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Ramdev
Indian yoga teacher and businessman

Ramdev, born Ram Kisan Yadav between 1965 and 1975, is a renowned Indian yoga guru and businessman famous for promoting yoga and ayurveda. Since 2002, he has conducted large yoga camps and broadcast sessions on TV. In 2006, he co-founded Patanjali Ayurved and Patanjali Yogpeeth with Balkrishna. Politically, Ramdev is aligned with the BJP and led anti-corruption protests in 2011–2012 advocating for repatriation of black money. Despite his influence, he has faced criticism over his views on modern medicine. In April 2022, The Indian Express ranked him as the 78th most powerful Indian.

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Early life and education

Ramdev, originally named Ram Kisan Yadav, was born between 1965 and 19751819 in Haryanvi family in Alipur village of Mahendragarh district of Haryana.2021 He was born to Ram Niwas and Gulabo Devi,22 who were poor illiterate farmers.2324 He has an older brother,25 a younger brother,26 and a younger sister.27 Since childhood, the left side of his face has been partly paralyzed perhaps owing to a congenital disability or a childhood illness.28

Ramdev initially attended a government school at Shahbazpur, Haryana29 until the eight standard.30 At a young age, Ramdev was drawn to the writings by Dayananda Saraswati that he quit the government school where the curriculum was a leftover of the education policy introduced by British politician Babinton Macaulay.31 At around the age of nine, he pursued study in Khanpur at a gurukula system.32 Ramdev attended Arsh Gurukul Mahavidyalaya from 1984 to 1989.33 At the age of fourteen, he moved to Kalwa to attend a gurukula and studied under one of his principal gurus, Acharya Baldevji.34 This is where he met Balkrishna as a fellow student.35 In Kalwa, he studied the Sanskrit language and literature, Hindu philosophical and religious texts, and traditions of yoga and asceticism.36 While living in Kalwa, he offered free yoga training to villagers.37

After completing his studies in 1992, Ramdev traveled to Haridwar to stay at the Kripalu Bagh Ashram under the guidance of Shankardevi Maharaj.38 At Kripalu Bagh Ashram, he learned yoga from Acharya Karamveer,39 also an Arya Samaj.40 Ramdev took vows of renunciation, adopted sannyasa, and took the name Ramdev.4142 Ramdev and Karamveer held yoga camps throughout India and sold chawanprash in Haridwar together.43

On 5 January 1995,44 Balkrishna, Ramdev, and Acharya Karamveer founded Divya Yoga Mandir Trust, which was set up at the Kripalu Bagh Ashram in Haridwar.454647 Under the Divya Yoga Mandir Trust, they offered yoga camps and established an Ayurvedic pharmacy.48

Patanjali

Patanjali Ayurved

Main article: Patanjali Ayurved

Patanjali Ayurved is a consumer packaged goods company, based in Haridwar, that was started by Ramdev and Balkrishna in 2006.49 The company is one of the highest grossing FMCG's in India.50 In FY22, Patanjali Ayurved posted revenues of Rs 10,664.46 crore.51 Balkrishna serves as the CEO of Patanjali Ayurved with 96% ownership and supervises its day-to-day activities, while Ramdev serves as the face of the company and makes most of the business decisions.525354

Ramdev has advocated for Indian nationalism in the tradition of the swadeshi movement through the production and sale of Patanjali Ayurved products, and he has encouraged Indian citizens to reject multinational brands.5556575859

Members of Ramdev's family relocated to Haridwar and several have participated in his business ventures.60 His father has overseen some activities at Patanjali Ayurved.6162 His younger brother Ram Bharat has been described as the company's de facto CEO.6364

Ramdev declared net worth of his personal assets at around "₹1,100 crore" in 2013.65

The company has been accused of creating misleading advertisements about its products and conducting insufficient testing before launching products in the marketplace.66 Some products like amla juice have been banned from sales due to poor quality by the Indian government.6768 Patanjali has also been surrounded by controversies regarding working conditions where Ramdev and Balkrishna are treated like gurus whose feet must be touched each time they enter an area.69 Factory workers are paid a salary of Rs 6000 per month while working 12-hour shifts, six days a week.70 They are also discouraged to ask for a raise as working at factory is considered "seva" (voluntary service) to the cause.717273

In May 2018, Ramdev launched Swadeshi Samriddhi SIM cards in partnership with BSNL.74

In March 2025, Patanjali Ayurved entered into Insurance sector by acquiring majority stake of Magma General Insurance Limited.75

Patanjali Yogpeeth

Main article: Patanjali Yogpeeth

Patanjali Yogpeeth is an institute founded for the promotion and practice of Yoga and Ayurveda. It has two Indian campuses, Patanjali Yogpeeth I and Patanjali Yogpeeth II in Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Other locations include UK, US, Nepal, Canada and Mauritius.76 Ramdev is the Vice-Chancellor of the Patanjali Yogpeeth.77 In 2006, Ramdev established a registered charity in the UK known as the Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, which had the stated objective of supporting Patanjali Yogpeeth (India) through the promotion of Ayurveda and pranayama yoga in the UK.78 To extend Patanjali Yogpeeth, he also acquired the Scottish island of Little Cumbrae.7980 In 2012, Ramdev established the Divya Yog Pharmacy in Haridwar.81

In 2017, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) through its Delhi bench gave tax exempt status to Patanjali Yogpeeth.82

In March 2018, 92 scholars of various different castes and backgrounds were initiated by Ramdev as sanyasis, or renunciants, at the Patanjali Yogpeeth in Haridwar.83 In 2022, Ramdev announced that sanyasis will serve as trustees of the Patanjali Yogpeeth and Divya Yoga Mandir.84 The sanyasis initiated by Ramdev studied Hindu scriptures for at least seven years at Patanjali Yogpeeth and a number of them have advanced degrees from universities.85

Social and political activities

Social engagement

In 2006, Ramdev was invited by Kofi Annan to deliver a lecture on poverty alleviation at a United Nations conference.8687 In October 2014, he was one of the nine personalities invited by the Prime Minister Modi to participate and promote the message of cleanliness when Swachh Bharat Mission was launched.88

Bharat Swabhiman

In 2010, Ramdev announced plans to form a political party.89 In 2011, he stated that he did not have political ambitions, and instead of forming a political party, he would focus on fighting against nationwide corruption.90 In 2014, Ramdev announced that Bharat Swabhiman would contest some constituencies in the general election of that year and form alliances with some other parties.91 It was at this time that he voiced his support for Narendra Modi to become the next Prime Minister of India, and he signed nine pledges with BJP leaders on institutional and cultural reforms.929394 The Gujarat High Court allowed the Trust to hold yoga camps in 2014 as long as the camps were not political in nature.95

In 2014, the Bharat Swabhiman Trust, Divya Yog Mandir Trust, and Patanjali Yogpeeth Trust were under scrutiny by the ECI for allegedly funding election expenses for political parties.96

Campaigns against corruption

Main article: 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement

In April 2011, Ramdev called on the government to add punitive powers to the Jan Lokpal Bill, a bill to appoint an independent body to investigate alleged government corruption.97 Relatedly, Ramdev announced he would go on an anshan hunger strike at Ramlila Ground in Delhi, on 4 June 2011, to pressure the government to root out corruption and repatriate black money.98 A week before the scheduled fast, the government set up a committee, headed by the chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes, to suggest steps to curb black money and its transfer abroad.99 Talks continued between the two sides and, on 3 June, both sides claimed that a consensus had been reached on most issues. However, in the evening, Ramdev announced that he would still carry on with his hunger strike.100101

During the first day of the strike, government minister Kapil Sibal publicized a letter from Ramdev's camp stating that the hunger strike would end if the government honoured its commitments.102 Ramdev took it as a betrayal by the government and hardened his position.103

Shortly before midnight on the first day, a Delhi police spokesman announced that permission for the gathering had been revoked because permission was only granted for a 5,000 person yoga camp, and not for a protest of 50,000 people.104 At midnight, over 5,000 police officers disrupted the protest and used Tear gas shells and a lathicharge to drive away protesters.105106 Ramdev tried to escape capture by disguising himself in women's clothes but was eventually arrested and flown back to his ashram in Haridwar and banned from entering Delhi for 15 days.107108 On reaching Haridwar, Ramdev told reporters that his fast was not over yet and he would continue with his satyagraha civil resistance.109

Police reported that 53 citizens and ten police members were injured and treated in hospitals.110 There were accusations that women protesters had been badly treated by the police, who alleged that they had objects thrown at them by protesters.111112 One female protester suffered a spinal injury and later died in a hospital from cardiac arrest.113 In a statement, Ramdev highlighted her sacrifice and noted that they would honor her by fighting against corruption in India.114

Aftermath of the Delhi protest

Ramdev accused the government of cheating him, and alleged that there was a conspiracy to kill him.115 Leaders of the BJP said that the police action had been a shameful chapter in the democracy of this country.116 BJP leader LK. Advani called it naked fascism.117 India's Supreme Court asked the government for an explanation.118

Ramdev was supported by civil society activists as well.119 Activist Anna Hazare called the crackdown a "strangulation of democracy".120 Hazare indicated that the action could have been compared to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre if the policed had fired ammunition.121 Thousands of supporters in other cities continued their fast in protest.122

Ramdev ended his fast on the ninth day, after being hospitalised two days earlier.123124 His decision to end the protest was welcomed by politicians from the BJP, Janata Party and Congress Party.125126127

Ambedkar stadium fast movement

As a part of the "India against corruption" movement, Ramdev launched another indefinite protest on 10 August 2012 against the government's failure to act against corruption and repatriate money.128 He announced that his future strategy depended upon the government's response to his protest.129 Ramdev ended the fast at Delhi's Ambedkar Stadium on 14 August 2012, and announced he was returning to Haridwar.130131 At Ambedkar, Ramdev said, "we are leaving because we won."132

Television

Ramdev began appearing on TV as a yoga guru in 2002, first with Sanskar TV.133 The following year, in 2003, Aastha TV began featuring him in its morning yoga slot.134 He proved to be telegenic and gained a large following.135 A large number of people, including some celebrities from India and abroad, attended his Yoga camps.136137 He taught students in foreign countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. He also addressed Muslim clerics at their seminary in Deoband, Uttar Pradesh in 2009.138 At Yog Gram, his main yoga centre,139 Ramdev practices and teaches yoga in an auditorium, for TV broadcast. In 2017, he was also a judge of a reality show entitled, "Om Shanti Om", where contestants sang devotional songs.140

Controversies

Labour law violations and animal contents

Main article: Ramdev labour law and medicine mislabelling controversy

In March 2005, 115 employees of Divya Yoga Mandir Trust began a protest for minimum wages and employees' rights, such as coverage under the Provident Fund and Employees' State Insurance Corporation.141 Management agreed to pay minimum wage and not initiate disciplinary actions against the employees protesting and, in turn, the employees agreed that they would restore normalcy in the workplace.142 However, the Trust refused to take back some of the employees, accusing them of committing sabotage.143 Their case was taken up by the Centre of Indian Trade Unions CITU, affiliated with the Communist Party of India Marxist CPI(M).144145

Brinda Karat, a senior figure in the CPI(M), took up the cause of the dismissed employees.146 They indicated that human bones and animal parts were used in some herbal medicines manufactured by Divya Pharmacy, which is owned by Divya Yog Mandir Trust.147 The dismissed employees provided samples that were tested at government laboratories, where the presence of animal materials in the sample was confirmed.148 However, the source of the samples was disputed, since they had been given to Karat by the protesting employees and not procured by government officials.149150 Karat produced what were claimed to be the prescription and cash receipts for the samples, which were obtained from the Trust's hospital medicine counter.151152153 Ramdev denied the results and further testing conflicted with the previous tests.154155 He received support from politicians, such as Sharad Pawar.156157158 Karat received a legal notice on behalf of a BJP leader in Faridabad, ordering her to apologize publicly or face legal action.159160

Rajiv Dixit

Rajiv Dixit, Ramdev's advisor, died of a cardiac arrest on 30 November 2010 in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh.161162 The New York Times claim that a few of Ramdev's friends believe that he may have been involved in Dixit's death, however, he has denied any involvement.163164165

Homosexuality

In 2013, the Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutionality of Section 377, which in part criminalized homosexuality. Ramdev approved, saying homosexuality is a disease which needs to be cured.166167

Sharbat jihad row

He was criticized by the Delhi High Court for his "sharbat jihad" remarks targeting Hamdard’s ‘Rooh Afza’. The court stated that Ramdev was "not under anyone’s control" and "lived in his own world."168169

Medicine

COVID-19

Ramdev sparked several controversies related to diagnosing and curing COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic.170 He claimed that holding one's breath could help one diagnose the virus, and further claimed that mustard oil could treat the virus, both of which lacked scientific basis.171 In May 2021, he questioned the need for oxygen amongst COVID-19 patients, but later withdrew his remarks after facing criticism from doctors.172 But the back-handed apology did not last long as he again took a swipe at allopathy in an open letter, asking "If allopathy is so efficient, why do allopathic doctors fall ill and does allopathy have any medicine to ensure transition of a violent man into a decent one". Dr Jaswant of the Resident Doctors Association at AIIMS told that the "language of (Ramdev's) letter is not an apology".173 Indian Medical Association's (IMA) national vice-president, Dr. Navjot Singh Dahiya, filed a police complaint against Ramdev for allegedly creating the wrong perception about treatments and for allegedly using defamatory and insulting language towards doctors.174

In June 2020, Patanjali Ayurved announced a drug named Coronil for COVID-19 treatment, marketing it as a cure for COVID-19 patients.175176 The day after the launch, a criminal complaint was filed against Ramdev and his partner, Balkrishna, in Muzaffarpur court by a social worker for misleading and putting the lives of a large number of people at risk.177178 The Indian government allowed Patanjali Ayurved to market Coronil as an immunity booster but not a cure, banning it from selling as a COVID-19 cure.179180 The Government of Maharashtra banned the sale of Coronil in the state, citing that the World Health Organisation had not certified the medicine.181 Lawsuits were filed in Bihar and Rajasthan against Ramdev, Balkrishna, and others, accusing them of cheating and selling fake medicines.182183 The Madras High Court fined the company ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$14,000 in 2023) for "exploiting fear and panic among the general public by projecting a cure for the coronavirus."184185 Patanjali withdrew the claim of Coronil being a cure for COVID-19.186 The UK drug regulator threatened action if the unauthorized products were sold in the UK market.187

On 18 August 2022, Delhi High Court told Baba Ramdev not to mislead people against modern medicine after questioning the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and to avoid making any claims other than what is deemed official about Patanjali's Coronil.188189

Comments against modern medicine

In late May 2021, Ramdev sparked a controversy when he claimed that modern medical science is a "stupid science" and that patients have died due to it.190 As a result, the IMA claimed that he was creating fear and frustration among the public to sell his drugs.191 The IMA also demanded the Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan take action against Ramdev and prosecute him under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 to save lives.192193 The Delhi Medical Association demanded an FIR against him.194 Later, Patanjali's Balkrishna clarified that Ramdev has "no ill-will against modern science and good practitioners of modern medicine".195 After facing pressure from the Health Minister, Ramdev eventually withdrew his comments and issued an apology.196197

Following the withdrawal, he posted 25 questions to IMA in an 'open letter' regarding treatments for several diseases.198 He courted sharp criticism from the medical community when he claimed that, "[d]octors should not fall ill at all if allopathy is all powerful and 'sarvagun sampanna' (having all good qualities)".199200 IMA's Uttarakhand division sent a defamation notice to Ramdev and expressed that they would demand ₹1,000 crore (equivalent to ₹11 billion or US$130 million in 2023) if he didn't issue an apology.201 In a new video, he was seen reacting to the demand by saying, "even their father cannot arrest him".202

During a yoga camp in Haridwar, Ramdev said several allopathy practitioners with MBBS and MD degrees were facing the side-effects of allopathy and are now turning towards yoga and ayurveda.203 He said his target would be to convert 1000 doctors to ayurveda within a year.204

On 3 June 2021, the Delhi High Court refused to issue an injunction against Ramdev, noting that his comments fall under the right to freedom of speech and expression.205 In February 2024, the Supreme Court issued a contempt notice against him after he continued advertising misleading claims for Patanjali products despite assurances to the contrary in the court.206

Controversial remarks

In March 2017, Ramdev said at an event in Rohtak that he would have beheaded people who refused to chant Bharat Mata Ki Jai if there was no law, but backtracked his statement a month later.207208

In February 2023, Ramdev said Muslims think offering prayers legitimize terrorism and abducting Hindu girls.209

Awards and recognitions

  • January 2007 – Honorary Doctorate, by Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, in recognition of his efforts to popularise the Vedic system/science of Yoga.210
  • July 2007 – Legislature of the U.S. State of New Jersey honored Ramdev for his commitment to improving health in mind, body and spirit and to enhancing the well-being of people from all social backgrounds.211
  • July 2007 – Some members of the British House of Commons hosted a reception for him.212213
  • September 2007 – Felicitated by KL. Chugh, Chairman of ASSOCHAM at the 5th Global Knowledge Millennium Summit.214
  • January 2009 – Conferred with the title Mahamahopadhyaya by Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.215
  • January 2011 – Honoured with Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati National Eminence Award by Maharashtra Governor K. Shankaranarayanan.216
  • July 2012 – Honoured with Tarun Kranti Award at Ahmedabad in National Icon category by Narendra Modi, the current Prime Minister of India. The award is constituted by eminent Digambara Jain monk Tarunsagar.217
  • January 2015 – Considered for Padma Vibushan, second highest civilian award but day before 66th Republic day, refrained from taking noting he is an ascetic.218219220
  • April 2015 – Government of Haryana appointed Ramdev as brand ambassador of Yoga and Ayurveda. He was given the status of Cabinet minister for Haryana but he declined.221222
  • May 2016 American business magazine Fast Company ranked Ramdev 27th in its Most Creative Business People of 2016 list.223
  • April 2017 – Magazine India Today ranked Ramdev #5th in India's 50 Most powerful people of 2017 list.224
  • April 2022 – The Indian Express ranked Ramdev 78th in the list of 100 Most Powerful Indians in 2022 (IE 100).225

Bibliography

  1. Ramdev, Swami (2009). Prāṇāyāma Rahasya: Secrets of Prāṇāyāma, with Scientific Factual Evidence. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-89235-01-7.
  2. Ramdev, Swami (1 March 2006). Yog Its Philosophy & Practice. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-89235-15-4.
  3. Ramdev, Swami (2005). Aushadh Darshan. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-89235-24-6.
  4. Ramdev, Swami (2004). Vitality Strengthening Astavarga Plants (Jeevaniya & Vayasthapan Paudhe). Divya Yog Mandir Trust. ISBN 978-81-89235-03-1.

Ramdev is being played by Kranti Prakash Jha in Swami Ramdev – Ek Sangharsh earlier aired on Discovery Jeet.226

Patanajali Ayurveda Limited remains one of the top ten advertisers in India, and Ramdev's face has become ubiquitous.227

Notes

Further reading

  • Verma, Sunanda (2018). Namaste, Baba Ramdev! He made billions think & act on health. The Indologist pte. ltd. ISBN 978-9814782203.
  • Narain, Priyanka Pathak (2017). From Godman to Business Tycoon: The Untold Story of Baba Ramdev. Juggernaut Publications. ISBN 978-9386228383.
  • Deo, Sandeep (2017). Yoga Guru to Swadeshi Warrior: The True Story of Baba Ramdev. Bloomsbury India. ISBN 9789386643261.
  • Deka, Kaushik (2017). The Baba Ramdev Phenomenon: From Moksha to Market. Rupa publications. ISBN 9788129145970.
  • Raj, Ashok (2010). The Life and Times of Baba Ramdev. Hay House India. ISBN 9789381398098.
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References

  1. The first name has been spelled Ram Kisan,[1] Ramkishen,[6] or Ramkrishna[7] by various outlets. ↩

  2. Narain, Priyanka Pathak (31 July 2017). "How Baba Ramdev became the Guru of Yoga Programming on Indian TV". Firstpost. Retrieved 30 May 2021. http://www.firstpost.com/living/how-baba-ramdev-became-the-guru-of-yoga-programming-on-indian-tv-3877317.html ↩

  3. "HT Editorial: Not Ayurveda vs allopathy". Hindustan Times. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021. https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/not-ayurveda-vs-allopathy-101621927390316.html ↩

  4. Robert F. Worth (26 July 2018). "The Billionaire Yogi Behind Modi's Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/magazine/the-billionaire-yogi-behind-modis-rise.html ↩

  5. "Baba Ramdev: Who is he?". IndiaToday.in. 14 August 2012. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/baba-ramdev-who-is-he-113232-2012-08-14 ↩

  6. Robert F. Worth (26 July 2018). "The Billionaire Yogi Behind Modi's Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/magazine/the-billionaire-yogi-behind-modis-rise.html ↩

  7. Robert F. Worth (26 July 2018). "The Billionaire Yogi Behind Modi's Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/magazine/the-billionaire-yogi-behind-modis-rise.html ↩

  8. Limaye, Yogita (21 December 2015). "The yoga guru turned company boss". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35097567 ↩

  9. Telles, Shirley; Yadav, Arti; Bhardwaj, Abhishek Kumar; Sharma, Sachin Kumar; Singh, Nilkamal (2013). "Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar: An Ayurveda center which includes treatment, research, and education". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 4 (2): 120–122. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.113885. PMC 3737445. PMID 23930046. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737445 ↩

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  13. "Ramdev to launch people's movement to root out corruption". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121109235942/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041453631100.htm ↩

  14. "Baba Ramdev launches second round of protest". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 August 2022. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/baba-ramdev-launches-second-round-of-protest/articleshow/15416033.cms ↩

  15. "Coronavirus: The health advice that is misleading or worse". BBC News. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52532651 ↩

  16. "From calling allopathy a 'stupid science' to dubbing Coronil as Covid cure: Ramdev's controversial remarks". The Indian Express. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2022. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramdev-coronil-allopathy-coronavirus-doctors-remarks-7329359/ ↩

  17. "IE100: The most powerful Indians in 2022". The Indian Express. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022. https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/ie100-the-most-powerful-indians-in-2022-7842489/ ↩

  18. Pathak-Narain, Priyanka (28 July 2017). "The yogi and his epic story". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 May 2022. https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-yogi-and-his-epic-story/article19377742.ece ↩

  19. Sarbacker, Stuart Ray (2014). "Swami Ramdev: Modern Yoga Revolutionary". In Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-993872-8. 978-0-19-993872-8 ↩

  20. Ahmad, Omair (3 October 2018). "Interview: The Many, Many Things We Don't Know About Baba Ramdev". The Wire. Retrieved 8 November 2018. https://thewire.in/books/interview-baba-ramdev-patanjali ↩

  21. Sarbacker, Stuart Ray (2014). "Swami Ramdev: Modern Yoga Revolutionary". In Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-993872-8. 978-0-19-993872-8 ↩

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