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Definition

Further information: Psychedelic music

See also: Acid rock

As a musical style, psychedelic rock incorporated new electronic sound effects and recording effects, extended solos, and improvisation.⁵ Features mentioned in relation to the genre include:

• electric guitars, often used with feedback, wah-wah and fuzzbox effects units;⁶
• certain studio effects (principally in British psychedelia),⁷ such as backwards tapes, panning, flanging, tape loops, and extreme reverb;⁸
• elements of Indian music and other Eastern music,⁹ including Middle Eastern modalities;¹⁰
• non-Western instruments (especially in British psychedelia), specifically those originally used in Indian classical music, such as sitar, tambura and tabla;¹¹
• elements of free-form jazz;¹²
• a strong keyboard presence, especially electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron (an early tape-driven sampler);¹³
• extended instrumental segments, especially guitar solos, or jams;¹⁴
• disjunctive song structures, occasional key and time signature changes, modal melodies and drones;¹⁵
• droning quality in vocals;¹⁶
• electronic instruments such as synthesizers and the theremin;¹⁷[verification needed]
• lyrics that made direct or indirect reference to hallucinogenic drugs;¹⁸
• surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired lyrics¹⁹²⁰ with (especially in British psychedelia) references to childhood;²¹
• Victorian-era antiquation (exclusive to British psychedelia), drawing on items such as music boxes, music hall nostalgia and circus sounds.²²

The term "psychedelic" was coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in a letter to LSD exponent Aldous Huxley and used as an alternative descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy.²³²⁴ As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the terms acid rock and psychedelic rock were used in 1966 to describe the new drug-influenced music and were being widely used by 1967.²⁵²⁶ The two terms are often used interchangeably,²⁷ but acid rock may be distinguished as a more extreme variation that was heavier, louder, relied on long jams,²⁸ focused more directly on LSD, and made greater use of distortion.²⁹

Original psychedelic era

Main article: Psychedelic era

1960–65: Precursors and influences

See also: Psychedelic folk

Music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to "pin down" the first psychedelic record are "nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record". Some of the "far-fetched claims" include the instrumental "Telstar" (produced by Joe Meek for the Tornados in 1962) and the Dave Clark Five's "massively reverb-laden" "Any Way You Want It" (1964).³⁰ The first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers' 1960 surf instrumental "LSD 25".³¹³² A 1962 single by the Ventures, "The 2000 Pound Bee", issued forth the buzz of a distorted, "fuzztone" guitar, and the quest into "the possibilities of heavy, transistorised distortion" and other effects, like improved reverb and echo, began in earnest on London's fertile rock 'n' roll scene.³³ By 1964 fuzztone could be heard on singles by P.J. Proby,³⁴ and the Beatles had employed feedback in "I Feel Fine",³⁵ their sixth consecutive number 1 hit in the UK.³⁶

According to AllMusic, the emergence of psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s resulted from British groups who made up the British Invasion of the US market and folk rock bands seeking to broaden "the sonic possibilities of their music".³⁷ Writing in his 1969 book The Rock Revolution, Arnold Shaw said the genre in its American form represented generational escapism, which he identified as a development of youth culture's "protest against the sexual taboos, racism, violence, hypocrisy and materialism of adult life".³⁸

American folk singer Bob Dylan's influence was central to the creation of the folk rock movement in 1965, and his lyrics remained a touchstone for the psychedelic songwriters of the late 1960s.³⁹ Virtuoso sitarist Ravi Shankar had begun in 1956 a mission to bring Indian classical music to the West, inspiring jazz, classical and folk musicians.⁴⁰ By the mid-1960s, his influence extended to a generation of young rock musicians who soon made raga rock⁴¹ part of the psychedelic rock aesthetic and one of the many intersecting cultural motifs of the era.⁴² In the British folk scene, blues, drugs, jazz and Eastern influences blended in the early 1960s work of Davy Graham, who adopted modal guitar tunings to transpose Indian ragas and Celtic reels. Graham was highly influential on Scottish folk virtuoso Bert Jansch and other pioneering guitarists across a spectrum of styles and genres in the mid-1960s.⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵ Jazz saxophonist and composer John Coltrane had a similar impact, as the exotic sounds on his albums My Favorite Things (1960) and A Love Supreme (1965), the latter influenced by the ragas of Shankar, were source material for guitar players and others looking to improvise or "jam".⁴⁶

One of the first musical uses of the term "psychedelic" in the folk scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Belly's 'Hesitation Blues' in 1964.⁴⁷ Folk/avant-garde guitarist John Fahey recorded several songs in the early 1960s experimented with unusual recording techniques, including backwards tapes, and novel instrumental accompaniment including flute and sitar.⁴⁸ His nineteen-minute "The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party" "anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations and odd guitar tunings".⁴⁹ Similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bull's early work "incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes".⁵⁰ His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles and "could also be accurately described as one of the very first psychedelic records".⁵¹

1965: Formative psychedelic scenes and sounds

Main article: Psychedelia

See also: Counterculture of the 1960s, Folk rock, and Raga rock

Barry Miles, a leading figure in the 1960s UK underground, says that "Hippies didn't just pop up overnight" and that "1965 was the first year in which a discernible youth movement began to emerge [in the US]. Many of the key 'psychedelic' rock bands formed this year."⁵² On the US West Coast, underground chemist Augustus Owsley Stanley III and Ken Kesey (along with his followers known as the Merry Pranksters) helped thousands of people take uncontrolled trips at Kesey's Acid Tests and in the new psychedelic dance halls. In Britain, Michael Hollingshead opened the World Psychedelic Centre and Beat Generation poets Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Gregory Corso read at the Royal Albert Hall. Miles adds: "The readings acted as a catalyst for underground activity in London, as people suddenly realized just how many like-minded people there were around. This was also the year that London began to blossom into colour with the opening of the Granny Takes a Trip and Hung On You clothes shops."⁵³ Thanks to media coverage, use of LSD became widespread.⁵⁴⁵⁵

According to music critic Jim DeRogatis, writing in his book on psychedelic rock, Turn on Your Mind, the Beatles are seen as the "Acid Apostles of the New Age".⁵⁶ Producer George Martin, who was initially known as a specialist in comedy and novelty records,⁵⁷ responded to the Beatles' requests by providing a range of studio tricks that ensured the group played a leading role in the development of psychedelic effects.⁵⁸ Anticipating their overtly psychedelic work,⁵⁹ "Ticket to Ride" (April 1965) introduced a subtle, drug-inspired drone suggestive of India, played on rhythm guitar.⁶⁰ Musicologist William Echard writes that the Beatles employed several techniques in the years up to 1965 that soon became elements of psychedelic music, an approach he describes as "cognate" and reflective of how they, like the Yardbirds, were early pioneers in psychedelia.⁶¹ As important aspects the group brought to the genre, Echard cites the Beatles' rhythmic originality and unpredictability; "true" tonal ambiguity; leadership in incorporating elements from Indian music and studio techniques such as vari-speed, tape loops and reverse tape sounds; and their embrace of the avant-garde.⁶²

In Unterberger's opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Los Angeles folk rock scene, and the Yardbirds, from England's blues scene, were more responsible than the Beatles for "sounding the psychedelic siren".⁶³ Drug use and attempts at psychedelic music moved out of acoustic folk-based music towards rock soon after the Byrds, inspired by the Beatles' 1964 film A Hard Day's Night,⁶⁴⁶⁵ adopted electric instruments to produce a chart-topping version of Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" in the summer of 1965.⁶⁶⁶⁷ On the Yardbirds, Unterberger identifies lead guitarist Jeff Beck as having "laid the blueprint for psychedelic guitar", and says that their "ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks (called rave-ups), unpredictable tempo changes, and use of Gregorian chants" helped to define the "manic eclecticism" typical of early psychedelic rock.⁶⁸ The band's "Heart Full of Soul" (June 1965), which includes a distorted guitar riff that replicates the sound of a sitar,⁶⁹ peaked at number 2 in the UK and number 9 in the US.⁷⁰ In Echard's description, the song "carried the energy of a new scene" as the guitar-hero phenomenon emerged in rock, and it heralded the arrival of new Eastern sounds.⁷¹ The Kinks provided the first example of sustained Indian-style drone in rock when they used open-tuned guitars⁷² to mimic the tambura on "See My Friends" (July 1965), which became a top 10 hit in the UK.⁷³⁷⁴

The Beatles' "Norwegian Wood" from the December 1965 album Rubber Soul marked the first released recording on which a member of a Western rock group played the sitar.⁷⁵⁷⁶ The song sparked a craze for the sitar and other Indian instrumentation⁷⁷ – a trend that fueled the growth of raga rock as the India exotic became part of the essence of psychedelic rock.⁷⁸⁷⁹ Music historian George Case recognises Rubber Soul as the first of two Beatles albums that "marked the authentic beginning of the psychedelic era",⁸⁰ while music critic Robert Christgau similarly wrote that "Psychedelia starts here".⁸¹ San Francisco historian Charles Perry recalled the album being "the soundtrack of the Haight-Ashbury, Berkeley and the whole circuit", as pre-hippie youths suspected that the songs were inspired by drugs.⁸²

Although psychedelia was introduced in Los Angeles through the Byrds, according to Shaw, San Francisco emerged as the movement's capital on the West Coast.⁸³ Several California-based folk acts followed the Byrds into folk rock, bringing their psychedelic influences with them, to produce the "San Francisco Sound".⁸⁴⁸⁵⁸⁶ Music historian Simon Philo writes that although some commentators would state that the centre of influence had moved from London to California by 1967, it was British acts like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones that helped inspire and "nourish" the new American music in the mid-1960s, especially in the formative San Francisco scene.⁸⁷ The music scene there developed in the city's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood in 1965 at basement shows organised by Chet Helms of the Family Dog;⁸⁸ and as Jefferson Airplane founder Marty Balin and investors opened The Matrix nightclub that summer and began booking his and other local bands such as the Grateful Dead, the Steve Miller Band and Country Joe & the Fish.⁸⁹ Helms and San Francisco Mime Troupe manager Bill Graham in the fall of 1965 organised larger scale multi-media community events/benefits featuring the Airplane, the Diggers and Allen Ginsberg. By early 1966 Graham had secured booking at The Fillmore, and Helms at the Avalon Ballroom, where in-house psychedelic-themed light shows⁹⁰ replicated the visual effects of the psychedelic experience.⁹¹ Graham became a major figure in the growth of psychedelic rock, attracting most of the major psychedelic rock bands of the day to The Fillmore.⁹²⁹³

According to author Kevin McEneaney, the Grateful Dead "invented" acid rock in front of a crowd of concertgoers in San Jose, California on 4 December 1965, the date of the second Acid Test held by novelist Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters. Their stage performance involved the use of strobe lights to reproduce LSD's "surrealistic fragmenting" or "vivid isolating of caught moments".⁹⁴ The Acid Test experiments subsequently launched the entire psychedelic subculture.⁹⁵

1966: Growth and early popularity

See also: Psychedelic pop

Echard writes that in 1966, "the psychedelic implications" advanced by recent rock experiments "became fully explicit and much more widely distributed", and by the end of the year, "most of the key elements of psychedelic topicality had been at least broached."⁹⁶ DeRogatis says the start of psychedelic (or acid) rock is "best listed at 1966".⁹⁷ Music journalists Pete Prown and Harvey P. Newquist locate the "peak years" of psychedelic rock between 1966 and 1969.⁹⁸ In 1966, media coverage of rock music changed considerably as the music became reevaluated as a new form of art in tandem with the growing psychedelic community.⁹⁹

In February and March,¹⁰⁰ two singles were released that later achieved recognition as the first psychedelic hits: the Yardbirds' "Shapes of Things" and the Byrds' "Eight Miles High".¹⁰¹ The former reached number 3 in the UK and number 11 in the US,¹⁰² and continued the Yardbirds' exploration of guitar effects, Eastern-sounding scales, and shifting rhythms.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴ By overdubbing guitar parts, Beck layered multiple takes for his solo,¹⁰⁵ which included extensive use of fuzz tone and harmonic feedback.¹⁰⁶ The song's lyrics, which Unterberger describes as "stream-of-consciousness",¹⁰⁷ have been interpreted as pro-environmental or anti-war.¹⁰⁸ The Yardbirds became the first British band to have the term "psychedelic" applied to one of its songs.¹⁰⁹ On "Eight Miles High", Roger McGuinn's 12-string Rickenbacker guitar¹¹⁰ provided a psychedelic interpretation of free jazz and Indian raga, channelling Coltrane and Shankar, respectively.¹¹¹ The song's lyrics were widely taken to refer to drug use, although the Byrds denied it at the time.¹¹²¹¹³ "Eight Miles High" peaked at number 14 in the US¹¹⁴ and reached the top 30 in the UK.¹¹⁵

Contributing to psychedelia's emergence into the pop mainstream was the release of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds (May 1966)¹¹⁶ and the Beatles' Revolver (August 1966).¹¹⁷ Often considered one of the earliest albums in the canon of psychedelic rock,¹¹⁸¹¹⁹ Pet Sounds contained many elements that would be incorporated into psychedelia, with its artful experiments, psychedelic lyrics based on emotional longings and self-doubts, elaborate sound effects and new sounds on both conventional and unconventional instruments.¹²⁰¹²¹ The album track "I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" contained the first use of theremin sounds on a rock record.¹²² Scholar Philip Auslander says that even though psychedelic music is not normally associated with the Beach Boys, the "odd directions" and experiments in Pet Sounds "put it all on the map. ... basically that sort of opened the door – not for groups to be formed or to start to make music, but certainly to become as visible as say Jefferson Airplane or somebody like that."¹²³

DeRogatis views Revolver as another of "the first psychedelic rock masterpieces", along with Pet Sounds.¹²⁴ The Beatles' May 1966 B-side "Rain", recorded during the Revolver sessions, was the first pop recording to contain reversed sounds.¹²⁵ Together with further studio tricks such as varispeed, the song includes a droning melody that reflected the band's growing interest in non-Western musical form¹²⁶ and lyrics conveying the division between an enlightened psychedelic outlook and conformism.¹²⁷¹²⁸ Philo cites "Rain" as "the birth of British psychedelic rock" and describes Revolver as "[the] most sustained deployment of Indian instruments, musical form and even religious philosophy" heard in popular music up to that time.¹²⁹ Author Steve Turner recognises the Beatles' success in conveying an LSD-inspired worldview on Revolver, particularly with "Tomorrow Never Knows", as having "opened the doors to psychedelic rock (or acid rock)".¹³⁰ In author Shawn Levy's description, it was "the first true drug album, not [just] a pop record with some druggy insinuations",¹³¹ while musicologists Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc credit the Beatles with "set[ting] the stage for an important subgenre of psychedelic music, that of the messianic pronouncement".¹³²¹³³

Echard highlights early records by the 13th Floor Elevators and Love among the key psychedelic releases of 1966, along with "Shapes of Things", "Eight Miles High", "Rain" and Revolver.¹³⁴ Originating from Austin, Texas, the first of these new bands came to the genre via the garage scene¹³⁵ before releasing their debut album, The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators in October that year.¹³⁶ It was one of the first rock albums to include the adjective in its title,¹³⁷ although the LP was released on an independent label and was little noticed at the time.¹³⁸ Two other bands also used the word in titles of LPs released in November 1966: The Blues Magoos' Psychedelic Lollipop, and the Deep's Psychedelic Moods. Having formed in late 1965 with the aim of spreading LSD consciousness, the Elevators commissioned business cards containing an image of the third eye and the caption "Psychedelic rock".¹³⁹¹⁴⁰ Rolling Stone highlights the 13th Floor Elevators as arguably "the most important early progenitors of psychedelic garage rock".¹⁴¹

Donovan's July 1966 single "Sunshine Superman" became one of the first psychedelic pop/rock singles to top the Billboard charts in the US. Influenced by Aldous Huxley’s The Doors of Perception, and with lyrics referencing LSD, it contributed to bringing psychedelia to the mainstream.¹⁴²¹⁴³

The Beach Boys' October 1966 single "Good Vibrations" was another early pop song to incorporate psychedelic lyrics and sounds.¹⁴⁴ The single's success prompted an unexpected revival in theremins and increased the awareness of analog synthesizers.¹⁴⁵ As psychedelia gained prominence, Beach Boys-style harmonies would be ingrained into the newer psychedelic pop.¹⁴⁶

1967–69: Continued development

Peak era

In 1967, psychedelic rock received widespread media attention and a larger audience beyond local psychedelic communities.¹⁴⁷ From 1967 to 1968, it was the prevailing sound of rock music, either in the more whimsical British variant, or the harder American West Coast acid rock.¹⁴⁸ Music historian David Simonelli says the genre's commercial peak lasted "a brief year", with San Francisco and London recognised as the two key cultural centres.¹⁴⁹ Compared with the American form, British psychedelic music was often more arty in its experimentation, and it tended to stick within pop song structures.¹⁵⁰ Music journalist Mark Prendergast writes that it was only in US garage-band psychedelia that the often whimsical traits of UK psychedelic music were found.¹⁵¹ He says that aside from the work of the Byrds, Love and the Doors, there were three categories of US psychedelia: the "acid jams" of the San Francisco bands, who favoured albums over singles; pop psychedelia typified by groups such as the Beach Boys and Buffalo Springfield; and the "wigged-out" music of bands following in the example of the Beatles and the Yardbirds, such as the Electric Prunes, the Nazz, the Chocolate Watchband and the Seeds.¹⁵²¹⁵³

The Doors' self-titled debut album (January 1967) is notable for possessing a darker sound and subject matter than many contemporary psychedelic albums,¹⁵⁴ which would become very influential to the later Gothic rock movement.¹⁵⁵ Aided by the No. 1 single, "Light My Fire", the album became very successful, reaching number 2 on the Billboard chart.¹⁵⁶

In February 1967, the Beatles released the double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever" / "Penny Lane", which Ian MacDonald says launched both the "English pop-pastoral mood" typified by bands such as Pink Floyd, Family, Traffic and Fairport Convention, and English psychedelia's LSD-inspired preoccupation with "nostalgia for the innocent vision of a child".¹⁵⁷ The Mellotron parts on "Strawberry Fields Forever" remain the most celebrated example of the instrument on a pop or rock recording.¹⁵⁸¹⁵⁹ According to Simonelli, the two songs heralded the Beatles' brand of Romanticism as a central tenet of psychedelic rock.¹⁶⁰

Jefferson Airplane's Surrealistic Pillow (February 1967) was one of the first albums to come out of San Francisco that sold well enough to bring national attention to the city's music scene. The LP tracks "White Rabbit" and "Somebody to Love" subsequently became top 10 hits in the US.¹⁶¹

The Hollies psychedelic B-side "All the World Is Love" (February 1967) was released as the flipside to the hit single "On a Carousel".¹⁶²

Pink Floyd's "Arnold Layne" (March 1967) and "See Emily Play" (June 1967), both written by Syd Barrett, helped set the pattern for pop-psychedelia in the UK.¹⁶³ There, "underground" venues like the UFO Club, Middle Earth Club, The Roundhouse, the Country Club and the Art Lab drew capacity audiences with psychedelic rock and ground-breaking liquid light shows.¹⁶⁴ A major figure in the development of British psychedelia was the American promoter and record producer Joe Boyd, who moved to London in 1966. He co-founded venues including the UFO Club, produced Pink Floyd's "Arnold Layne", and went on to manage folk and folk rock acts including Nick Drake, the Incredible String Band and Fairport Convention.¹⁶⁵¹⁶⁶

Psychedelic rock's popularity accelerated following the release of the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (May 1967) and the staging of the Monterey Pop Festival in June.¹⁶⁷ Sgt. Pepper was the first commercially successful work that critics recognised as a landmark aspect of psychedelia, and the Beatles' mass appeal meant that the record was played virtually everywhere.¹⁶⁸ The album was highly influential on bands in the US psychedelic rock scene¹⁶⁹ and its elevation of the LP format benefited the San Francisco bands.¹⁷⁰ Among many changes brought about by its success, artists sought to imitate its psychedelic effects and devoted more time to creating their albums; the counterculture was scrutinised by musicians; and acts adopted its non-conformist sentiments.¹⁷¹

The 1967 Summer of Love saw a huge number of young people from across America and the world travel to Haight-Ashbury, boosting the area's population from 15,000 to around 100,000.¹⁷² It was prefaced by the Human Be-In event in January and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival in June, the latter helping to make major American stars of Janis Joplin, lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company, Jimi Hendrix, and the Who.¹⁷³ Several established British acts joined the psychedelic revolution, including Eric Burdon (previously of the Animals) and the Who, whose The Who Sell Out (December 1967) included the psychedelic-influenced "I Can See for Miles" and "Armenia City in the Sky".¹⁷⁴ Other major British Invasion acts who absorbed psychedelia in 1967 include the Hollies with the album Butterfly,¹⁷⁵ and The Rolling Stones album Their Satanic Majesties Request.¹⁷⁶ The Incredible String Band's The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion (July 1967) developed their folk music into a pastoral form of psychedelia.¹⁷⁷

Many famous established recording artists from the early rock era also fell under psychedelia and recorded psychedelic-inspired tracks, including Del Shannon's "Color Flashing Hair", Bobby Vee's "I May Be Gone", The Four Seasons' "Watch the Flowers Grow", Roy Orbison's "Southbound Jericho Parkway" and The Everly Brothers' "Mary Jane".¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹

According to author Edward Macan, there ultimately existed three distinct branches of British psychedelic music. The first, dominated by Cream, the Yardbirds and Hendrix, was founded on a heavy, electric adaptation of the blues played by the Rolling Stones, adding elements such as the Who's power chord style and feedback.¹⁸⁰ The second, considerably more complex form drew strongly from jazz sources and was typified by Traffic, Colosseum, If, and Canterbury scene bands such as Soft Machine and Caravan.¹⁸¹ The third branch, represented by the Moody Blues, Pink Floyd, Procol Harum and the Nice, was influenced by the later music of the Beatles.¹⁸² Several of the post-Sgt. Pepper English psychedelic groups developed the Beatles' classical influences further than either the Beatles or contemporaneous West Coast psychedelic bands.¹⁸³ Among such groups, the Pretty Things abandoned their R&B roots to create S.F. Sorrow (December 1968), the first example of a psychedelic rock opera.¹⁸⁴¹⁸⁵

International variants

See also: Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand and Psychedelic rock in Latin America

The US and UK were the major centres of psychedelic music, but in the late 1960s scenes developed across the world, including continental Europe, Australasia, Asia and south and Central America.¹⁸⁶ In the later 1960s psychedelic scenes developed in a large number of countries in continental Europe, including the Netherlands with bands like The Outsiders,¹⁸⁷ Denmark, where it was pioneered by Steppeulvene,¹⁸⁸ Yugoslavia, with bands like Kameleoni,¹⁸⁹ Dogovor iz 1804.,¹⁹⁰: 89  Pop Mašina¹⁹¹: 238  and Igra Staklenih Perli,¹⁹²: 136  and Germany, where musicians fused music of psychedelia and the electronic avant-garde. 1968 saw the first major German rock festival, the Internationale Essener Songtage [de] in Essen,¹⁹³ and the foundation of the Zodiak Free Arts Lab in Berlin by Hans-Joachim Roedelius, and Conrad Schnitzler, which helped bands like Tangerine Dream and Amon Düül achieve cult status.¹⁹⁴

A thriving psychedelic music scene in Cambodia, influenced by psychedelic rock and soul broadcast by US forces radio in Vietnam,¹⁹⁵ was pioneered by artists such as Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea.¹⁹⁶ In South Korea, Shin Jung-Hyeon, often considered the godfather of Korean rock, played psychedelic-influenced music for the American soldiers stationed in the country. Following Shin Jung-Hyeon, the band San Ul Lim (Mountain Echo) often combined psychedelic rock with a more folk sound.¹⁹⁷ In Turkey, Anatolian rock artist Erkin Koray blended classic Turkish music and Middle Eastern themes into his psychedelic-driven rock, helping to found the Turkish rock scene with artists such as Cem Karaca, Mogollar, Barış Manço and Erkin Koray. In Brazil, the Tropicalia movement merged Brazilian and African rhythms with psychedelic rock. Musicians who were part of the movement include Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Os Mutantes, Gal Costa, Tom Zé, and the poet/lyricist Torquato Neto, all of whom participated in the 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis, which served as a musical manifesto.

1969–71: Decline

See also: Progressive rock and Heavy metal music

By the end of the 1960s, psychedelic rock was in retreat. Psychedelic trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock Festival, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts, including Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead.¹⁹⁸ LSD had been made illegal in the United Kingdom in September 1966 and in California in October;¹⁹⁹ by 1967, it was outlawed throughout the United States.²⁰⁰ In 1969, the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca by Charles Manson and his cult of followers, claiming to have been inspired by The Beatles' songs such as "Helter Skelter", has been seen as contributing to an anti-hippie backlash.²⁰¹ At the end of the same year, the Altamont Free Concert in California, headlined by the Rolling Stones, became notorious for the fatal stabbing of black teenager Meredith Hunter by Hells Angels security guards.²⁰²

George Clinton's ensembles Funkadelic and Parliament and their various spin-offs took psychedelia and funk to create their own unique style,²⁰³ producing over forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums.²⁰⁴

Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys,²⁰⁵ Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, Peter Green and Danny Kirwan of Fleetwood Mac, Skip Spence of Jefferson Airplane and Moby Grape, and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd suffered permanent brain damage from the use of hallucinogens, with their departures helping to shift the focus of the respective bands of which they had been leading figures.²⁰⁶ Some groups, such as the Beatles, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream, broke up.²⁰⁷ Hendrix died in London in September 1970, shortly after recording Band of Gypsys (1970), Janis Joplin died of a heroin overdose in October 1970 and they were closely followed by Jim Morrison of the Doors, who died in Paris in July 1971.²⁰⁸ By this point, many surviving acts had moved away from psychedelia into either more back-to-basics "roots rock", traditional-based, pastoral or whimsical folk, the wider experimentation of progressive rock, or riff-based heavy rock.²⁰⁹

Record executive Mike Curb was instrumental in having musicians who were promoting drug use dropped from or forced out of MGM Records, where Curb was employed in 1970, replacing them with acts not known for drug use but were known for their conservative appeal, most prominently the Osmonds.²¹⁰²¹¹

Revivals and successors

Psychedelic soul

Main articles: Psychedelic soul and Psychedelic funk

Following the lead of Hendrix in rock, psychedelia influenced African American musicians, particularly the stars of the Motown label.²¹² This psychedelic soul was influenced by the civil rights movement, giving it a darker and more political edge than much psychedelic rock.²¹³ Building on the funk sound of James Brown, it was pioneered from about 1968 by Sly and the Family Stone and The Temptations. Acts that followed them into this territory included Edwin Starr and the Undisputed Truth.²¹⁴[verification needed] George Clinton's interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs took the genre to its most extreme lengths, making funk almost a religion in the 1970s,²¹⁵ producing over forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums.²¹⁶

While psychedelic rock wavered at the end of the 1960s, psychedelic soul continued into the 1970s, peaking in popularity in the early years of the decade, and only disappearing in the late 1970s as tastes changed.²¹⁷ Songwriter Norman Whitfield wrote psychedelic soul songs for The Temptations and Marvin Gaye.²¹⁸

Prog, heavy metal, and krautrock

Main articles: Progressive rock, Heavy metal music, and Krautrock

Many of the British musicians and bands that had embraced psychedelia went on to create progressive rock in the 1970s, including Pink Floyd, Soft Machine and members of Yes. The Moody Blues album In Search of the Lost Chord (1968), which is steeped in psychedelia, including prominent use of Indian instruments, is noted as an early predecessor to and influence on the emerging progressive movement.²¹⁹²²⁰ King Crimson's album In the Court of the Crimson King (1969) has been seen as an important link between psychedelia and progressive rock.²²¹ While bands such as Hawkwind maintained an explicitly psychedelic course into the 1970s, most dropped the psychedelic elements in favour of wider experimentation.²²² The incorporation of jazz into the music of bands like Soft Machine and Can also contributed to the development of the jazz rock of bands like Colosseum.²²³ As they moved away from their psychedelic roots and placed increasing emphasis on electronic experimentation, German bands like Kraftwerk, Tangerine Dream, Can, Neu! and Faust developed a distinctive brand of electronic rock, known as kosmische musik, or in the British press as "Kraut rock".²²⁴ The adoption of electronic synthesisers, pioneered by Popol Vuh from 1970, together with the work of figures like Brian Eno (for a time the keyboard player with Roxy Music), would be a major influence on subsequent electronic rock.²²⁵

Psychedelic rock, with its distorted guitar sound, extended solos and adventurous compositions, has been seen as an important bridge between blues-oriented rock and later heavy metal. American bands whose loud, repetitive psychedelic rock emerged as early heavy metal included the Amboy Dukes and Steppenwolf.²²⁶ From England, two former guitarists with the Yardbirds, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page, moved on to form key acts in the genre, The Jeff Beck Group and Led Zeppelin respectively.²²⁷ Other major pioneers of the genre had begun as blues-based psychedelic bands, including Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Judas Priest and UFO.²²⁸²²⁹ Psychedelic music also contributed to the origins of glam rock, with Marc Bolan changing his psychedelic folk duo into rock band T. Rex and becoming the first glam rock star from 1970.²³⁰[verification needed] From 1971 David Bowie moved on from his early psychedelic work to develop his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional make up, mime and performance into his act.²³¹

The jam band movement, which began in the late 1980s, was influenced by the Grateful Dead's improvisational and psychedelic musical style.²³²²³³ The Vermont band Phish developed a sizable and devoted fan following during the 1990s, and were described as "heirs" to the Grateful Dead after the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995.²³⁴²³⁵

Emerging in the 1990s, stoner rock combined elements of psychedelic rock and doom metal. Typically using a slow-to-mid tempo and featuring low-tuned guitars in a bass-heavy sound,²³⁶ with melodic vocals, and 'retro' production,²³⁷ it was pioneered by the Californian bands Kyuss²³⁸ and Sleep.²³⁹ Modern festivals focusing on psychedelic music include Austin Psych Fest in Texas, founded in 2008,²⁴⁰ Liverpool Psych Fest,²⁴¹ and Desert Daze in Southern California.²⁴²

Neo-psychedelia

There were occasional mainstream acts that dabbled in neo-psychedelia, a style of music which emerged in late 1970s post-punk circles. Although it has mainly been an influence on alternative and indie rock bands, neo-psychedelia sometimes updated the approach of 1960s psychedelic rock.²⁴³ Neo-psychedelia may include forays into psychedelic pop, jangly guitar rock, heavily distorted free-form jams, or recording experiments.²⁴⁴ Some of the scene's bands, including the Soft Boys, the Teardrop Explodes, Wah!, Echo & the Bunnymen, became major figures of neo-psychedelia. In the US in the early 1980s it was joined by the Paisley Underground movement, based in Los Angeles and fronted by acts such as Dream Syndicate, the Bangles and Rain Parade.²⁴⁵

In the late '80s in the UK the genre of Madchester emerged in the Manchester area, in which artists merged alternative rock with acid house and dance culture as well as other sources, including psychedelic music and 1960s pop.²⁴⁶²⁴⁷ The label was popularised by the British music press in the early 1990s.²⁴⁸ Erchard talks about it as being part of a "thread of 80s psychedelic rock" and lists as main bands in it the Stone Roses, Happy Mondays and Inspiral Carpets. The rave-influenced scene is widely seen as heavily influenced by drugs, especially ecstasy (MDMA), and it is seen by Erchard as central to a wider phenomenon of what he calls a "rock rave crossover" in the late '80s and early '90s UK indie scene, which also included the Screamadelica album by Scottish band Primal Scream.²⁴⁹

In the 1990s, Elephant 6 collective bands such as The Olivia Tremor Control and The Apples in Stereo mixed the genre with lo-fi influences.²⁵⁰

Later according to Treblezine's Jeff Telrich: "Primal Scream made [neo-psychedelia] dancefloor ready. The Flaming Lips and Spiritualized took it to orchestral realms. And Animal Collective—well, they kinda did their own thing."²⁵¹

See also

• 1960s portal
• Rock music portal

• List of electric blues musicians
• List of psychedelic rock artists

Notes, references, sources

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Bellman, Jonathan (1998). The Exotic in Western Music. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 1-55553-319-1.
• Bennett, Graham (2005). Soft Machine: Out-bloody-rageous. SAF. ISBN 978-0-946719-84-6.
• Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3.
• Brend, Mark (2005). Strange Sounds: Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-87930-855-1.
• Butler, Jan (2014). "Album Art and Posters: The Psychedelic Interplay of Rock Art and Art Rock". In Shephard, Tim; Leonard, Anne (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Music and Visual Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62925-6.
• Case, George (2010). Out of Our Heads: Rock 'n' Roll Before the Drugs Wore Off. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-967-1.
• DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5.
• Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0.
• Gilliland, John (1969). "The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
• Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4.
• Hoffmann, Frank (2004). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94950-1.
• Hoffmann, Frank (2016). Chronology of American Popular Music, 1900-2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-86886-4.
• Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1990). Arts & Entertainment Fads. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press. ISBN 0-86656-881-6.
• Jackson, Andrew Grant (2015). 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-05962-8.
• Kitts, Jeff; Tolinski, Brad (2002). Guitar World Presents Nu-metal. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9780634032875 – via Internet Archive.
• Lambert, Philip (2007). Inside the Music of Brian Wilson: The Songs, Sounds, and Influences of the Beach Boys' Founding Genius. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-0748-0.
• Larson, Tom (2004). History of Rock and Roll. Kendall Hunt. ISBN 978-0-7872-9969-9.
• Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3.
• Levy, Shawn (2002). Ready, Steady, Go!: Swinging London and the Invention of Cool. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-226-4.
• Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.
• MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8.
• McEneaney, Kevin T. (2009). Tom Wolfe's America: Heroes, Pranksters, and Fools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36545-4.
• Miles, Barry (2005). Hippie. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-2873-0.
• Misiroglu, Gina (2015). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. ISBN 9781317477297.
• Nagelberg, Kenneth M. (2001). "Acid Rock". In Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.
• Perry, Charles (1984). The Haight-Ashbury: A History. New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-394-41098-2.
• Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8.
• Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2009). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04216-2.
• Power, Martin (2011). Hot Hired Guitar: The Life of Jeff Beck. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84938-869-6.
• Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3.
• Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6.
• Reising, Russell (2002). "Introduction: 'Of the beginning'". In Reising, Russell (ed.). 'Every Sound There Is': The Beatles' Revolver and the Transformation of Rock and Roll. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-0557-7.
• Reising, Russell; LeBlanc, Jim (2009). "Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68976-2.
• Romanowski, Patricia; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1995). The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-684-81044-1.
• Russo, Greg (2016). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up. Floral Park, New York: Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791845-7-4.
• Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6.
• Shaw, Arnold (1969). The Rock Revolution. New York: Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-782400-1.
• Simonelli, David (2013). Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7051-9.
• Smith, Chris (2009). 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537371-4.
• Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9.
• Unterberger, Richie (2002). "Psychedelic Rock". In Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (eds.). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3.
• Unterberger, Richie (2003). Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-743-9.

Further reading

• Belmo (1999). 20th Century Rock and Roll: Psychedelia. Burlington, Ontario: Collectors Guide Publishing. ISBN 978-1-896522-40-1.
• Bromell, Nick (2002). Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock and Psychedelics in the 1960s. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07562-1.
• Carlin, Peter Ames (2006). Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson. Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-320-2.
• Chapman, Rob (2015). Psychedelia and Other Colours. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-28200-5.
• Hall, Mitchell K. (2014). The Emergence of Rock and Roll: Music and the Rise of American Youth Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-05358-1.
• Joynson, Vernon (2004) Fuzz, Acid and Flowers Revisited: A Comprehensive Guide to American Garage, Psychedelic and Hippie Rock (1964-1975). Borderline ISBN 978-1-899855-14-8.
• Reynolds, Simon (1997). "Back to Eden: Innocence, Indolence and Pastoralism in Psychedelic Music, 1966–1996". In Melechi, Antonio (ed.). Psychedelia Britannica. London: Turnaround. pp. 143–165.

External links

References

1. Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 48 - Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=60Jde3l7WNwC ↩

2. Hicks 2000, p. 63. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

3. Hicks 2000, p. 63. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

4. Hicks 2000, pp. 63–66. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

5. Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 48 - Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=60Jde3l7WNwC ↩

6. Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 48 - Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=60Jde3l7WNwC ↩

7. Prendergast 2003, pp. 25–26. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

8. S. Borthwick and R. Moy, Popular Music Genres: An Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-7486-1745-0, pp. 52–54. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

9. "Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2020. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800 ↩

10. Romanowski & George-Warren 1995, p. 797. - Romanowski, Patricia; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1995). The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-684-81044-1. ↩

11. Prendergast 2003, pp. 25–26. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

12. "Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2020. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800 ↩

13. D. W. Marshall, Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2007), ISBN 0-7864-2922-4, p. 32. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

14. Hicks 2000, pp. 64–66. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

15. Hicks 2000, pp. 64–66. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

16. Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 155–157. ISBN 978-0-8264-2819-6. 978-0-8264-2819-6 ↩

17. DeRogatis 2003, p. 230. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

18. Nagelberg 2001, p. 8. - Nagelberg, Kenneth M. (2001). "Acid Rock". In Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&q=%22acid+rock%22+%22heavy+metal%22&pg=PA8 ↩

19. Gordon Thompson, Please Please Me: Sixties British Pop, Inside Out (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), ISBN 0-19-533318-7, pp. 196–97. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

20. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, pp. 1322–1323. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

21. Pinch & Trocco 2009, p. 289. - Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2009). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04216-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC ↩

22. Prendergast 2003, pp. 25–26. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

23. MacDonald 1998, p. 165fn. - MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8. ↩

24. N. Murray, Aldous Huxley: A Biography (Hachette, 2009), ISBN 0-7481-1231-6, p. 419. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

25. "Logical Outcome of fifty years of art", LIFE, 9 September 1966, p. 68. https://books.google.com/books?id=21UEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22psychedelic+rock%22+%22acid+rock%22&pg=PA68 ↩

26. DeRogatis 2003, pp. 8–9. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

27. Nagelberg 2001, p. 8. - Nagelberg, Kenneth M. (2001). "Acid Rock". In Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&q=%22acid+rock%22+%22heavy+metal%22&pg=PA8 ↩

28. Psychedelic rock at AllMusic https://www.allmusic.com/style/acid-rock-ma0000012327 ↩

29. Eric V. d. Luft, Die at the Right Time!: A Subjective Cultural History of the American Sixties (Gegensatz Press, 2009), ISBN 0-9655179-2-6, p. 173. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

30. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 1322. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

31. DeRogatis 2003, p. 7. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

32. Their keyboardist, Bruce Johnston, went on to join the Beach Boys in 1965. He would recall: "[LSD is] something I've never thought about and never done."[24] /wiki/Bruce_Johnston ↩

33. Power, Martin (2014). Hot Wired Guitar: The Life of Jeff Beck. books.google.com: Omnibus Press. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-1-78323-386-1. 978-1-78323-386-1 ↩

34. Power, Martin (2014). Hot Wired Guitar: The Life of Jeff Beck. books.google.com: Omnibus Press. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-1-78323-386-1. 978-1-78323-386-1 ↩

35. Philo 2015, pp. 62–63. - Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ↩

36. Womack, Kenneth (2017). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four. books.google.com: Greenwood. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-4408-4426-3. 978-1-4408-4426-3 ↩

37. "Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2020. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800 ↩

38. Shaw 1969, p. 189. - Shaw, Arnold (1969). The Rock Revolution. New York: Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-782400-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=X4JCAAAAIAAJ ↩

39. DeRogatis 2003, pp. 87, 242. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

40. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 61–62. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

41. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 142, foreword. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

42. Bellman, pp. 294–295 ↩

43. "How to Play Like DADGAD Pioneer Davey Graham". Guitar World. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. https://www.guitarworld.com/acoustic-nation-lessons/how-play-dadgad-pioneer-davey-graham/30870 ↩

44. Stewart Hope (2005). "Voices green and purple: psychedelic bad craziness and the revenge of the avant-garde". In Christoph Grunenberg; Jonathan Harris (eds.). Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780853239192. 9780853239192 ↩

45. According to Stewart Home, Graham was "the key early figure ... Influential but without much commercial impact, Graham's mix of folk, blues, jazz, and eastern scales backed on his solo albums with bass and drums was a precursor to and ultimately an integral part of the folk rock movement of the later sixties. ... It would be difficult to underestimate Graham's influence on the growth of hard drug use in British counterculture."[34] /wiki/Stewart_Home ↩

46. Hicks 2000, pp. 61–62. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

47. M. Hicks, Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions (University of Illinois Press, 2000), ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4, pp 59–60. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

48. Unterberger, Richie. "The Great San Bernardino Oil Slick & Other Excursions — Album Review". AllMusic. Rovi Corp. Retrieved 25 July 2013. /wiki/Richie_Unterberger ↩

49. Unterberger, Richie. "The Great San Bernardino Oil Slick & Other Excursions — Album Review". AllMusic. Rovi Corp. Retrieved 25 July 2013. /wiki/Richie_Unterberger ↩

50. Unterberger, Richie. "Sandy Bull — Biography". AllMusic. Rovi Corp. Retrieved 16 July 2013. /wiki/Richie_Unterberger ↩

51. Greenwald, Matthew. "Fantasias for Guitar & Banjo — Album Review". AllMusic. Rovi Corp. Retrieved 16 July 2013. http://www.allmusic.com/album/fantasias-for-guitar-banjo-mw0000811015 ↩

52. Miles 2005, p. 26. - Miles, Barry (2005). Hippie. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-2873-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLulFlbAJGgC ↩

53. Miles 2005, p. 26. - Miles, Barry (2005). Hippie. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-2873-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLulFlbAJGgC ↩

54. Miles 2005, p. 26. - Miles, Barry (2005). Hippie. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-2873-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLulFlbAJGgC ↩

55. The growth of underground culture in Britain was facilitated by the emergence of alternative weekly publications like IT (International Times) and Oz which featured psychedelic and progressive music together with the counterculture lifestyle, which involved long hair, and the wearing of wild shirts from shops like Mr Fish, Granny Takes a Trip and old military uniforms from Carnaby Street (Soho) and King's Road (Chelsea) boutiques.[41] /wiki/International_Times ↩

56. DeRogatis 2003, p. 40. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

57. MacDonald 1998, p. 183. - MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8. ↩

58. Hoffmann 2016, p. 269. - Hoffmann, Frank (2016). Chronology of American Popular Music, 1900-2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-86886-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hAI3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 ↩

59. MacDonald 1998, p. 128. - MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8. ↩

60. Jackson 2015, pp. 70–71. - Jackson, Andrew Grant (2015). 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-05962-8. ↩

61. Echard 2017, p. 90. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

62. Echard 2017, pp. 90–91. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

63. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 1322. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

64. Jackson 2015, p. 168. - Jackson, Andrew Grant (2015). 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-05962-8. ↩

65. Prendergast 2003, pp. 228–229. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

66. Unterberger 2003, p. 1. - Unterberger, Richie (2003). Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-743-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=aw6kSkR3eXgC ↩

67. In the song's lyric, the narrator requests: "Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship".[20] Whether this was intended as a drug reference was unclear, but the line would enter rock music when the song was a hit for the Byrds later in the year.[20] ↩

68. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 1322. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

69. Jackson 2015, pp. xix, 85. - Jackson, Andrew Grant (2015). 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-05962-8. ↩

70. Russo 2016, p. 212. - Russo, Greg (2016). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up. Floral Park, New York: Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791845-7-4. ↩

71. Echard 2017, p. 5. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

72. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 154–155. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

73. Bellman 1998, pp. 294–295. - Bellman, Jonathan (1998). The Exotic in Western Music. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 1-55553-319-1. ↩

74. Jackson 2015, p. 256. - Jackson, Andrew Grant (2015). 1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-05962-8. ↩

75. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 173. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

76. While Beck's influence had been Ravi Shankar records,[59] the Kinks' Ray Davies was inspired during a trip to Bombay, where he heard the early morning chanting of Indian fisherman.[57][60] The Byrds were also delving into the raga sound by late 1965, their "music of choice" being Coltrane and Shankar records.[60] That summer they shared their enthusiasm for Shankar's music and its transcendental qualities with George Harrison and John Lennon during a group acid trip in Los Angeles.[61] The sitar and its attending spiritual philosophies became a lifelong pursuit for Harrison, as he and Shankar would "elevate Indian music and culture to mainstream consciousness".[62] ↩

77. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 171. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

78. Bellman 1998, p. 292. - Bellman, Jonathan (1998). The Exotic in Western Music. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 1-55553-319-1. ↩

79. Previously, Indian instrumentation had been included in Ken Thorne's orchestral score for the band's Help! film soundtrack.[58] /wiki/Ken_Thorne ↩

80. Case 2010, p. 27. - Case, George (2010). Out of Our Heads: Rock 'n' Roll Before the Drugs Wore Off. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-967-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=4neuLF3p5ykC ↩

81. Smith 2009, p. 36. - Smith, Chris (2009). 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537371-4. ↩

82. Perry 1984, p. 38. - Perry, Charles (1984). The Haight-Ashbury: A History. New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-394-41098-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=2OcDAQAAIAAJ ↩

83. Shaw 1969, pp. 63, 150. - Shaw, Arnold (1969). The Rock Revolution. New York: Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-782400-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=X4JCAAAAIAAJ ↩

84. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, pp. 1322–1323. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

85. Case 2010, p. 51. - Case, George (2010). Out of Our Heads: Rock 'n' Roll Before the Drugs Wore Off. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-967-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=4neuLF3p5ykC ↩

86. Particularly prominent products of the scene were the Grateful Dead (who had effectively become the house band of the Acid Tests),[70] Country Joe and the Fish, the Great Society, Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Charlatans, Moby Grape, Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Airplane.[71] /wiki/Grateful_Dead ↩

87. Philo 2015, p. 113. - Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ↩

88. Gilliland 1969, shows 41–42. - Gilliland, John (1969). "The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=40 ↩

89. Yehling, Robert (22 February 2005). "The High Times Interview: Marty Balin". Balin Miracles. Archived from the original on 22 February 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20050222091301/http://www.geocities.com/balinmiracles/hightimesart.html ↩

90. Misiroglu 2015, p. 10. - Misiroglu, Gina (2015). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. ISBN 9781317477297. https://books.google.com/books?id=j4KsBwAAQBAJ ↩

91. McEneaney 2009, p. 45. - McEneaney, Kevin T. (2009). Tom Wolfe's America: Heroes, Pranksters, and Fools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36545-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pNzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 ↩

92. N. Talevski, Knocking on Heaven's Door: Rock Obituaries (Omnibus Press, 2006), ISBN 1-84609-091-1, p. 218. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

93. When this proved too small he took over Winterland and then the Fillmore West (in San Francisco) and the Fillmore East (in New York City), where major rock artists from both the US and the UK came to play.[77] /wiki/Winterland ↩

94. McEneaney 2009, p. 45. - McEneaney, Kevin T. (2009). Tom Wolfe's America: Heroes, Pranksters, and Fools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36545-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pNzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 ↩

95. McEneaney 2009, p. 46. - McEneaney, Kevin T. (2009). Tom Wolfe's America: Heroes, Pranksters, and Fools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36545-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pNzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 ↩

96. Echard 2017, p. 29. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

97. DeRogatis 2003, p. 9. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

98. Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 48 - Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=60Jde3l7WNwC ↩

99. Butler 2014, p. 184. - Butler, Jan (2014). "Album Art and Posters: The Psychedelic Interplay of Rock Art and Art Rock". In Shephard, Tim; Leonard, Anne (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Music and Visual Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62925-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=rbc3AAAAQBAJ ↩

100. Savage 2015, pp. 554, 556. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

101. Simonelli 2013, p. 100. - Simonelli, David (2013). Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7051-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=3cd8n1C6on8C ↩

102. Russo 2016, pp. 212–213. - Russo, Greg (2016). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-Up. Floral Park, New York: Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791845-7-4. ↩

103. Bennett 2005, p. 76. - Bennett, Graham (2005). Soft Machine: Out-bloody-rageous. SAF. ISBN 978-0-946719-84-6. ↩

104. Beatles' historian Ian MacDonald comments that Paul McCartney's guitar solo on "Taxman" from Revolver "goes far beyond anything in the Indian style Harrison had done on guitar, the probable inspiration being Jeff Beck's ground-breaking solo on the Yardbirds' astonishing 'Shapes of Things'".[87] /wiki/Ian_MacDonald ↩

105. Santoro, Gene (1991). Beckology (box set booklet). Jeff Beck. Epic Records/Legacy Recordings. p. 17. OCLC 144959074. 48661. /wiki/Beckology ↩

106. Echard 2017, p. 36. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

107. Unterberger 2002, p. 1322. - Unterberger, Richie (2002). "Psychedelic Rock". In Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (eds.). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

108. Power 2011, p. 83. - Power, Martin (2011). Hot Hired Guitar: The Life of Jeff Beck. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84938-869-6. ↩

109. Simonelli 2013, p. 100. - Simonelli, David (2013). Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7051-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=3cd8n1C6on8C ↩

110. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 155. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

111. Savage 2015, p. 123. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

112. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 1322. - Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3. ↩

113. The result of this directness was limited airplay, and there was a similar reaction when Dylan released "Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35" (April 1966), with its repeating chorus of "Everybody must get stoned!"[94] /wiki/Rainy_Day_Women_%E2%99%AF12_%26_35 ↩

114. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 156. - Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. ↩

115. Savage 2015, p. 136. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

116. McPadden, Mike (13 May 2016). "The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and 50 Years of Acid-Pop Copycats". TheKindland. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161109101317/http://www.thekindland.com/the-beach-boys-pet-sounds-and-50-years-of-acid-1433 ↩

117. Anon. "Psychedelic Pop". AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-pop-ma0000011915 ↩

118. Maddux, Rachael (16 May 2011). "Six Degrees of The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds". Wondering Sound. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124623/http://www.wonderingsound.com/connections/six-degrees-of-the-beach-boys-pet-sounds/ ↩

119. Brian Boyd of The Irish Times credits the Byrds' Fifth Dimension (July 1966) with being the first psychedelic album.[100] Unterberger views it as "the first album by major early folk-rockers to break ... into folk-rock-psychedelia".[101] /wiki/The_Irish_Times ↩

120. R. Unterberger, "British Psychedelic" Archived 29 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, AllMusic. Retrieved 7 June 2011. https://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-psychedelic-t684 ↩

121. DeRogatis 2003, pp. 35–40. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

122. Lambert 2007, p. 240. - Lambert, Philip (2007). Inside the Music of Brian Wilson: The Songs, Sounds, and Influences of the Beach Boys' Founding Genius. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-0748-0. ↩

123. Longman, Molly (20 May 2016). "Had LSD Never Been Discovered Over 75 Years Ago, Music History Would Be Entirely Different". Music.mic. https://mic.com/articles/143256/had-lsd-never-been-discovered-over-75-years-ago-music-history-would-be-entirely-different#.1lXG1R2k1 ↩

124. DeRogatis 2003, p. xi. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

125. Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 95. - Reising, Russell; LeBlanc, Jim (2009). "Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68976-2. ↩

126. Philo 2015, p. 111. - Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ↩

127. Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 95. - Reising, Russell; LeBlanc, Jim (2009). "Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68976-2. ↩

128. Savage 2015, p. 317. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

129. Philo 2015, p. 111. - Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ↩

130. Turner 2016, p. 414. - Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9. ↩

131. Levy 2002, p. 241. - Levy, Shawn (2002). Ready, Steady, Go!: Swinging London and the Invention of Cool. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-226-4. ↩

132. Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 100. - Reising, Russell; LeBlanc, Jim (2009). "Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68976-2. ↩

133. Sam Andrew of Big Brother and the Holding Company recalled that the album resonated with musicians in San Francisco,[113] in that the Beatles "had definitely come 'on board'" with regard to the counterculture.[114] In the 1995 documentary series Rock & Roll, Phil Lesh of the Grateful Dead recalled thinking that with Revolver the Beatles had embraced the "psychedelic avant-garde".[115] /wiki/Sam_Andrew ↩

134. Echard 2017, p. 29. - Echard, William (2017). Psychedelic Popular Music: A History through Musical Topic Theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02659-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XJoqDwAAQBAJ ↩

135. Romanowski & George-Warren 1995, pp. 312, 797. - Romanowski, Patricia; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1995). The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-684-81044-1. ↩

136. Savage 2015, p. 518. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

137. Hicks 2000, pp. 60, 74. - Hicks, Michael (2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC ↩

138. Savage 2015, p. 519. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

139. Savage 2015, p. 110. - Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6. ↩

140. The term was used in an article about the band titled "Unique Elevators Shine with 'Psychedelic Rock'", in the 10 February 1966 edition of the Austin American-Statesman.[121] /wiki/Austin_American-Statesman ↩

141. Romanowski & George-Warren 1995, p. 797. - Romanowski, Patricia; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1995). The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-684-81044-1. ↩

142. Mountney, Dan (July 2021). "Sunshine Superman: Celebrating 55 years since Donovan's genre-defining US number one hit". Welwyn Hatfield Times. Retrieved 15 January 2023. https://www.whtimes.co.uk/news/22359617.sunshine-superman-celebrating-55-years-since-donovans-genre-defining-us-number-one-hit/ ↩

143. Morenz, Emily. "Donovan's 'Sunshine Superman,' The First Psychedelic #1 Hit: Facts And Stories". Groovy History. Retrieved 15 January 2023. https://groovyhistory.com/donovan-sunshine-superman-psychedelic-hit/5 ↩

144. DeRogatis 2003, pp. 33–39. - DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C ↩

145. Pinch & Trocco 2009, pp. 86–87. - Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2009). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04216-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC ↩

146. Anon. "Psychedelic Pop". AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-pop-ma0000011915 ↩

147. Butler 2014, p. 184. - Butler, Jan (2014). "Album Art and Posters: The Psychedelic Interplay of Rock Art and Art Rock". In Shephard, Tim; Leonard, Anne (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Music and Visual Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62925-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=rbc3AAAAQBAJ ↩

148. Brend 2005, p. 88. - Brend, Mark (2005). Strange Sounds: Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-87930-855-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=m6KRDxYOp4UC&q=%22acid+rock%22+%22harder%22&pg=PT91 ↩

149. Simonelli 2013, p. 100. - Simonelli, David (2013). Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7051-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=3cd8n1C6on8C ↩

150. British Psychedelia at AllMusic https://www.allmusic.com/style/british-psychedelia-ma0000012038 ↩

151. Prendergast 2003, p. 227. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

152. Prendergast 2003, p. 225. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

153. Writing in 1969, Shaw said New York's Tompkins Square Park was the East Coast "center of hippiedom".[130] He cited the Blues Magoos as the main psychedelic act and as "a group that outdoes the west coasters ... in decibels".[131] /wiki/Tompkins_Square_Park ↩

154. Puterbaugh, Parke (8 April 2003). "The Doors". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/the-doors-114926/ ↩

155. Robb, John (26 October 2023). "A dark history of Goth, a genre obsessed with love and death". Reader's Digest. https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/a-dark-history-of-goth-a-genre-obsessed-with-love-and-death ↩

156. Caulfied, Keith (21 May 2013). "The Doors: A Billboard Chart History". Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/pro/the-doors-a-billboard-chart-history/ ↩

157. MacDonald 1998, p. 191. - MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8. ↩

158. Brend 2005, p. 57. - Brend, Mark (2005). Strange Sounds: Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-87930-855-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=m6KRDxYOp4UC&q=%22acid+rock%22+%22harder%22&pg=PT91 ↩

159. Prendergast 2003, p. 83. - Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. ↩

160. Simonelli 2013, p. 106. - Simonelli, David (2013). Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7051-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=3cd8n1C6on8C ↩

161. Philo 2015, pp. 115–116. - Philo, Simon (2015). British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8627-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ↩

162. Doggett, Peter (2019). Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young: The Biography. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4735-5225-8. 978-1-4735-5225-8 ↩

163. Kitts & Tolinski 2002, p. 6. - Kitts, Jeff; Tolinski, Brad (2002). Guitar World Presents Nu-metal. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9780634032875 – via Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/guitarworldprese00kitt ↩

164. C. Grunenberg and J. Harris, Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-85323-919-3, pp. 83–84. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

165. R. Unterberger, "Nick Drake: biography", AllMusic. Retrieved 7 May 2011. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/nick-drake-p1963/biography ↩

166. B. Sweers, Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-19-515878-4, p. 86. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

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