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RTP payload formats
Multimedia information signaling

The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) specifies a general-purpose data format and network protocol for transmitting digital media streams on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The details of media encoding, such as signal sampling rate, frame size and timing, are specified in an RTP payload format. The format parameters of the RTP payload are typically communicated between transmission endpoints with the Session Description Protocol (SDP), but other protocols, such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) may be used.

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Payload types and formats

The technical parameters of payload formats for audio and video streams are standardised. The standard also describes the process of registering new payload types with IANA.

  • RFC 3550 – RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications,1 Internet Standard 64.
  • RFC 3551 – RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control,2 Internet Standard 65.
  • RFC 3611 – RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR),3 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences,4 Proposed Standard.

Text messaging payload types

Payload formats and types for text messaging are defined in the following specifications:

  • RFC 4103 – RTP Payload for Text Conversation,5 Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2793. Updated by RFC 9071.
  • RFC 9071 – RTP-Mixer Formatting of Multiparty Real-Time Text,6 Proposed Standard.

MIDI payload types

Payload formats and types for MIDI are defined in the following specifications:

Audio and video payload types

Payload formats and types for audio and video are defined in the following specifications:

  • RFC 2029 – RTP Payload Format of Sun's CellB Video Encoding,9 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 2190 – RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams,10 Historic.
  • RFC 2198 – RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data,11 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 2250 – RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video,12 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 2343 – RTP Payload Format for Bundled MPEG,13 Experimental.
  • RFC 2435 – RTP Payload Format for JPEG-compressed Video,14 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 2586 – The Audio/L16 MIME content type,15 Informational.
  • RFC 2658 – RTP Payload Format for PureVoice(tm) Audio,16 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio,17 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 3389 – Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise (CN),18 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 3497 – RTP Payload Format for Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) 292M Video,19 Informational.
  • RFC 3640 – RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams,20 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 3952 – Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for internet Low Bit Rate Codec (iLBC) Speech,21 Experimental.
  • RFC 4175 – RTP Payload Format for Uncompressed Video,22 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4184 – RTP Payload Format for AC-3 Audio,23 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4352 – RTP Payload Format for the Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB+) Audio Codec,24 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4587 – RTP Payload Format for H.261 Video Streams,25 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4598 – Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for Enhanced AC-3 (E-AC-3) Audio,26 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4629 – RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Rec. H.263 Video,27 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4733 – RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals,28 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4749 – RTP Payload Format for the G.729.1 Audio Codec,29 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4788 – Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs,30 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 4867 – RTP Payload Format and File Storage Format for the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) Audio Codecs,31 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5188 – RTP Payload Format for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB) and the Media Subtype Updates for EVRC-B Codec,32 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5215 – RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio,33 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5371 – RTP Payload Format for JPEG 2000 Video Streams,34 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5391 – RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.711.1,35 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5404 – RTP Payload Format for G.719,36 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5574 – RTP Payload Format for the Speex Codec,37 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5577 – RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1,38 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5584 – RTP Payload Format for the Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) Family,39 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5686 – RTP Payload Format for mU-law EMbedded Codec for Low-delay IP Communication (UEMCLIP) Speech Codec,40 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 5993 – RTP Payload Format for Global System for Mobile Communications Half Rate (GSM-HR),41 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 6184 – RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video,42 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 6190 – RTP Payload Format for Scalable Video Coding,43 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 6416 – RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams,44 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 6469 – RTP Payload Format for DV (IEC 61834) Video,45 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 7310 – RTP Payload Format for Standard apt-X and Enhanced apt-X Codecs,46 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 7587 – RTP Payload Format for the Opus Speech and Audio Codec,47 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 7741 – RTP Payload Format for VP8 Video,48 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 7798 – RTP Payload Format for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC),49 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 9134 – RTP Payload Format for ISO/IEC 21122 (JPEG XS),50 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 9607 – RTP Payload Format for the Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) Codec,51 Proposed Standard.
  • RFC 9628 – RTP Payload Format for VP9 Video,52 Proposed Standard.

Payload identifiers 96–127 are used for payloads defined dynamically during a session. It is recommended to dynamically assign port numbers, although port numbers 5004 and 5005 have been registered for use of the profile when a dynamically assigned port is not required.

Applications should always support PCMU (payload type 0). Previously, DVI4 (payload type 5) was also recommended, but this was removed in 2013.53

Payload type (PT)NameTypeNo. of channelsClock rate (Hz)54Frame size (byte)Default packet interval (ms)DescriptionReferences
0PCMUaudio18000any20ITU-T G.711 PCM μ-Law audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
1reserved (previously FS-1016 CELP)audio18000reserved, previously FS-1016 CELP audio 4.8 kbit/sRFC 3551
2reserved (previously G721 or G726-32)audio18000reserved, previously ITU-T G.721 ADPCM audio 32 kbit/s or ITU-T G.726 audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551
3GSMaudio180002020European GSM Full Rate audio 13 kbit/s (GSM 06.10)RFC 3551
4G723audio180003030ITU-T G.723.1 audioRFC 3551
5DVI4audio18000any20IMA ADPCM audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551
6DVI4audio116000any20IMA ADPCM audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
7LPCaudio18000any20Experimental Linear Predictive Coding audio 5.6 kbit/sRFC 3551
8PCMAaudio18000any20ITU-T G.711 PCM A-Law audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
9G722audio1800055any20ITU-T G.722 audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
10L16audio244100any20Linear PCM 16-bit Stereo audio 1411.2 kbit/s,5657: 62 58: 18  uncompressedRFC 3551: 27 
11L16audio144100any20Linear PCM 16-bit audio 705.6 kbit/s, uncompressedRFC 3551: 27 
12QCELPaudio180002020Qualcomm Code Excited Linear PredictionRFC 2658, RFC 3551: 28 
13CNaudio18000Comfort noise. Payload type used with audio codecs that do not support comfort noise as part of the codec itself such as G.711, G.722.1, G.722, G.726, G.727, G.728, GSM 06.10, Siren, and RTAudio.RFC 3389
14MPAaudio1, 2900008–72MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio onlyRFC 2250, RFC 3551
15G728audio180002.520ITU-T G.728 audio 16 kbit/sRFC 3551
16DVI4audio111025any20IMA ADPCM audio 44.1 kbit/sRFC 3551
17DVI4audio122050any20IMA ADPCM audio 88.2 kbit/sRFC 3551
18G729audio180001020ITU-T G.729 and G.729a audio 8 kbit/s; Annex B is implied unless the annexb=no parameter is usedRFC 3551,: 20  RFC 4856: 12 
19reserved (previously CN)audioreserved, previously comfort noiseRFC 3551
25CELLBvideo90000Sun CellB video59RFC 2029
26JPEGvideo90000JPEG videoRFC 2435
28nvvideo90000Xerox PARC's Network Video (nv)6061RFC 3551: 32 
31H261video90000ITU-T H.261 videoRFC 4587
32MPVvideo90000MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 videoRFC 2250
33MP2Taudio/video90000MPEG-2 transport streamRFC 2250
34H263video90000H.263 video, first version (1996)RFC 2190, RFC 3551
72–76reservedreserved because RTCP packet types 200–204 would otherwise be indistinguishable from RTP payload types 72–76 with the marker bit setRFC 3550, RFC 3551
77–95unassignednote that RTCP packet type 207 (XR, Extended Reports) would be indistinguishable from RTP payload types 79 with the marker bit setRFC 3551, RFC 3611
dynamicH263-1998video90000H.263 video, second version (1998)RFC 2190, RFC 3551, RFC 4629
dynamicH263-2000video90000H.263 video, third version (2000)RFC 4629
dynamic (or profile)H264 AVCvideo90000H.264 video (MPEG-4 Part 10)RFC 6184
dynamic (or profile)H264 SVCvideo90000H.264 videoRFC 6190
dynamic (or profile)H265video90000H.265 video (HEVC)RFC 7798
dynamic (or profile)theoravideo90000Theora videodraft-barbato-avt-rtp-theora
dynamiciLBCaudio1800020, 3020, 30Internet low Bitrate Codec 13.33 or 15.2 kbit/sRFC 3952
dynamicPCMA-WBaudio1160005ITU-T G.711.1 A-lawRFC 5391
dynamicPCMU-WBaudio1160005ITU-T G.711.1 μ-lawRFC 5391
dynamicG718audio32000 (placeholder)20ITU-T G.718draft-ietf-payload-rtp-g718
dynamicG719audio(various)4800020ITU-T G.719RFC 5404
dynamicG7221audio16000, 3200020ITU-T G.722.1 and G.722.1 Annex CRFC 5577
dynamicG726-16audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 16 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-24audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 24 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-32audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-40audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 40 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG729Daudio180001020ITU-T G.729 Annex DRFC 3551
dynamicG729Eaudio180001020ITU-T G.729 Annex ERFC 3551
dynamicG7291audio1600020ITU-T G.729.1RFC 4749
dynamicGSM-EFRaudio180002020ITU-T GSM-EFR (GSM 06.60)RFC 3551
dynamicGSM-HR-08audio1800020ITU-T GSM-HR (GSM 06.20)RFC 5993
dynamic (or profile)AMRaudio(various)800020Adaptive Multi-Rate audioRFC 4867
dynamic (or profile)AMR-WBaudio(various)1600020Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband audio (ITU-T G.722.2)RFC 4867
dynamic (or profile)AMR-WB+audio1, 2 or omit7200013.3–40Extended Adaptive Multi Rate – WideBand audioRFC 4352
dynamic (or profile)vorbisaudio(various)(various)Vorbis audioRFC 5215
dynamic (or profile)opusaudio1, 248000622.5–6020Opus audioRFC 7587
dynamic (or profile)speexaudio18000, 16000, 3200020Speex audioRFC 5574
dynamicmpa-robustaudio1, 29000024–72Loss-Tolerant MP3 audioRFC 5219
dynamic (or profile)MP4A-LATMaudio90000 or othersMPEG-4 Audio (includes AAC)RFC 6416
dynamic (or profile)MP4V-ESvideo90000 or othersMPEG-4 VisualRFC 6416
dynamic (or profile)mpeg4-genericaudio/video90000 or otherMPEG-4 Elementary StreamsRFC 3640
dynamicVP8video90000VP8 videoRFC 7741
dynamicVP9video90000VP9 videoRFC 9628
dynamicAV1video90000AV1 videoav1-rtp-spec
dynamicL8audio(various)(various)any20Linear PCM 8-bit audio with 128 offsetRFC 3551: § 4.5.10 : Table 5 
dynamicDAT12audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)IEC 61119 12-bit nonlinear audioRFC 3190: §3 
dynamicL16audio(various)(various)any20Linear PCM 16-bit audioRFC 3551,: § 4.5.11  RFC 2586
dynamicL20audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)Linear PCM 20-bit audioRFC 3190: § 4 
dynamicL24audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)Linear PCM 24-bit audioRFC 3190: § 4 
dynamicrawvideo90000Uncompressed VideoRFC 4175
dynamicac3audio(various)32000, 44100, 48000Dolby AC-3 audioRFC 4184
dynamiceac3audio(various)32000, 44100, 48000Enhanced AC-3 audioRFC 4598
dynamict140text1000Text over IPRFC 4103
dynamicEVRCEVRC0EVRC1audio8000EVRC audioRFC 4788
dynamicEVRCBEVRCB0EVRCB1audio8000EVRC-B audioRFC 4788
dynamicEVRCWBEVRCWB0EVRCWB1audio16000EVRC-WB audioRFC 5188
dynamicjpeg2000video90000JPEG 2000 videoRFC 5371
dynamicUEMCLIPaudio8000, 16000UEMCLIP audioRFC 5686
dynamicATRAC3audio44100ATRAC3 audioRFC 5584
dynamicATRAC-Xaudio44100, 48000ATRAC3+ audioRFC 5584
dynamicATRAC-ADVANCED-LOSSLESSaudio(various)ATRAC Advanced Lossless audioRFC 5584
dynamicDVvideo90000DV videoRFC 6469
dynamicBT656videoITU-R BT.656 videoRFC 3555
dynamicBMPEGvideoBundled MPEG-2 videoRFC 2343
dynamicSMPTE292MvideoSMPTE 292M videoRFC 3497
dynamicREDaudioRedundant Audio DataRFC 2198
dynamicVDVIaudioVariable-rate DVI4 audioRFC 3551
dynamicMP1SvideoMPEG-1 Systems Streams videoRFC 2250
dynamicMP2PvideoMPEG-2 Program Streams videoRFC 2250
dynamictoneaudio8000 (default)toneRFC 4733
dynamictelephone-eventaudio8000 (default)DTMF toneRFC 4733
dynamicaptxaudio2 – 6(equal to sampling rate)4000 ÷ sample rate463aptX audioRFC 7310
dynamicjxsvvideo90000JPEG XS videoRFC 9134
dynamicscipaudio/video8000 or 90000SCIPRFC 9607

See also

References

  1. H. Schulzrinne; S. Casner; R. Frederick; V. Jacobson (July 2003). RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3550. STD 64. RFC 3550. Internet Standard 64. Updated by RFC 8860, 7160, 5761, 5506, 6051, 6222, 7022, 7164 and 8083. Obsoletes RFC 1889. /wiki/Van_Jacobson ↩

  2. H. Schulzrinne; S. Casner (July 2003). RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3551. STD 65. RFC 3551. Internet Standard 65. Updated by RFC 8860, 5761 and 7007. Obsoletes RFC 1890. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3551 ↩

  3. T. Friedman; R. Caceres; A. Clark, eds. (November 2003). RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3611. RFC 3611. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3611 ↩

  4. S. Casner (March 2007). Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4856. RFC 4856. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3555. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4856 ↩

  5. G. Hellstrom; P. Jones (June 2005). RTP Payload for Text Conversation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4103. RFC 4103. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2793. Updated by RFC 9071. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4103 ↩

  6. G. Hellström (July 2021). RTP-Mixer Formatting of Multiparty Real-Time Text. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC9071. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 9071. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4103. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9071 ↩

  7. J. Lazzaro; J. Wawrzynek (June 2011). RTP Payload Format for MIDI. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6295. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6295. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 4695. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6295 ↩

  8. J. Lazzaro; J. Wawrzynek (November 2006). An Implementation Guide for RTP MIDI. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4696. RFC 4696. Informational. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4696 ↩

  9. M. Speer; D. Hoffman (October 1996). RTP Payload Format of Sun's CellB Video Encoding. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2029. RFC 2029. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2029 ↩

  10. C. Zhu (September 1997). RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2190. RFC 2190. Historic. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2190 ↩

  11. C. Perkins; I. Kouvelas; O. Hodson; V. Hardman; M. Handley; J.C. Bolot; A. Vega-Garcia; S. Fosse-Parisis (September 1997). RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2198. RFC 2198. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 6354. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2198 ↩

  12. D. Hoffman; G. Fernando; V. Goyal; M. Civanlar (January 1998). RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2250. RFC 2250. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2038. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2250 ↩

  13. M. Civanlar; G. Cash; B. Haskell (May 1998). RTP Payload Format for Bundled MPEG. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2343. RFC 2343. Experimental. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2343 ↩

  14. L. Berc; W. Fenner; R. Frederick; S. McCanne; P. Stewart (October 1998). RTP Payload Format for JPEG-compressed Video. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2435. RFC 2435. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2035. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2435 ↩

  15. J. Salsman; H. Alvestrand (May 1999). The Audio/L16 MIME content type. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2586. RFC 2586. Informational. /wiki/Harald_Tveit_Alvestrand ↩

  16. K. McKay (August 1999). RTP Payload Format for PureVoice(tm) Audio. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2658. RFC 2658. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2658 ↩

  17. K. Kobayashi; A. Ogawa; A. Ogawa; C. Bormann (January 2002). RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3190. RFC 3190. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3190 ↩

  18. R. Zopf (September 2002). Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise (CN). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3389. RFC 3389. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3389 ↩

  19. L. Gharai; C. Perkins; G. Goncher; A. Mankin (March 2003). RTP Payload Format for Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) 292M Video. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3497. RFC 3497. Informational. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3497 ↩

  20. J. van der Meer; D. Mackie; V. Swaminathan; D. Singer; P. Gentric (November 2003). RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3640. RFC 3640. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 5691. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3640 ↩

  21. A. Duric; S. Andersen (December 2004). Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for internet Low Bit Rate Codec (iLBC) Speech. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3952. RFC 3952. Experimental. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3952 ↩

  22. L. Gharai; C. Perkins (September 2005). RTP Payload Format for Uncompressed Video. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4175. RFC 4175. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 4421. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4175 ↩

  23. B. Link; T. Hager; J. Flaks (October 2005). RTP Payload Format for AC-3 Audio. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4184. RFC 4184. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4184 ↩

  24. J. Sjoberg; M. Westerlund; A. Lakaniemi; S. Wenger (January 2006). RTP Payload Format for the Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB+) Audio Codec. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4352. RFC 4352. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4352 ↩

  25. R. Even (August 2006). RTP Payload Format for H.261 Video Streams. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4587. RFC 4587. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2032. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4587 ↩

  26. B. Link (August 2006). Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for Enhanced AC-3 (E-AC-3) Audio. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4598. RFC 4598. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4598 ↩

  27. J. Ott; C. Bormann; G. Sullivan; S. Wenger (January 2007). R. Even (ed.). RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Rec. H.263 Video. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4629. RFC 4629. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2429. Updates RFC 3555. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4629 ↩

  28. H. Schulzrinne; T. Taylor (October 2006). RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4733. RFC 4733. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 4734, 5244. Obsoletes RFC 2833. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4733 ↩

  29. A. Sollaud (October 2006). RTP Payload Format for the G.729.1 Audio Codec. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4749. RFC 4749. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 5459. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4749 ↩

  30. Q. Xie; R. Kapoor (October 2006). Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4788. RFC 4788. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 5188. Updates RFC 3558. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4788 ↩

  31. J. Sjoberg; M. Westerlund; A. Lakaniemi; Q. Xie (April 2007). RTP Payload Format and File Storage Format for the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) Audio Codecs. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4867. RFC 4867. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3267. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4867 ↩

  32. H. Desineni; Q. Xie (February 2008). RTP Payload Format for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB) and the Media Subtype Updates for EVRC-B Codec. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5188. RFC 5188. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4788. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5188 ↩

  33. L. Barbato (August 2008). RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5215. RFC 5215. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5215 ↩

  34. S. Futemma; E. Itakura; A. Leung (October 2008). RTP Payload Format for JPEG 2000 Video Streams. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5371. RFC 5371. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5371 ↩

  35. A. Sollaud (November 2008). RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.711.1. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5391. RFC 5391. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5391 ↩

  36. M. Westerlund; I. Johansson (January 2009). RTP Payload Format for G.719. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5404. RFC 5404. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5404 ↩

  37. G. Herlein; J. Valin; A. Heggestad; A. Moizard (June 2009). RTP Payload Format for the Speex Codec. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5574. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5574. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3047. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5574 ↩

  38. P. Luthi; R. Even (July 2009). RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5577. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5577. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3047. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5577 ↩

  39. M. Hatanaka; J. Matsumoto (July 2009). RTP Payload Format for the Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) Family. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5584. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5584. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5584 ↩

  40. Y. Hiwasaki; H. Ohmuro (October 2009). RTP Payload Format for mU-law EMbedded Codec for Low-delay IP Communication (UEMCLIP) Speech Codec. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5686. RFC 5686. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5686 ↩

  41. X. Duan; S. Wang; M. Westerlund; K. Hellwig; I. Johansson (October 2010). RTP Payload Format for Global System for Mobile Communications Half Rate (GSM-HR). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC5993. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5993. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5993 ↩

  42. Y.-K. Wang; R. Even; T. Kristensen; R. Jesup (May 2011). RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6184. RFC 6184. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3984. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6184 ↩

  43. S. Wenger; Y.-K. Wang; T. Schierl; A. Eleftheriadis (May 2011). RTP Payload Format for Scalable Video Coding. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6190. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6190. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6190 ↩

  44. M. Schmidt; F. de Bont; S. Doehla; J. Kim (October 2011). RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6416. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6416. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3016. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6416 ↩

  45. K. Kobayashi; K. Mishima; S. Casner; C. Bormann (December 2011). RTP Payload Format for DV (IEC 61834) Video. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6469. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6469. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3189. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6469 ↩

  46. J. Lindsay; H. Foerster (July 2014). RTP Payload Format for Standard apt-X and Enhanced apt-X Codecs. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7310. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7310. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7310 ↩

  47. J. Spittka; K. Vos; JM. Valin (June 2015). RTP Payload Format for the Opus Speech and Audio Codec. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7587. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7587. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7587 ↩

  48. P. Westin; H. Lundin; M. Glover; J. Uberti; F. Galligan (March 2016). RTP Payload Format for VP8 Video. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7741. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7741. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7741 ↩

  49. Y.-K. Wang; Y. Sanchez; T. Schierl; S. Wenger; M. M. Hannuksela (March 2016). RTP Payload Format for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7798. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7798. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7798 ↩

  50. T. Bruylants; A. Descampe; C. Damman; T. Richter (June 2022). RTP Payload Format for ISO/IEC 21122 (JPEG XS). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC9134. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 9134. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9134 ↩

  51. D. Hanson; M. Faller; K. Maver (July 2024). RTP Payload Format for the Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) Codec. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC9607. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 9607. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9607 ↩

  52. J. Uberti; S. Holmer; M. Flodman; D. Hong (March 2025). RTP Payload Format for VP9 Video. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC9628. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 9628. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9628 ↩

  53. T. Terriberry (August 2013). Update to Remove DVI4 from the Recommended Codecs for the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control (RTP/AVP). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7007. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7007. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 3551. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7007 ↩

  54. The "clock rate" is the rate at which the timestamp in the RTP header is incremented, which need not be the same as the codec's sampling rate. For instance, video codecs typically use a clock rate of 90000 so their frames can be more precisely aligned with the RTCP NTP timestamp, even though video sampling rates are typically in the range of 1–60 samples per second. ↩

  55. Although the sampling rate for G.722 is 16000, its clock rate is 8000 to remain backwards compatible with RFC 1890, which incorrectly used this value.[2]: 14 ↩

  56. J. Salsman; H. Alvestrand (May 1999). The Audio/L16 MIME content type. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2586. RFC 2586. Informational. /wiki/Harald_Tveit_Alvestrand ↩

  57. R. Kumar; M. Mostafa (May 2001). Conventions for the use of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer Connections. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3108. RFC 3108. Proposed Standard. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3108 ↩

  58. S. Casner (March 2007). Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4856. RFC 4856. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3555. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4856 ↩

  59. XIL Programmer's Guide, Chapter 22 "CellB Codec". August 1997. Retrieved on 2014-07-19. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19504-01/802-5863/802-5863.pdf ↩

  60. nv - network video on Henning Schulzrinne's website, Network Video on The University of Toronto's website, Retrieved on 2009-07-09. https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/rtp/nv.html ↩

  61. Ron Frederick Github with source code https://github.com/ronf/nv ↩

  62. Because Opus can change sampling rates dynamically, its clock rate is fixed at 48000, even when the codec will be operated at a lower sampling rate. The maxplaybackrate and sprop-maxcapturerate parameters in SDP can be used to indicate hints/preferences about the maximum sampling rate to encode/decode. /wiki/Session_Description_Protocol ↩

  63. For aptX, the packetization interval must be rounded down to the nearest packet interval that can contain an integer number of samples. So at sampling rates of 11025, 22050, or 44100, a packetization rate of "4" is rounded down to 3.99. ↩