest was held on February 15 and concluded that the cause of death was suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning.78 Hughes was devastated; they had been separated for six months, due to his affair with Assia Wevill. In a letter to an old friend of Plath's from Smith College, he wrote: "That's the end of my life. The rest is posthumous."7980 Wevill also commited suicide, using a gas stove, six years later.

Plath's gravestone in Heptonstall's parish churchyard of St. Thomas the Apostle bears the inscription that Hughes chose for her:81 "Even amidst fierce flames the golden lotus can be planted." Biographers have attributed the source of the quote either to the Hindu text The Bhagavad Gita82 or to the 16th-century Buddhist novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en.[51]83

Eight years after the death of Plath, Al Alvarez (a friend of Plath and Hughes between 1960 and 1963)84 wrote that Plath's suicide was an unanswered cry for help.85 This prompted an angry response from Hughes who demanded that this claim be withdrawn from wider publication.86 In a BBC interview in March 2000, Alvarez spoke about his failure to recognize Plath's depression, saying he regretted his inability to offer her emotional support.87

Plath's daughter Frieda Hughes is a writer and artist. On March 16, 2009, Plath's son Nicholas Hughes committed suicide at his home in Fairbanks, Alaska, following a history of depression.8889

Works

Main article: Sylvia Plath bibliography

Plath wrote poetry from the age of 8, her first poem appearing in the Boston Traveller.90 By the time she arrived at Smith College, she had written over 50 short stories, and her work had been published in numerous magazines.91 At Smith, she majored in English literature and won all the major prizes in writing and scholarship, including literary prizes for her poetry. Additionally, she received a summer editor position at the young women's magazine Mademoiselle.92 On her graduation in 1955, she won the Glascock Prize for "Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea". Later, at Cambridge, she wrote for the university publication Varsity.93

The Colossus

Main article: The Colossus and Other Poems

By the time Heinemann published her first collection, The Colossus and Other Poems in the UK in late 1960, Plath had been short-listed several times in the Yale Younger Poets book competition and had her work printed in Harper's, The Spectator and The Times Literary Supplement. All the poems in The Colossus had been printed in major U.S. and British journals, and she had a contract with The New Yorker.94 It was, however, her 1965 collection Ariel, published posthumously, on which Plath's reputation essentially rests. "Often, her work is singled out for the intense coupling of its violent or disturbed imagery and its playful use of alliteration and rhyme."95

The Colossus received largely positive UK reviews, highlighting Plath's voice as new and strong, individual and American in tone. Peter Dickinson at Punch called the collection "a real find" and "exhilarating to read", full of "clean, easy verse".96 Bernard Bergonzi at the Manchester Guardian wrote the book was an "outstanding technical accomplishment" with a "virtuoso quality".97 From the point of publication, she became a presence on the poetry scene. The book was published in America in 1962 to less-glowing reviews. While her craft was generally praised, her writing was viewed by some critics at the time as more derivative of other poets.98

The Bell Jar

Main article: The Bell Jar

Plath's semi-autobiographical novel—her mother wanted to block publication—was published in 1963 and in the US in 1971.99100 Describing the compilation of the book to her mother, she wrote, "What I've done is to throw together events from my own life, fictionalizing to add color—it's a pot boiler really, but I think it will show how isolated a person feels when he is suffering a breakdown... I've tried to picture my world and the people in it as seen through the distorting lens of a bell jar".101 She described her novel as "an autobiographical apprentice work which I had to write in order to free myself from the past".102 Plath dated a Yale senior named Dick Norton during her junior year. Norton, upon whom the character of Buddy in The Bell Jar is based, contracted tuberculosis and was treated at the Ray Brook Sanatorium. While visiting Norton, Plath broke her leg skiing, an incident that was fictionalized in the novel.103 Plath also used the novel to highlight the issue of women in the workforce during the 1950s. She strongly believed in women's abilities to be writers and editors while society forced them to fulfill secretarial roles:104

Now with me, writing is the first delight in life. I want time and money to write, both very necessary. I will not sacrifice my time to learn shorthand because I do not want any of the jobs which shorthand would open up, although those jobs are no doubt very interesting for girls who want them. I do not want the rigid hours of a magazine or publishing job. I do not want to type other people's letters and read their manuscripts. I want to type my own and write my own. So secretarial training is out for me. That I know. (Sylvia Plath's letter to her mother, 10 Feb 1955)

Double Exposure

In 1963, after The Bell Jar was published, Plath began working on another literary work, titled Double Exposure, which was never published.105 According to Ted Hughes in 1979, Plath left behind a typescript of "some 130 pages",106 but in 1995 he spoke of just "sixty, seventy pages".107 Olwyn Hughes wrote in 2003 that the typescript may have consisted of the first two chapters, and did not exceed sixty pages.108

Ariel

Main article: Ariel (poetry collection)

The posthumous publication of Ariel in 1965 precipitated Plath's rise to fame.109 The poems in Ariel mark a departure from her earlier work into a more personal arena of poetry. Robert Lowell's poetry may have played a part in this shift as she cited Lowell's 1959 book Life Studies as a significant influence, in an interview just before her death.110 The impact of Ariel was dramatic, with its dark and potentially autobiographical descriptions of mental illness in poems such as "Tulips", "Daddy" and "Lady Lazarus".111 Plath's work is often held within the genre of confessional poetry and the style of her work compared to other contemporaries, such as Lowell and W.D. Snodgrass. Plath's close friend Al Alvarez, who wrote about her extensively, said of her later work: "Plath's case is complicated by the fact that, in her mature work, she deliberately used the details of her everyday life as raw material for her art. A casual visitor or unexpected telephone call, a cut, a bruise, a kitchen bowl, a candlestick—everything became usable, charged with meaning, transformed. Her poems are full of references and images that seem impenetrable at this distance, but which could mostly be explained in footnotes by a scholar with full access to the details of her life."112 Many of Plath's later poems deal with what one critic calls the "domestic surreal" in which Plath takes everyday elements of life and twists the images, giving them an almost nightmarish quality. Plath's poem "Morning Song" from Ariel is regarded as one of her finest poems on freedom of expression of an artist.113

Plath's fellow confessional poet and friend Anne Sexton commented: "Sylvia and I would talk at length about our first suicide, in detail and in depth—between the free potato chips. Suicide is, after all, the opposite of the poem. Sylvia and I often talked opposites. We talked death with burned-up intensity, both of us drawn to it like moths to an electric lightbulb, sucking on it. She told the story of her first suicide in sweet and loving detail, and her description in The Bell Jar is just that same story."114 The confessional interpretation of Plath's work has led to some dismissing certain aspects of her work as an exposition of sentimentalist melodrama; in 2010, for example, Theodore Dalrymple asserted that Plath had been the "patron saint of self-dramatisation" and of self-pity.115 Revisionist critics such as Tracy Brain have, however, argued against a tightly autobiographical interpretation of Plath's material.116 On January 16, 2004, The Independent newspaper in London published an article that ranked Ariel as the 3rd best book of modern poetry among 'The 10 Best Modern Poetry Books.'

Other works

In 1971, the volumes Winter Trees and Crossing the Water were published in the UK, including nine previously unseen poems from the original manuscript of Ariel.117 Writing in New Statesman, fellow poet Peter Porter wrote:

Crossing the Water is full of perfectly realised works. Its most striking impression is of a front-rank artist in the process of discovering her true power. Such is Plath's control that the book possesses a singularity and certainty which should make it as celebrated as The Colossus or Ariel.118

The Collected Poems, published in 1981, edited and introduced by Ted Hughes, contained poetry written from 1956 until her death. Plath posthumously was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.119 In 2006, Anna Journey, then a graduate student at Virginia Commonwealth University, discovered a previously unpublished sonnet written by Plath titled "Ennui". The poem, composed during Plath's early years at Smith College, was published in the online journal Blackbird.120121

Journals and letters

Plath's letters were published in 1975, edited and selected by her mother Aurelia Plath. The collection Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963 came out partly in response to the strong public reaction to the publication of The Bell Jar in America.122 Plath started writing in her diary on January 1, 1944, at the age of 11 and continued until her death by suicide in February 1963. Her early diaries remain unpublished and are currently at Indiana University Bloomington.123124 Her adult diaries, starting from her first year at Smith College in 1950, were published in 1982 as The Journals of Sylvia Plath, edited by Frances McCullough, with Ted Hughes as consulting editor. In 1982, when Smith College acquired Plath's remaining journals, Hughes sealed two of them until February 11, 2013, the 50th anniversary of Plath's death.125

During the last years of his life, Hughes began working on a fuller publication of Plath's journals. In 1998, shortly before his death, he unsealed the two journals, and passed the project onto his children by Plath, Frieda and Nicholas, who passed it on to Karen V. Kukil, who finished her editing in December 1999. In 2000 Anchor Books published The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath.126 More than half of the new volume contained newly released material;127 the American author Joyce Carol Oates hailed the publication as a "genuine literary event". Hughes faced criticism for his role in handling the journals: He claims to have destroyed Plath's last journal, which contained entries from the winter of 1962 up to her death. In the foreword of the 1982 version, he writes "I destroyed [the last of her journals] because I did not want her children to have to read it (in those days I regarded forgetfulness as an essential part of survival)."128129

Hughes controversies

As Hughes and Plath were legally married at the time of her death, Hughes inherited the Plath estate, including all her written work. He has been condemned repeatedly for burning Plath's last journal, saying he "did not want her children to have to read it".130 Hughes lost another journal and an unfinished novel, and instructed that a collection of Plath's papers and journals should not be released until 2013.131132 He has been accused of attempting to control the estate for his own ends, although royalties from Plath's poetry were placed into a trust account for their two children, Frieda and Nicholas.133134

Plath's gravestone has been repeatedly vandalized by those aggrieved that "Hughes" is written on the stone; they have attempted to chisel it off, leaving only the name "Sylvia Plath".135 When Hughes' mistress Assia Wevill died by suicide and killed their four-year-old daughter Shura in 1969, this practice intensified. After each defacement, Hughes had the damaged stone removed, sometimes leaving the site unmarked during repair.136 Outraged mourners accused Hughes in the media of dishonouring her name by removing the stone.137 Wevill's death led to claims that Hughes had been abusive to both Plath and Wevill.138139

Radical feminist poet Robin Morgan published the poem "Arraignment", in which she openly accused Hughes of the battery and murder of Plath. Her book Monster (1972) "included a piece in which a gang of Plath aficionados are imagined castrating Hughes, stuffing his penis into his mouth and then blowing out his brains".140141142 Hughes threatened to sue Morgan. The book was withdrawn by the publisher Random House, but it remained in circulation among feminists.143 Other feminists threatened to kill Hughes in Plath's name and pursue a conviction for murder.144145 Plath's poem "The Jailor", in which the speaker condemns her husband's brutality, was included in Morgan's 1970 anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement.146

In 1989, with Hughes under public attack, a battle raged in the letters pages of The Guardian and The Independent. In The Guardian on April 20, 1989, Hughes wrote the article "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace": "In the years soon after [Plath's] death, when scholars approached me, I tried to take their apparently serious concern for the truth about Sylvia Plath seriously. But I learned my lesson early...If I tried too hard to tell them exactly how something happened, in the hope of correcting some fantasy, I was quite likely to be accused of trying to suppress Free Speech. In general, my refusal to have anything to do with the Plath Fantasia has been regarded as an attempt to suppress Free Speech...The Fantasia about Sylvia Plath is more needed than the facts. Where that leaves respect for the truth of her life (and of mine), or for her memory, or for the literary tradition, I do not know."147148

Still the subject of speculation and opprobrium in 1998, Hughes published Birthday Letters that year, his own collection of 88 poems about his relationship with Plath. Hughes had published very little about his experience of the marriage and Plath's suicide, and the book caused a sensation, being taken as his first explicit disclosure, and it topped bestseller charts. It was not known at the volume's release that Hughes had terminal cancer and would die later that year. The book won the Forward Poetry Prize, the T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry, and the Whitbread Poetry Prize. The poems, written after Plath's death, in some cases long after, try to find a reason why Plath killed herself.149

In October 2015, the BBC Two documentary Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death examined Hughes' life and work; it included audio recordings of Plath reciting her own poetry. Their daughter Frieda spoke for the first time about her mother and father.150

Themes and legacy

Sylvia Plath's early poems exhibit what became her typical imagery, using personal and nature-based depictions featuring, for example, the moon, blood, hospitals, fetuses, and skulls. They were mostly imitation exercises of poets she admired such as Dylan Thomas, W. B. Yeats and Marianne Moore.151 Late in 1959, when she and Hughes were at the Yaddo writers' colony in New York State, she wrote the seven-part "Poem for a Birthday", echoing Theodore Roethke's Lost Son sequence, though its theme is her own traumatic breakdown and suicide attempt at 21.152 After 1960 her work moved into a more surreal landscape darkened by a sense of imprisonment and looming death, overshadowed by her father. The Colossus is filled with themes of death, redemption and resurrection. After Hughes left, Plath produced, in less than two months, the 40 poems of rage, despair, love, and vengeance on which her reputation mostly rests.153

Plath's landscape poetry, which she wrote throughout her life, has been described as "a rich and important area of her work that is often overlooked...some of the best of which was written about the Yorkshire moors". Her September 1961 poem "Wuthering Heights" takes its title from the Emily Brontë novel, but its content and style is Plath's own particular vision of the Pennine landscape.154

It was the posthumous publication of Ariel in 1965 that precipitated Plath's rise to fame and helped establish her reputation as one of the 20th century's best poets. As soon as it was published, critics began to see the collection as the charting of Plath's increasing desperation or death wish. Her dramatic death became her most famous aspect and remains so.155 Time and Life both reviewed the slim volume of Ariel in the wake of her death.156 The critic at Time said: "Within a week of her death, intellectual London was hunched over copies of a strange and terrible poem she had written during her last sick slide toward suicide. 'Daddy' was its title; its subject was her morbid love-hatred of her father; its style was as brutal as a truncheon. What is more, 'Daddy' was merely the first jet of flame from a literary dragon who in the last months of her life breathed a burning river of bile across the literary landscape...In her most ferocious poems, 'Daddy' and 'Lady Lazarus', fear, hate, love, death and the poet's own identity become fused at black heat with the figure of her father, and through him, with the guilt of the German exterminators and the suffering of their Jewish victims. They are poems, as Robert Lowell says in his preface to Ariel, that 'play Russian roulette with six cartridges in the cylinder'."157158 On January 16, 2004, The Independent in London published an article which ranked Ariel as the third best book of modern poetry among its Ten Best Modern Poetry Books.The ten best modern poetry books

Some in the feminist movement saw Plath as speaking for their experience, as a "symbol of blighted female genius".159 Writer Honor Moore describes Ariel as marking the beginning of a movement, Plath suddenly visible as "a woman on paper", certain and audacious. Moore says: "When Sylvia Plath's Ariel was published in the United States in 1966, American women noticed. Not only women who ordinarily read poems, but housewives and mothers whose ambitions had awakened ... Here was a woman, superbly trained in her craft, whose final poems uncompromisingly charted female rage, ambivalence, and grief, in a voice with which many women identified."160

Smith College, Plath's alma mater, holds her literary papers in the Smith College Library.161

The United States Postal Service introduced a postage stamp featuring Plath in 2012.162163164 An English Heritage plaque records Plath's residence at 3 Chalcot Square, in London.165

In 2013 a previously unseen draft of her poem "Sheep in Fog", written two weeks before her death, revealed her disturbed state of mind.166

In 2018, The New York Times published an obituary for Plath167 as part of the Overlooked history project.168169

Portrayals in media

Plath's voice is heard in a BBC documentary about her life, recorded in London in late 1962.170 Of the BBC recording Elizabeth Hardwick wrote:

I have never before learned anything from a poetic reading, unless the clothes, the beard, the girls, the poor or good condition of the poet can be considered a kind of knowledge. But I was taken aback by Sylvia Plath's reading. It was not anything like I could have imagined. Not a trace of the modest, retreating, humorous Worcester, Massachusetts, of Elizabeth Bishop; nothing of the swallowed plain Pennsylvania of Marianne Moore. Instead these bitter poems—"Daddy", "Lady Lazarus", "The Applicant", "Fever 103°"—were beautifully read, projected in full-throated, plump, diction-perfect, Englishy, mesmerizing cadences, all round and rapid, and paced and spaced. Poor recessive Massachusetts had been erased. "I have done it again!" Clearly, perfectly, staring you down. She seemed to be standing at a banquet like Timon, crying, "Uncover, dogs, and lap!"171

Gwyneth Paltrow portrayed Plath in the biopic Sylvia (2003). Elizabeth Sigmund, who was friends with both Plath and Hughes, criticized the movie for depicting Sylvia as "a permanent depressive and a possessive person", but she conceded that "the film has an atmosphere towards the end of her life which is heartbreaking in its accuracy".172 Frieda Hughes, who was only two years old when she lost her mother, was angered by the making of entertainment featuring her parents' troubled marriage and her mother's death. She accused the "peanut crunching" public of wanting to be titillated by her family's tragedies.173 In 2003, Frieda reacted to the situation in the poem "My Mother", first published in Tatler:174

Now they want to make a film For anyone lacking the ability To imagine the body, head in oven, Orphaning children  ... they think I should give them my mother's words To fill the mouth of their monster, Their Sylvia Suicide Doll

Musical settings

  • In his Ariel: Five Poems of Sylvia Plath (1971), American composer Ned Rorem has set for soprano, clarinet and piano the poems "Words", "Poppies In July", "The Hanging Man", "Poppies In October", and "Lady Lazarus."175176
  • Also drawing from Ariel, in his Six Poems by Sylvia Plath for solo soprano (1975), German composer Aribert Reimann has set the poems "Edge", "Sheep In Fog", "The Couriers", "The Night Dances", and "Words."177 He later set "Lady Lazarus" (1992), also for solo soprano.178179
  • Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho's five-part From the Grammar of Dreams for soprano and mezzo a cappella (1988)180 is constructed on a collage of fragments from The Bell Jar and the poem "Paralytic."181 The piece was also arranged by the composer into a version for soprano and electronics (2002), in which the singer sings in interaction with a recorded double of her own voice.182 Albeit composed as a concert piece, From the Grammar of Dreams has also been staged.183184
  • American composer Juliana Hall's Lorelei (1989) for mezzo, horn, and piano is a setting of Plath's poem of the same name.185 Hall had previously set "The Night Dances" as a movement of her cycle for soprano and piano Night Dances (1987) featuring texts by five female poets,186187 and went on to write a song cycle for soprano and piano entirely devoted to Plath, Crossing The Water (2011), which comprises the poems "Street Song", "Crossing The Water", "Rhyme", and "Alicante Lullaby."188
  • In her cycle for soprano and piano The Blood Jet (2006), American composer Lori Leitman set the poems "Morning Song", "The Rival", "Kindness", and "Balloons."189190

Publication list

Poetry collections

  • The Colossus and Other Poems (1960, William Heinemann)
  • Ariel (1965, Faber and Faber)
  • Three Women: A Monologue for Three Voices (1968, Turret Books)191
  • Crossing the Water (1971, Faber and Faber)
  • Winter Trees (1971, Faber and Faber)
  • The Collected Poems (1981, Faber and Faber)
  • Selected Poems (1985, Faber and Faber)
  • Ariel: The Restored Edition (2004, Faber and Faber)

Collected prose and novels

  • The Bell Jar, under the pseudonym "Victoria Lucas" (novel, 1963, Heinemann)
  • Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963 (1975, Harper & Row, US; Faber and Faber, UK)
  • Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams: Short Stories, Prose, and Diary Excerpts (1977, Faber and Faber)
  • The Journals of Sylvia Plath (1982, Dial Press)
  • The Magic Mirror (1989), Plath's Smith College senior thesis
  • The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath, edited by Karen V. Kukil (2000, Anchor Books)192
  • The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Volume 1, edited by Peter K. Steinberg and Karen V. Kukil (2017, Faber and Faber)
  • The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Volume 2, edited by Peter K. Steinberg and Karen V. Kukil (2018, Faber and Faber)
  • Mary Ventura and the Ninth Kingdom (2019, Faber and Faber)193194

Children's books

  • The Bed Book, illustrated by Quentin Blake (1976, Faber and Faber)
  • The It-Doesn't-Matter Suit (1996, Faber and Faber)
  • Mrs. Cherry's Kitchen (2001, Faber and Faber)
  • Collected Children's Stories (UK, 2001, Faber and Faber)

See also

  • Poetry portal
  • Biography portal

Notes

Citations

Sources

  • Alexander, Paul (2003) [1991]. Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81299-1.
  • Alvarez, Al (2007). Risky Business: People, Pastimes, Poker and Books. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-8744-6.
  • Badia, Janet; Phegley, Jennifer (2005). Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8928-3.
  • Becker, Jillian (2003). Giving Up: The Last Days of Sylvia Plath. New York: St Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-31598-8.
  • Brain, Tracy (2001). The Other Sylvia Plath. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 0-582-32729-6.
  • Brain, Tracy (2006). "Dangerous Confessions: The Problem of Reading Sylvia Plath Biographically". In Jo Gill (ed.). Modern Confessional Writing: New Critical Essays. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33969-3.
  • Brain, Tracy. "The Indeterminacy of the Plath Canon". In Helle (2007), pp. 17–38.
  • Butscher, Edward (2003). Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. Tucson, Arizona: Schaffner Press. ISBN 0-9710598-2-9.
  • Carmody, Denise Lardner; Carmody, John Tully (1996). Mysticism: Holiness East and West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508819-0.
  • Christodoulides, Nephie (2005). Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking: Motherhood in Sylvia Plath's Work. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1772-4.
  • Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. London: Gibson Square Books. ISBN 978-1-906142-61-2.
  • Ferretter, Luke (2009). Sylvia Plath's Fiction: A Critical Study (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625093.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-2509-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1r25c0.
  • Gifford, Terry (2008). Ted Hughes. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31189-2.
  • Gill, Jo (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Sylvia Plath. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84496-7.
  • Helle, Anita, ed. (2007). The Unraveling Archive: Essays on Sylvia Plath. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06927-9.
  • Hughes, Frieda (2004). Foreword. Ariel: The Restored Edition. By Plath, Sylvia. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-06-073259-8. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017 – via British Library.
  • Kibler, James E. Jr, ed. (1980). American Novelists Since World War II (A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 0-8103-0908-4.
  • Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2.
  • McCullough, Frances (2005) [1963]. Introduction. The Bell Jar. By Plath, Sylvia (1st Harper Perennial Classics ed.). New York: Perennial Classics. ISBN 0-06-093018-7.
  • Morgan, Robin (1970). Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-45240-2.
  • Peel, Robin. "The Political Education of Sylvia Plath". In Helle (2007), pp. 39–64.
  • Plath, Sylvia (2000). Karen V. Kukil (ed.). The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. New York: Anchor. ISBN 0-385-72025-4.
  • Stevenson, Anne (1990) [1989]. Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-010373-2.
  • Stevenson, Anne (1994). "Plath, Sylvia". In Hamilton, Ian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866147-9.
  • Taylor, Robert (1986). Saranac: America's Magic Mountain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37905-9.
  • Thomas, David N. (2008). Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas?. Bridgend: Seren. ISBN 978-1-85411-480-8.
  • Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3.

Further reading

References

  1. Kihss, Peter. "Sessions, Sylvia Plath and Updike Are Among Pulitzer Prize Winners". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/plath-pulitzer.html ↩

  2. Kean, Danuta (April 11, 2017). "Unseen Sylvia Plath letters claim domestic abuse by Ted Hughes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2021. The letters are part of an archive amassed by feminist scholar Harriet Rosenstein seven years after the poet's death, as research for an unfinished biography. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/11/unseen-sylvia-plath-letters-claim-domestic-abuse-by-ted-hughes ↩

  3. Catlett, Lisa Firestone Joyce (1998). "The Treatment of Sylvia Plath". Death Studies. 22 (7): 667–692. doi:10.1080/074811898201353. ISSN 0748-1187. PMID 10342971 – via EBSCO. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  4. "Sylvia Plath – Poet | Academy of American Poets". Poets.org. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2018. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  5. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  6. Tamás, Dorka (December 15, 2023). "Behind the Iron Curtain: Sylvia Plath and Hungary During the Cold War". E-Rea. 21 (1). doi:10.4000/erea.17121. https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ferea.17121 ↩

  7. Kirk 2004, p. 9. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  8. Axelrod, Steven (April 24, 2007) [2003]. "Sylvia Plath". The Literary Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007. http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3579 ↩

  9. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  10. Steinberg, Peter K. (2007) [1999]. "A celebration, this is". sylviaplath.info. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. http://www.sylviaplath.info/biography.html ↩

  11. Axelrod, Steven (April 24, 2007) [2003]. "Sylvia Plath". The Literary Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007. http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3579 ↩

  12. Peel 2007, pp. 41–44. ↩

  13. Axelrod, Steven (April 24, 2007) [2003]. "Sylvia Plath". The Literary Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007. http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3579 ↩

  14. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  15. Plath, Sylvia (1977) [1962]. "Ocean 1212-W". Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams: And Other Prose Writings. London: Faber and Faber. p. 130. ISBN 0-571-11120-3. 0-571-11120-3 ↩

  16. Kirk 2004, p. 23. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  17. "Sylvia Plath". Academy of American Poets. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  18. "Sylvia Plath". Academy of American Poets. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  19. Kirk 2004, p. 32. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  20. "Sylvia Plath". Academy of American Poets. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  21. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  22. "Sylvia Plath". Academy of American Poets. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  23. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  24. "Sylvia Platt". Smith College. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021. https://sophia.smith.edu/blog/smithipedia/alumnae/sylvia-plath-1955/ ↩

  25. Thomas 2008, p. 35. - Thomas, David N. (2008). Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas?. Bridgend: Seren. ISBN 978-1-85411-480-8. ↩

  26. "On 15 July, when Sylvia came downstairs, Aurelia noticed that her daughter had a couple of partially healed scars on her legs. After being questioned about them, Sylvia told her mother that she had gashed herself in an effort to see if she had the guts. Then she took hold of Aurelia's hand and said: 'Oh, Mother, the world is so rotten! I want to die! Let's die together!'"[17] ↩

  27. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  28. Steinberg, Peter K. (Summer 2010). ""They Had to Call and Call": The Search for Sylvia Plath" (PDF). Plath Profiles. 3. ISSN 2155-8175. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2018. http://www.sylviaplath.info/documents/Steinberg_2010_Search.pdf ↩

  29. Kibler 1980, pp. 259–264. - Kibler, James E. Jr, ed. (1980). American Novelists Since World War II (A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 0-8103-0908-4. ↩

  30. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  31. Prouty, Olive Higgins (2013). Now, Voyager. Feminist Press at CUNY. ISBN 978-1558614765. 978-1558614765 ↩

  32. Wilson, Andrew (February 2, 2013). "Sylvia Plath in New York: 'pain, parties and work'". The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/feb/02/sylvia-plath-young-new-york-andrew-wilson ↩

  33. Kirk 2004, p. xix - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  34. "Sylvia Platt". Smith College. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021. https://sophia.smith.edu/blog/smithipedia/alumnae/sylvia-plath-1955/ ↩

  35. Butscher 2003, p. 27. - Butscher, Edward (2003). Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. Tucson, Arizona: Schaffner Press. ISBN 0-9710598-2-9. ↩

  36. Runco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R., eds. (1999). Encyclopedia of Creativity, Two-Volume Set. Academic Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0122270758. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2017. 978-0122270758 ↩

  37. Peel 2007, p. 44. ↩

  38. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  39. "Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes talk about their relationship". The Guardian. London. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2010. Extract from the 1961 BBC interview with Plath and Hughes. Now held in the British Library Sound Archive. https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2010/apr/15/sylvia-plath-ted-hughes ↩

  40. "Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes talk about their relationship". The Guardian. London. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2010. Extract from the 1961 BBC interview with Plath and Hughes. Now held in the British Library Sound Archive. https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2010/apr/15/sylvia-plath-ted-hughes ↩

  41. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  42. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  43. Bloom, Harold (2007) Sylvia Plath, Infobase Publishing, p. 76 ↩

  44. Kirk 2004, p. xix - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  45. Kirk 2004, p. xix - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  46. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  47. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  48. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  49. Kirk 2004, p. xx - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  50. "Plaque: Sylvia Plath". London Remembers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/sylvia-plath ↩

  51. Kirk 2004, p. xx - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  52. Kirk 2004, p. 85. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  53. Kean, Danuta (April 11, 2017). "Unseen Sylvia Plath letters claim domestic abuse by Ted Hughes". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/11/unseen-sylvia-plath-letters-claim-domestic-abuse-by-ted-hughes ↩

  54. Kirk 2004, p. xx - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  55. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  56. "Haunted by the ghosts of love", Guardian, April 10, 1999. https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/apr/10/tedhughes.sylviaplath ↩

  57. Kirk 2004, p. xx - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  58. Kirk 2004, p. xx - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  59. "Sylvia Plath". The Poetry Archive. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. http://www.poetryarchive.org/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  60. Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath – a marriage examined. From The Contemporary Review. Essay by Richard Whittington-Egan 2005 accessed July 9, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20051218022114/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1669_286/ai_n13247735 ↩

  61. Gifford 2008, p. 15 - Gifford, Terry (2008). Ted Hughes. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31189-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_2IMmQEACAAJ ↩

  62. Kirk 2004, p. xxi - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  63. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  64. The Journals of Sylvia Plath. Faber & Faber. February 17, 2011. ISBN 9780571266357. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2021. 9780571266357 ↩

  65. The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters (2008) Gary Lachman, Dedalus Press, University of Michigan, p. 145 ↩

  66. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  67. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  68. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  69. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  70. Cooper, Brian (June 2003). "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum". J R Soc Med. 96 (6): 296–301. doi:10.1177/014107680309600613. PMC 539515. PMID 12782699. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539515 ↩

  71. "Drugs a 'key factor' in Plath's suicide, claimed Hughes | Books | The Guardian". theguardian.com. August 8, 2001. Retrieved July 16, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/aug/08/artsandhumanities.highereducation ↩

  72. Alexander 2003, p. 325. - Alexander, Paul (2003) [1991]. Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81299-1. ↩

  73. Stevenson 1990, p. 296. - Stevenson, Anne (1990) [1989]. Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-010373-2. ↩

  74. Feinmann, Jane (February 16, 1993). "Rhyme, reason and depression". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/books/1993/feb/16/biography.sylviaplath ↩

  75. Kirk 2004, pp. 103–104. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  76. Feinmann, Jane (February 16, 1993). "Rhyme, reason and depression". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/books/1993/feb/16/biography.sylviaplath ↩

  77. Guthmann, Edward (October 30, 2005). "The Allure: Beauty and an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Lethal-Beauty-The-Allure-Beauty-and-an-easy-3302966.php#page-6 ↩

  78. Butscher 2003, p. 364. - Butscher, Edward (2003). Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. Tucson, Arizona: Schaffner Press. ISBN 0-9710598-2-9. ↩

  79. Gifford 2008, p. 15 - Gifford, Terry (2008). Ted Hughes. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31189-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_2IMmQEACAAJ ↩

  80. Smith College. Plath papers. Series 6, Hughes. Plath archive. ↩

  81. Kirk 2004, p. 104 - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  82. Kirk 2004, p. 104 - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  83. Cheng'en Wu, translated and abridged by Arthur Waley (1942) Monkey: Folk Novel of China. UNESCO collection, Chinese series. Grove Press. /wiki/Cheng%27en_Wu ↩

  84. "Literary Dispute Arises Over Sylvia Plath's Death (Published 1971)". November 23, 1971. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20221203234905/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/23/archives/literary-dispute-arises-over-sylvia-plaths-death.html ↩

  85. Feinmann, Jane (February 16, 1993). "Rhyme, reason and depression". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/books/1993/feb/16/biography.sylviaplath ↩

  86. "Literary Dispute Arises Over Sylvia Plath's Death (Published 1971)". November 23, 1971. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20221203234905/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/23/archives/literary-dispute-arises-over-sylvia-plaths-death.html ↩

  87. Thorpe, Vanessa (March 19, 2000). "I failed her. I was 30 and stupid". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/mar/19/poetry.features ↩

  88. Bates, Stephen (March 23, 2009). "Son of poets Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes kills himself". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/23/sylvia-plath-son-kills-himself ↩

  89. "Poet Plath's son takes own life". BBC. London. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7958876.stm ↩

  90. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  91. Stevenson 1994 - Stevenson, Anne (1994). "Plath, Sylvia". In Hamilton, Ian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866147-9. ↩

  92. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  93. "Sylvia Plath's Cambridge-era Prose: A Survey". sylviaplathinfo.blogspot.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023. https://sylviaplathinfo.blogspot.com/2022/05/sylvia-plaths-cambridge-era-prose-survey.html ↩

  94. Wagner-Martin 1988, pp. 2–5 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  95. "Sylvia Plath". Academy of American Poets. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/sylvia-plath ↩

  96. Wagner-Martin 1988, pp. 2–5 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  97. Wagner-Martin 1988, pp. 2–5 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  98. Wagner-Martin 1988, pp. 2–5 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  99. Kirk 2004, p. xxi - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  100. McCullough 2005, p. xii. - McCullough, Frances (2005) [1963]. Introduction. The Bell Jar. By Plath, Sylvia (1st Harper Perennial Classics ed.). New York: Perennial Classics. ISBN 0-06-093018-7. ↩

  101. Plath Biographical Note 294–295. From Wagner-Martin 1988, p. 107 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  102. Plath Biographical Note 293. From Wagner-Martin 1988, p. 112 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  103. Taylor 1986, pp. 270, 274–275. - Taylor, Robert (1986). Saranac: America's Magic Mountain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37905-9. ↩

  104. Jernigan, Adam T. (January 1, 2014). "Paraliterary Labors in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar: Typists, Teachers, and the Pink-Collar Subtext". Modern Fiction Studies. 60 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1353/mfs.2014.0010. OCLC 5561439112. S2CID 162359742. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  105. Ferretter 2009, p. 15. - Ferretter, Luke (2009). Sylvia Plath's Fiction: A Critical Study (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625093.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-2509-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1r25c0. https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748625093.001.0001 ↩

  106. Plath, Sylvia (1979). Ted Hughes (ed.). Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams (2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. p. vii, cited in Ferretter 2009, p. 15 /wiki/Johnny_Panic_and_the_Bible_of_Dreams ↩

  107. Heinz, Drue (Spring 1995). "Ted Hughes, The Art of Poetry No. 71". The Paris Review. Spring 1995 (134): 98, cited in Ferretter 2009, p. 15 /wiki/Drue_Heinz ↩

  108. Olwyn Hughes, Corrections of Diane Middlebrook's Her Husband. Emory University Libraries: Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL), Olwyn Hughes Papers 1956–1997, box 2, folder 20 – cited in Ferretter 2009, p. 15 /wiki/Diane_Middlebrook ↩

  109. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  110. Wagner-Martin 1988, p. 184 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  111. Wagner-Martin 1988, p. 184 - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  112. Alvarez 2007, p. 214. - Alvarez, Al (2007). Risky Business: People, Pastimes, Poker and Books. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-8744-6. ↩

  113. "10 Most Famous Poems by Sylvia Plath | Learnodo Newtonic". learnodo-newtonic.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. https://learnodo-newtonic.com/sylvia-plath-famous-poems ↩

  114. The Paris Review Interviews: "The Art of Poetry No. 15. Anne Sexton". Interview by Barbara Kevles. Issue 52, Summer 1971 Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 15, 2010 http://www.theparisreview.org/viewinterview.php/prmMID/4073 ↩

  115. Dalrymple 2010, p. 157. - Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. London: Gibson Square Books. ISBN 978-1-906142-61-2. ↩

  116. Brain 2001; Brain 2006, pp. 11–32; Brain 2007 - Brain, Tracy (2001). The Other Sylvia Plath. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 0-582-32729-6. ↩

  117. Kirk 2004, p. xxi - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  118. Plath, Sylvia. The Colossus and Other Poems, Faber and Faber, 1977. ↩

  119. Kirk 2004, p. xxi - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  120. "Unpublished Plath sonnet goes online tomorrow". Associated Press. October 31, 2006. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/oct/31/news ↩

  121. Two poems titled Ennui (I) and Ennui (II) are listed in a partial catalogue of Plath's juvenilia in the Collected Poems. A note explains that the texts of all but half a dozen of the many pieces listed are in the Sylvia Plath Archive of juvenilia in the Lilly Library at Indiana University. The rest are with the Sylvia Plath Estate. /wiki/Juvenilia ↩

  122. Kirk 2004, p. xxi - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  123. Rollyson, Carl (November 19, 2024). "How a Young Sylvia Plath Found Her Literary Voice Through Diary Keeping". LitHub. Archived from the original on November 27, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024. https://lithub.com/how-a-young-sylvia-plath-found-her-literary-voice-through-diary-keeping ↩

  124. "Sylvia Plath | Lilly Library". Indiana University Bloomington. July 18, 2019. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024. https://libraries.indiana.edu/lilly-library/sylvia-plath ↩

  125. Kirk 2004, p. xxii - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  126. Plath 2000. - Plath, Sylvia (2000). Karen V. Kukil (ed.). The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. New York: Anchor. ISBN 0-385-72025-4. ↩

  127. Kirk 2004, p. xxii - Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC&pg=PR7 ↩

  128. Brown, Sally; Taylor, Clare L. (2017). "Plath [married name Hughes], Sylvia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37855. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) /wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography ↩

  129. Wagner-Martin 1988, p. 313. - Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203709191. ISBN 0-415-00910-3. https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203709191 ↩

  130. Christodoulides 2005, p. ix - Christodoulides, Nephie (2005). Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking: Motherhood in Sylvia Plath's Work. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1772-4. ↩

  131. Christodoulides 2005, p. ix - Christodoulides, Nephie (2005). Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking: Motherhood in Sylvia Plath's Work. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1772-4. ↩

  132. Viner, Katharine (October 20, 2003). "Desperately seeking Sylvia". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/oct/20/poetry.gender ↩

  133. Gill 2006, pp. 9–10. - Gill, Jo (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Sylvia Plath. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84496-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj7Ox9Bmz6IC ↩

  134. Hughes, Frieda 2004, p. xvii. - Hughes, Frieda (2004). Foreword. Ariel: The Restored Edition. By Plath, Sylvia. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-06-073259-8. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017 – via British Library. https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/foreword-to-ariel-the-restored-edition ↩

  135. Short news report on Plath's grave, featuring some of her poetry on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1l_caV_bdk ↩

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  137. Badia & Phegley 2005, p. 252 - Badia, Janet; Phegley, Jennifer (2005). Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8928-3. ↩

  138. Nadeem Azam (2001). "'Ted Hughes: A Talented Murderer' December 11, 2001". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. http://1lit.tripod.com/june2001.html ↩

  139. Thorpe, Vanessa (March 19, 2000). "I failed her. I was 30 and stupid". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/mar/19/poetry.features ↩

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  141. Badia & Phegley 2005, p. 252 - Badia, Janet; Phegley, Jennifer (2005). Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8928-3. ↩

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  143. Robin Morgan, Saturday's Child: A Memoir (2014), Open Road Media. ↩

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  148. Hughes, Ted (April 20, 1989). "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace". The Guardian. London. /wiki/The_Guardian ↩

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  158. Plath has been criticized for her numerous and controversial allusions to the Holocaust.[102] /wiki/The_Holocaust ↩

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  178. "Lady Lazarus". www.schott-music.com. Retrieved December 19, 2023. https://www.schott-music.com/en/lady-lazarus-noc38625.html ↩

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