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Plazomicin
Chemical compound

Plazomicin, sold under the brand name Zemdri, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat complicated urinary tract infections. As of 2019 it is recommended only for those in whom alternatives are not an option. It is given by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include kidney problems, diarrhea, nausea, and blood pressure changes. Other severe side effects include hearing loss, Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea, anaphylaxis, and muscle weakness. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Plazomicin works by decreasing the ability of bacteria to make protein.

Plazomicin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2018. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

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Medical uses

Plazomicin is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adults with complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, or Enterobacter cloacae, in patients who have limited or no alternative treatment options. Zemdri is an intravenous infusion, administered once daily.11121314 The FDA declined approval for treating bloodstream infections due to lack of demonstrated effectiveness.15 The lack of demonstrated effectiveness was not so much about the antibiotic itself being ineffective so much as the low enrollment rate for the study. Studies using mouse models however, showed a high survival rate.16

Plazomicin has been reported to demonstrate in vitro synergistic activity when combined with daptomycin or ceftobiprole versus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa when combined with cefepime, doripenem, imipenem or piperacillin/tazobactam.17 It also demonstrates potent in vitro activity versus carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.18 Plazomicin was found to be noninferior to meropenem.1920

History

The drug was developed by the biotech company Achaogen. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted fast track designation for the development and regulatory review of plazomicin.21 The FDA approved plazomicin for adults with complicated UTIs and limited or no alternative treatment options in 2018.22 Achaogen was unable to find a robust market for the drug, and declared bankruptcy a few months later.23 As part of the bankruptcy process, the rights to plazomicin were sold to Cipla USA, who currently markets ZEMDRI.24 There is no generic plazomicin currently available in the US market.25

Synthesis

It is derived from sisomicin by appending a hydroxy-aminobutyric acid substituent at position 1 and a hydroxyethyl substituent at position 6'.2627 The latter makes it impervious to acetylation (deactivation) by Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferase 6'-N- Type Ib (AAC(6')-Ib), the most prevalent AAC enzyme.28

Names

Plazomicin is the international nonproprietary name (INN).29

Further reading

References

  1. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  2. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  3. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  4. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  5. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  6. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  7. "Plazomicin Sulfate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/plazomicin-sulfate.html ↩

  8. "FDA Approved Drug Products: Zemdri". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&varApplNo=210303 ↩

  9. "Drug Approval Package: Zemdri (plazomicin)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210303Orig1s000TOC.cfm ↩

  10. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. /wiki/World_Health_Organization ↩

  11. "Zemdri (plazomicin)- plazomicin injection". DailyMed. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=eccf9fd9-53ac-4252-a106-5567b3a82a70 ↩

  12. "plazomicin (Rx)". Medscape. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/zemdri-plazomicin-1000230 ↩

  13. Brown T (3 May 2018). "FDA Panel Recommends Plazomicin for cUTI but Not BSI". Medscape. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896116 ↩

  14. "BioCentury - FDA approves plazomicin for cUTI, but not blood infections". www.biocentury.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2018. https://www.biocentury.com/bc-extra/company-news/2018-06-26/fda-approves-plazomicin-cuti-not-blood-infections ↩

  15. "FDA Approved Drug Products: Zemdri". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&varApplNo=210303 ↩

  16. "Plazomicin". fda.gov. Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201227012808/https://www.fda.gov/media/113289/download ↩

  17. Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Zelenitsky S, Findlay B, Schweizer F, Adam H, et al. (April 2012). "Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (4): 459–473. doi:10.1586/eri.12.25. PMID 22512755. S2CID 31496981. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  18. García-Salguero C, Rodríguez-Avial I, Picazo JJ, et al. (October 2015). "Can Plazomicin Alone or in Combination Be a Therapeutic Option against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii?". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59 (10): 5959–66. doi:10.1128/AAC.00873-15. PMC 4576036. PMID 26169398. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4576036 ↩

  19. Clinical trial number NCT02486627 for "A Study of Plazomicin Compared With Meropenem for the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) Including Acute Pyelonephritis (AP) (EPIC)" at ClinicalTrials.gov https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02486627 ↩

  20. Wagenlehner FM, Cloutier DJ, Komirenko AS, et al. (21 February 2019). "Once-Daily Plazomicin for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections". New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (8): 729–740. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1801467. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 30786187. Lay summary in: Dall C (21 February 2019). "Plazomicin for tough infections: a tale of 2 clinical trials". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmoa1801467 ↩

  21. "Achaogen Announces Plazomicin Granted QIDP Designation by FDA" (Press release). Achaogen, Inc. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016 – via GlobeNewswire. https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/01/08/695854/10114610/en/Achaogen-Announces-Plazomicin-Granted-QIDP-Designation-by-FDA.html ↩

  22. "Zemdri (plazomicin)- plazomicin injection". DailyMed. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=eccf9fd9-53ac-4252-a106-5567b3a82a70 ↩

  23. Jacobs A (25 December 2019). "Crisis Looms in Antibiotics as Drug Makers Go Bankrupt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/25/health/antibiotics-new-resistance.html ↩

  24. "Cipla acquires plazomicin - July 2019". Cipla.com (Press release). Retrieved 12 September 2024.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) https://www.cipla.com/press-releases-statements/cipla-usa-furthers-amr-stewardship-acquisition-key-anti-infective ↩

  25. "Generic Zemdri Availability". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2019. https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-zemdri.html ↩

  26. Aggen JB, Armstrong ES, Goldblum AA, Dozzo P, Linsell MS, Gliedt MJ, et al. (November 2010). "Synthesis and spectrum of the neoglycoside ACHN-490". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (11): 4636–4642. doi:10.1128/AAC.00572-10. PMC 2976124. PMID 20805391. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976124 ↩

  27. Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Zelenitsky S, Findlay B, Schweizer F, Adam H, et al. (April 2012). "Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (4): 459–473. doi:10.1586/eri.12.25. PMID 22512755. S2CID 31496981. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  28. Cox G, Ejim L, Stogios PJ, Koteva K, Bordeleau E, Evdokimova E, et al. (June 2018). "Plazomicin Retains Antibiotic Activity against Most Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes". ACS Infectious Diseases. 4 (6): 980–987. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00001. PMC 6167752. PMID 29634241. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167752 ↩

  29. "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended INN: List 68". WHO Drug Information. 26 (3). World Health Organization: 314. September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20141002045030/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/DrugInformation2012_Vol26-3/en/ ↩