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Ringo Starr
British musician, drummer for the Beatles

Sir Richard Starkey, known as Ringo Starr, is an English musician famous as the drummer for the Beatles, contributing vocals on hits like "Yellow Submarine" and "With a Little Help from My Friends." Before joining the Beatles in 1962, replacing Pete Best, he played with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. After the band's breakup, Starr had solo hits such as "It Don't Come Easy" and "Photograph." Renowned for his distinctive drumming and inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, he has toured extensively with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, continuing his influential musical legacy.

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Early life

Richard Starkey6 was born on 7 July 1940 at 9 Madryn Street in Dingle, an inner-city area of Liverpool. He is the only child of confectioners Richard Starkey (1 October 1913 – 5 December 1981) and Elsie Gleave (19 October 1914 – 1 January 1987).7 Elsie enjoyed singing and dancing, a hobby that she shared with her husband, an avid fan of swing.8 Prior to the birth of their son, whom they called "Ritchie", the couple had spent much of their free time on the local ballroom circuit, but their regular outings ended soon after his birth.9 Elsie adopted an overprotective approach to raising her son that bordered on fixation. Subsequently, "Big Ritchie", as Starkey's father became known, lost interest in his family, choosing instead to spend long hours drinking and dancing in pubs, sometimes for several consecutive days.10

In an effort to reduce their housing costs, his family moved in 1944 to another neighbourhood in the Dingle, Admiral Grove; soon afterwards his parents separated, and they divorced within the year.11 Starkey later stated that he has "no real memories" of his father, who made little effort to bond with him, visiting as few as three times thereafter.12 Elsie found it difficult to survive on her ex-husband's support payments of thirty shillings a week, so she took on several menial jobs cleaning houses before securing a position as a barmaid, an occupation that she held for twelve years.13

At the age of six, Starkey developed appendicitis. Following a routine appendectomy he contracted peritonitis, causing him to fall into a coma that lasted days.14 His recovery spanned twelve months, which he spent away from his family at Liverpool's Myrtle Street children's hospital.15 Upon his discharge in May 1948, his mother allowed him to stay at home, causing him to miss school.16 At age eight, he remained illiterate, with a poor grasp of mathematics.17 His lack of education contributed to a feeling of alienation at school, which resulted in his regularly playing truant at Sefton Park.18 After several years of twice-weekly tutoring from his surrogate sister and neighbour, Marie Maguire Crawford, Starkey had nearly caught up to his peers academically, but in 1953, he contracted tuberculosis and was admitted to a sanatorium, where he remained for two years.19 During his stay the medical staff made an effort to stimulate motor activity and relieve boredom by encouraging their patients to join the hospital band, leading to his first exposure to a percussion instrument: a makeshift mallet made from a cotton bobbin that he used to strike the cabinets next to his bed.20 Soon afterwards, he grew increasingly interested in drumming, receiving a copy of the Alyn Ainsworth song "Bedtime for Drums" as a convalescence gift from Crawford.21 Starkey commented: "I was in the hospital band ... That's where I really started playing. I never wanted anything else from there on ... My grandparents gave me a mandolin and a banjo, but I didn't want them. My grandfather gave me a harmonica ... we had a piano – nothing. Only the drums."22

Starkey attended St Silas, a Church of England primary school near his house where his classmates nicknamed him "Lazarus", and later Dingle Vale Secondary modern school, where he showed an aptitude for art and drama, as well as practical subjects including mechanics.23 As a result of the prolonged hospitalisations, he fell behind his peers scholastically and was ineligible for the 11-plus qualifying examination required for attendance at a grammar school.24 After the extended hospital stay following Starkey's recovery from tuberculosis, he did not return to school, preferring instead to stay at home and listen to music while playing along by beating biscuit tins with sticks.25 On 17 April 1954, Starkey's mother married Harry Graves at the register office on Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.26 He was an ex-Londoner who had moved to Liverpool following the failure of his first marriage. Graves, an impassioned fan of big band music and their vocalists, introduced Starkey to recordings by Dinah Shore, Sarah Vaughan and Billy Daniels.27 Graves stated that he and "Ritchie" never had an unpleasant exchange between them; Starkey later commented: "He was great ... I learned gentleness from Harry."28

Beatles biographer Bob Spitz described Starkey's upbringing as "a Dickensian chronicle of misfortune".29 Houses in the area were "poorly ventilated, postage-stamp-sized ... patched together by crumbling plaster walls, with a rear door that opened onto an outhouse."30 Crawford commented: "Like all of the families who lived in the Dingle, he was part of an ongoing struggle to survive."31 The children who lived there spent much of their time at Prince's Park, escaping the soot-filled air of their coal-fuelled neighbourhood.32 Adding to their difficult circumstances, violent crime was an almost constant concern for people living in one of the oldest and poorest inner-city districts in Liverpool.33 Starkey later commented: "You kept your head down, your eyes open, and you didn't get in anybody's way."34

After his return home from the sanatorium in late 1955, Starkey entered the workforce but was lacking in motivation and discipline; his initial attempts at gainful employment proved unsuccessful.35 In an effort to secure himself some warm clothes, he briefly held a railway worker's job with British Rail, which came with an employer-issued suit. He was supplied with a hat but no uniform and, unable to pass the physical examination, he was laid off and granted unemployment benefits.36 He then found work as a waiter serving drinks on a day boat that travelled from Liverpool to North Wales, but his fear of conscription into military service led him to quit the job, not wanting to give the Royal Navy the impression that he was suitable for seafaring work.37 In mid-1956, Graves secured Starkey a position as an apprentice machinist at Henry Hunt and Son, a Liverpool school equipment manufacturer.38 While working at the facility Starkey befriended Roy Trafford, and the two bonded over their shared interest in music.39 Trafford introduced Starkey to skiffle, and he quickly became a fervent admirer.40

Career

First bands

See also: Rory Storm

Soon after Trafford piqued Starkey's interest in skiffle, the two began rehearsing songs in the manufacturing plant's cellar during their lunch breaks. Trafford recalled: "I played a guitar, and [Ritchie] just made a noise on a box ... Sometimes, he just slapped a biscuit tin with some keys, or banged on the backs of chairs."41 The pair were joined by Starkey's neighbour and co-worker, the guitarist Eddie Miles, forming the Eddie Miles Band, later renamed Eddie Clayton and the Clayton Squares after a Liverpool landmark.42 The band performed popular skiffle songs such as "Rock Island Line" and "Walking Cane", with Starkey raking a thimble across a washboard, creating primitive, driving rhythms.43 Starkey enjoyed dancing as his parents had years earlier, and he and Trafford briefly took dance lessons at two schools. Though the lessons were short-lived, they provided Starkey and Trafford with an introduction that allowed them to dance competently while enjoying nights out on the town.44

On Christmas Day 1957, Graves gave Starkey a second-hand drum kit consisting of a snare drum, bass drum and a makeshift cymbal fashioned from a rubbish bin lid. Although basic and crude, the kit facilitated his progression as a musician while increasing the commercial potential of the Eddie Clayton band, who went on to book prestigious local gigs before the skiffle craze faded in early 1958 as American rock and roll became popular in the UK.45

In November 1959, Starkey joined Al Caldwell's Texans, a skiffle group who were looking for someone with a proper drum kit so that the group could transition from one of Liverpool's best-known skiffle acts to a full-fledged rock and roll band.4647 They had begun playing local clubs as the Raging Texans, then Jet Storm and the Raging Texans before settling on Rory Storm and the Hurricanes shortly before recruiting Starkey.48 About this time he adopted the stage name Ringo Starr; derived from the rings he wore and also because it implied a country and western influence. His singing solos were billed as Starr Time.49

By early 1960, the Hurricanes had become one of Liverpool's leading bands.50 In May, they were offered a three-month residency at a Butlins holiday camp in Wales.51 Although initially reluctant to accept the residency and end his five-year machinist apprenticeship that he had begun four years earlier, Starr eventually agreed to the arrangement.52 The Butlins gig led to other opportunities for the band, including an unpleasant tour of US Air Force bases in France about which Starr commented: "The French don't like the British; at least I didn't like them."53 The Hurricanes became so successful that when initially offered a highly coveted residency in Hamburg, they turned it down because of their prior commitment with Butlins.54 They eventually accepted, joining the Beatles at Bruno Koschmider's Kaiserkeller on 1 October 1960, where Starr first met the band.55 Storm's Hurricanes were given top-billing over the Beatles, who also received less pay.56 Starr performed with the Beatles during a few stand-in engagements while in Hamburg. On 15 October 1960, he drummed with John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison, recording with them for the first time while backing Hurricanes singer Lu Walters on the song "Summertime".5758 During Starr's first stay in Hamburg he also met Tony Sheridan, who valued his drumming abilities to the point of asking Starr to leave the Hurricanes and join his band.59

The Beatles

Main article: The Beatles

Replacing Best

Starr quit Rory Storm and the Hurricanes in January 1962 and briefly joined Sheridan in Hamburg before returning to the Hurricanes for a third season at Butlins.6061 On 14 August, Starr accepted Lennon's invitation to join the Beatles.62 On 16 August, Beatles manager Brian Epstein fired their drummer, Pete Best, who recalled: "He said 'I've got some bad news for you. The boys want you out and Ringo in.' He said [Beatles producer] George Martin wasn't too pleased with my playing [and] the boys thought I didn't fit in."63 Starr first performed as a member of the Beatles on 18 August 1962, at a horticultural society dance at Port Sunlight.64 After his appearance at the Cavern Club the following day, Best fans, upset by his firing, held vigils outside his house and at the club shouting "Pete forever! Ringo never!"65 Harrison received a black eye from one upset fan, and Epstein, whose car tyres they had flattened in anger, temporarily hired a bodyguard.66

Starr's first recording session as a member of the Beatles took place on 4 September 1962.67 He stated that Martin had thought that he "was crazy and couldn't play ... because I was trying to play the percussion and the drums at the same time, we were just a four-piece band".68 For their second recording session with Starr, on 11 September 1962, Martin replaced him with session drummer Andy White while recording takes for what would be the two sides of the Beatles' first single, "Love Me Do", backed with "P.S. I Love You".69 Starr played tambourine on "Love Me Do" and maracas on "P.S. I Love You".7071 Concerned about his status in the Beatles, he thought: "That's the end, they're doing a Pete Best on me."72 Martin later clarified: "I simply didn't know what Ringo was like and I wasn't prepared to take any risks."7374

By November 1962, Starr had been accepted by Beatles fans, who were now calling for him to sing.75 He began receiving an amount of fan mail equal to that of the others, which helped to secure his position within the band.76 Starr considered himself fortunate to be on the same "wavelength" as the other Beatles: "I had to be, or I wouldn't have lasted. I had to join them as people as well as a drummer."77 He was given a small percentage of Lennon and McCartney's publishing company, Northern Songs, but derived his primary income during this period from a one-quarter share of Beatles Ltd, a corporation financed by the band's net concert earnings.78 He commented on the nature of his lifestyle after having achieved success with the Beatles: "I lived in nightclubs for three years. It used to be a non-stop party."79 Like his father, Starr became well known for his late-night dancing and he received praise for his skills.80

Worldwide success

During 1963, the Beatles enjoyed increasing popularity in Britain. In January, their second single, "Please Please Me", followed "Love Me Do" into the UK charts and a successful television appearance on Thank Your Lucky Stars earned favourable reviews, leading to a boost in sales and radio play.81 By the end of the year, the phenomenon known as Beatlemania had spread throughout the country, and by February 1964 the Beatles had become an international success when they performed in New York City on The Ed Sullivan Show to a record 73 million viewers.82 Starr commented: "In the States I know I went over well. It knocked me out to see and hear the kids waving for me. I'd made it as a personality ... Our appeal ... is that we're ordinary lads."83 He was a source of inspiration for several songs written at the time, including Penny Valentine's "I Want to Kiss Ringo Goodbye" and Rolf Harris's "Ringo for President".84 Cher released her first single, "Ringo, I Love You" in 1964 under the pseudonym Bonnie Joe Mason.

In 1964, "I love Ringo" lapel pins were the bestselling Beatles merchandise.85 The prominent placing of the Ludwig logo on the bass drum of his American import drum kit gave the company such a burst of publicity that it became the dominant drum manufacturer in North America for the next twenty years.86 During live performances, the Beatles continued the "Starr Time" routine that had been popular among his fans: Lennon would place a microphone in front of Starr's kit in preparation for his spotlight moment and audiences would erupt in screams.87 When the Beatles made their film debut in A Hard Day's Night, Starr garnered praise from critics, who considered his delivery of deadpan one-liners and his non-speaking scenes highlights.88 The extended non-speaking sequences had to be arranged by director Richard Lester because of Starr's lack of sleep the previous night; Starr commented: "Because I'd been drinking all night I was incapable of saying a line."89 Epstein attributed Starr's acclaim to "the little man's quaintness".90 After the release of the Beatles' second feature film, Help! (1965), Starr won a Melody Maker poll against his fellow Beatles for his performance as the central character in the film.91

During an interview with Playboy in 1964, Lennon explained that Starr had filled in with the Beatles when Best was ill; Starr replied: "[Best] took little pills to make him ill".92 Soon after, Best filed a libel suit against him that lasted four years before the court reached an undisclosed settlement in Best's favour.93 In June, the Beatles were scheduled to begin their world tour of Denmark, the Netherlands, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Before the start of the tour,94 Starr was stricken with a high-grade fever, pharyngitis and tonsillitis, and briefly stayed in a local hospital, followed by several days of recuperation at home.95 He was temporarily replaced for five concerts by 24-year-old session drummer Jimmie Nicol.96 Starr was discharged from the hospital and rejoined the band in Melbourne on 15 June.9798 He later said that he feared he would be permanently replaced during his illness.99 In August, the Beatles were introduced to American songwriter Bob Dylan, who offered the group cannabis cigarettes. Starr was the first to try one but the others were hesitant.100

On 11 February 1965, Starr married Maureen Cox, whom he had met in 1962.101 By this time the stress and pressure of Beatlemania had reached a peak for him. He received a telephoned death threat before a show in Montreal, and resorted to positioning his cymbals vertically in an attempt to defend against would-be assassins. The constant pressure affected the Beatles' performances; Starr commented: "We were turning into such bad musicians ... there was no groove to it."102 He was also feeling increasingly isolated from the musical activities of his bandmates, who were moving past the traditional boundaries of rock music into territory that often did not require his accompaniment; during recording sessions he spent hours playing cards with their road manager Neil Aspinall and road manager Mal Evans while the other Beatles perfected tracks without him.103 In a letter published in Melody Maker, a fan asked the Beatles to let Starr sing more; he replied: "[I am] quite happy with my one little track on each album".104

Studio years

In August 1966, the Beatles released Revolver, their seventh UK LP.105 It included the song "Yellow Submarine", their only British number-one single with Starr as the lead singer.106 Later that month, owing to the increasing pressures of touring, the Beatles gave their final concert, a 30-minute performance at San Francisco's Candlestick Park.107 Starr commented: "We gave up touring at the right time. Four years of Beatlemania were enough for anyone."108 By December he had moved to a larger estate called Sunny Heights, 3 acres (1.2 ha) in size, at St George's Hill in Weybridge, Surrey, near to Lennon.109 Although he had equipped the house with many luxury items, including numerous televisions, light machines, film projectors, stereo equipment, a billiard table, go-kart track and a bar named the Flying Cow, he did not include a drum kit; he explained: "When we don't record, I don't play."110

For the Beatles' seminal 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Starr sang lead vocals on the Lennon–McCartney composition "With a Little Help from My Friends".111 Although the Beatles had enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success with Sgt. Pepper, the long hours they spent recording the LP contributed to Starr's increased feeling of alienation within the band; he commented: "[It] wasn't our best album. That was the peak for everyone else, but for me it was a bit like being a session musician ... They more or less direct me in the style I can play."112113 His inability to compose new material led to his input being minimised during recording sessions; he often found himself relegated to adding minor percussion effects to songs by McCartney, Lennon and Harrison.114 During his downtime, Starr worked on his guitar playing, and said: "I jump into chords that no one seems to get into. Most of the stuff I write is twelve-bar".115

Epstein's death in August 1967 left the Beatles without management; Starr remarked: "[It was] a strange time for us, when it's someone who we've relied on in the business, where we never got involved."116 Soon afterwards, the band began an ill-fated film project, Magical Mystery Tour. Starr's growing interest in photography led to his billing as the movie's Director of Photography, and his participation in the film's editing was matched only by that of McCartney.117 In February 1968, Starr became the first Beatle to sing on another artist's show without the others. He sang the Buck Owens hit "Act Naturally", and performed a duet with Cilla Black, "Do You Like Me Just a Little Bit?" on her BBC One television programme, Cilla.118

In November 1968, Apple Records released The Beatles, commonly known as the "White Album".119 The album was partly inspired by the band's recent interactions with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.120 While attending the Maharishi's intermediate course at his ashram in Rishikesh, India, they enjoyed one of their most prolific writing periods, composing most of the album there.121 It was here that Starr completed his first recorded Beatles song, "Don't Pass Me By",122 but he left after 10 days and later compared his time there to a stay at Butlin's.123 The long-lasting health problems that began in his childhood had an impact on his time in India, causing him to experience allergies and sensitivities to the local food; when the band travelled there, he resorted to taking his own food with him.124

Relations within the Beatles deteriorated during the recording of the White Album,125 and there were occasions where only one or two members were involved in the recording of a track.126 Starr had become tired of McCartney's increasingly overbearing approach, Lennon's passive-aggressive behaviour, and the near-constant presence of Lennon's wife Yoko Ono.127 After one particularly difficult session which included McCartney harshly criticising his drumming, Starr briefly quit the Beatles and went on holiday to Sardinia, where he and his family stayed on a boat loaned to them by actor Peter Sellers.128 During a lunch there, the chef served octopus and Starr refused to eat it; an ensuing conversation with the ship's captain about the animal inspired Starr's song "Octopus's Garden" from the Beatles' album Abbey Road, which he wrote using a guitar during the trip.129 Two weeks later,130 he returned to the studio to find that Harrison had covered his drum kit in flowers as a welcome-back gesture.131

Despite a temporary return to friendly interactions during the completion of the White Album, production of the Beatles' fourth feature film Let It Be and its accompanying album further strained band relationships.132 On 20 August 1969, the Beatles gathered for the final time at Abbey Road Studios for a mixing session for "I Want You".133 At a business meeting exactly one month later, Lennon told the others that he was leaving the band, effective immediately.134 However, the band's break-up would not become public knowledge until McCartney's announcement on 10 April 1970 that he was also leaving.135

Solo career

1970s

Shortly before McCartney announced his exit from the Beatles in April 1970, he and Starr had a falling out due to McCartney's refusal to cede the release date of his eponymous solo album to allow for Starr's debut, Sentimental Journey, and the Beatles' Let It Be.136 Starr's album – composed of renditions of pre-rock standards that included musical arrangements by Quincy Jones, Maurice Gibb, George Martin and McCartney – peaked at number seven in the UK and number 22 in the US.137 Starr followed Sentimental Journey with the country-inspired Beaucoups of Blues, engineered by Scotty Moore and featuring renowned Nashville session musician Pete Drake.138 Despite favourable reviews, the album was a commercial failure.139 Starr subsequently combined his musical activities with developing a career as a film actor.140

Starr played drums on Lennon's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970), Ono's Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band (1970), and on Harrison's albums All Things Must Pass (1970), Living in the Material World (1973) and Dark Horse (1974).141 In 1971, Starr participated in the Concert for Bangladesh, organised by Harrison, and with him co-wrote the hit single "It Don't Come Easy", which reached number four in both the US and the UK.142 The following year he released his most successful UK hit, "Back Off Boogaloo" (again produced and co-written by Harrison), which peaked at number two (US number nine).143 Having become friends with the English singer Marc Bolan, Starr made his directorial debut with the 1972 T. Rex documentary Born to Boogie.144

In 1973 and 1974, Starr had two number one hits in the US: "Photograph", a UK number eight hit co-written with Harrison, and "You're Sixteen", written by the Sherman Brothers.145 Starr's third million-selling single in the US, "You're Sixteen" was released in the UK in February 1974 where it peaked at number four.146 Both tracks appeared on Starr's debut rock album, Ringo, produced by Richard Perry and featuring further contributions from Harrison as well as a song each from Lennon and McCartney.147 A commercial and critical success, the LP also included "Oh My My", a US number five.148 The album reached number seven in the UK and number two in the US.149 Author Peter Doggett describes Ringo as a template for Starr's solo career, saying that, as a musician first rather than a songwriter, "he would rely on his friends and his charm, and if both were on tap, then the results were usually appealing".150

Goodnight Vienna followed in 1974 and was also successful, reaching number eight in the US and number 30 in the UK.151 Featuring contributions from Lennon, Elton John and Harry Nilsson, the album included a cover (suggested by Lennon) of the Platters' 1954 hit "Only You (And You Alone)", which peaked at number six in the US and number 28 in the UK, and Hoyt Axton's "No No Song", which was a US number three and Starr's seventh consecutive top-ten hit.152 The Elton John-written "Snookeroo" failed to chart in the UK, however.153 In mid-November 1974, a music video for the song and promotional film for the album was filmed on the rooftop of the Capitol Records Building in Los Angeles, designed to resemble a stack of discs. Lennon provided a voiceover as Starr's spacecraft landed on the building and Starr boarded it before taking off over the city. Starr, Nilsson, and Keith Moon were among the cast, along with a forty-foot robot named 'Gort' placed on the building.154 During this period Starr became romantically involved with Lynsey de Paul.155 He played tambourine on a song she wrote and produced for Vera Lynn, "Don't You Remember When", and he inspired another De Paul song, "If I Don't Get You the Next One Will", which she described as being about revenge after he missed a dinner appointment with her because he was asleep in his office.156

Starr founded the record label Ring O' Records in 1975.157158 The company signed eleven artists and released fifteen singles and five albums between 1975 and 1978, including works by David Hentschel, Graham Bonnet and Rab Noakes.159 The commercial impact of Starr's own career diminished over the same period, however, although he continued to record and remained a familiar celebrity presence.160 Speaking in 2001, he attributed this downward turn to his "[not] taking enough interest" in music, saying of himself and friends such as Nilsson and Keith Moon: "We weren't musicians dabbling in drugs and alcohol; now we were junkies dabbling in music."161 Starr, Nilsson and Moon were members of a drinking club, the Hollywood Vampires.162

From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, Starr and the designer Robin Cruikshank ran a furniture and interior design company, ROR.163 ROR's designs were placed on sale in the department stores of Harvey Nichols and Liberty of London.164 The company designed the interiors of palaces in Abu Dhabi and Oman, and the apartments of Paul Raymond and Starr's friend Nilsson.165166167

In November 1976, Starr appeared as a guest at the Band's farewell concert, featured in the 1978 Martin Scorsese documentary The Last Waltz.168 Also in 1976, Starr issued Ringo's Rotogravure, the first release under his new contract with Atlantic Records for the North American market and Polydor for all other territories.169 The album was produced by Arif Mardin and featured compositions by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison.170 Starr promoted the release heavily, yet Rotogravure and its accompanying singles failed to chart in the UK.171 In America, the LP produced two minor hits, "A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll" (number 26) and a cover of "Hey! Baby" (number 74), and achieved moderate sales, reaching a chart position of 28.172 Its disappointing performance inspired Atlantic to revamp Starr's formula;173 the result was a blend of disco and 1970s pop, Ringo the 4th (1977).174 The album failed to chart in the UK and peaked at number 162 in the US.175 In 1978 Starr released Bad Boy, which reached number 129 in the US and again failed to place on the UK albums chart.176

In April 1979, Starr became seriously ill with intestinal problems relating to his childhood bout of peritonitis and was taken to the Princess Grace Hospital in Monte Carlo. He almost died and during an operation on 28 April, several feet of intestine had to be removed.177178 Three weeks later he played with McCartney and Harrison at Eric Clapton's wedding.179 On 28 November, a fire destroyed his Hollywood home and much of his Beatles memorabilia.180

1980s

On 19 May 1980, Starr and Barbara Bach survived a car crash in Surrey, England.181

Following Lennon's murder in December 1980, Harrison modified the lyrics of a song he had originally written for Starr, "All Those Years Ago", as a tribute to their former bandmate.182 Released as a Harrison single in 1981, the track, which included Starr's drum part and overdubbed backing vocals by McCartney, peaked at number two in the US charts and number 13 in the UK.183 Later that year, Starr released Stop and Smell the Roses, featuring songs produced by Nilsson, McCartney, Harrison, Ronnie Wood and Stephen Stills.184 The album's lead single, the Harrison-composed "Wrack My Brain", reached number 38 in the US charts, but failed to chart in the UK.185 Lennon had offered a pair of songs for inclusion on the album – "Nobody Told Me" and "Life Begins at 40" – but following his death, Starr did not feel comfortable recording them.186 Soon after the murder, Starr and his girlfriend Barbara Bach flew to New York City to be with Lennon's widow Yoko Ono.187188

Following Stop and Smell the Roses, Starr's recording projects were beset with problems. After completing Old Wave in 1982 with producer Joe Walsh,189 he was unable to find a record company willing to release the album in the UK or the US.190 In 1987, he abandoned sessions in Memphis for a planned country album, produced by Chips Moman, after which Moman was blocked by a court injunction from issuing the recordings.191 Starr narrated the 1984–1986 series of the children's series Thomas & Friends, a Britt Allcroft production based on the books by the Reverend W. Awdry.192 For a single season in 1989, Starr also portrayed the character Mr. Conductor in the American Thomas & Friends spin-off, Shining Time Station.193

In 1985, Starr performed with his son Zak as part of Artists United Against Apartheid on the protest song "Sun City",194 and, with Harrison and Eric Clapton, was among the special guests on Carl Perkins' TV special Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session.195 In 1987, he played drums on Harrison's Beatles pastiche "When We Was Fab" and also appeared in Godley & Creme's innovative video clip for the song.196197 The same year, Starr joined Harrison, Clapton, Jeff Lynne and Elton John in a performance at London's Wembley Arena for the Prince's Trust charity.198 In January 1988, he attended the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ceremony in New York, with Harrison and Ono (the latter representing Lennon), to accept the Beatles' induction into the Hall of Fame.199

During October and November 1988, Starr and Bach attended a detox clinic in Tucson, Arizona; each received a six-week treatment for alcoholism.200 He later commented on his longstanding addiction: "Years I've lost, absolute years ... I've no idea what happened. I lived in a blackout."201202 Having embraced sobriety, Starr focused on re-establishing his career by making a return to touring.203 On 23 July 1989, Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band gave their first performance to an audience of ten thousand in Dallas, Texas.204 Setting a pattern that would continue over the following decades,205 the band consisted of Starr and an assortment of musicians who had been successful in their own right at different times.206 The concerts interchanged Starr's singing, including selections of his Beatles and solo songs, with performances of each of the other artists' well-known material, the latter incorporating either Starr or another musician as drummer.207

1990s

The first All-Starr excursion led to the release of Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band (1990), a compilation of live performances from the 1989 tour.208209 Also in 1990, Starr recorded a version of the song "I Call Your Name" for a television special marking the 10th anniversary of John Lennon's death and the 50th anniversary of Lennon's birth. The track, produced by Lynne, features a supergroup composed of Lynne, Tom Petty, Joe Walsh and Jim Keltner.210

The following year, Starr made a cameo appearance on The Simpsons episode "Brush with Greatness" and contributed an original song, "You Never Know", to the soundtrack of the John Hughes film Curly Sue.211 In 1992, he released his first studio album in nine years, Time Takes Time, which was produced by Phil Ramone, Don Was, Lynne and Peter Asher and featured guest appearances by various stars including Brian Wilson and Harry Nilsson.212 The album failed to achieve commercial success,213 although the single "Weight of the World" peaked at number 74 in the UK, marking his first appearance on the singles chart there since "Only You" in 1974.214

In 1994, he began a collaboration with the surviving former Beatles for the Beatles Anthology project. They recorded two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by Lennon and gave lengthy interviews about the Beatles' career.215 Released in December 1995, "Free as a Bird" was the first new Beatles single since 1970.216 In March 1996, they released a second single, "Real Love". The temporary reunion ended when Harrison refused to participate in the completion of a third song.217 Starr then played drums on McCartney's 1997 album Flaming Pie. Among the tracks to which he contributed, "Little Willow" was a song McCartney wrote about Starr's ex-wife Maureen, who died in 1994, while "Really Love You" was the first official release ever credited to McCartney–Starkey.218

In 1998, he released two albums on the Mercury label. The studio album Vertical Man marked the beginning of a nine-year partnership with Mark Hudson, who produced the album and, with his band the Roundheads, formed the core of the backing group on the recordings. In addition, many famous guests joined on various tracks, including Martin, Petty, McCartney and, in his final appearance on a Starr album, Harrison. Most of the songs were written by Starr and the band. Joe Walsh and the Roundheads joined Starr for his appearance on VH1 Storytellers, which was released as an album under the same name. During the show, he performed greatest hits and new songs and told anecdotes relating to them.219 Starr's final release for Mercury was the 1999 Christmas-themed I Wanna Be Santa Claus. The album was a commercial failure, although the record company chose not to issue it in Britain.220

2000s

Starr was inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2002, joining an elite group of drummers and percussionists that include Buddy Rich, William F. Ludwig Sr. and William F. Ludwig Jr.221 On 29 November 2002 (the first anniversary of Harrison's death), he performed "Photograph" and a cover of Carl Perkins' "Honey Don't" at the Concert for George held in the Royal Albert Hall, London.222 Early the following year, he released the album Ringo Rama, which contained a song he co-wrote as a tribute to Harrison, "Never Without You".223 Also in 2003, he formed Pumkinhead Records with All-Starr Band member Mark Hudson.224 The label was not prolific, but their first signing was Liam Lynch, who produced a 2003 LP entitled Fake Songs.225

Starr served as an honorary Santa Tracker and voice-over personality in 2003 and 2004 during the London stop in Father Christmas's annual Christmas Eve journey, as depicted in the annual NORAD tracks Santa program. According to NORAD officials, he was "a Starr in the east" who helped guide North American Aerospace Defense Command's Santa-tracking tradition.226

His 2005 release Choose Love eschewed the star-guests approach of his last two studio albums227 but failed to chart in the UK or the US.228 That same year, Liverpool's City Council announced plans to demolish Starr's birthplace, 9 Madryn Street, stating that it had "no historical significance".229 The LCC later announced that the building would be taken apart brick by brick and preserved.230

Starr released the album Liverpool 8 in January 2008, coinciding with the start of Liverpool's year as the European Capital of Culture.231 Hudson was the initial producer of the recordings, but after a falling out with Starr, he was replaced by David A. Stewart.232 Starr performed the title track at the opening ceremony for Liverpool's appointment, but thereafter attracted controversy over his seemingly unflattering comments about his city of birth.233 Later that year, he was the object of further criticism in the press for posting a video on his website in which he harangued fans and autograph hunters for sending him items to sign.234235

In April 2009, he reunited with McCartney at the David Lynch Foundation's "Change Begins Within" benefit concert, held at New York's Radio City Music Hall. Having played his own set beforehand, Starr joined McCartney for the finale and performed "With a Little Help from My Friends", among other songs.236 Starr also appeared on-stage during Microsoft's June 2009 E3 press conference with Yoko Ono, McCartney and Olivia Harrison to promote The Beatles: Rock Band video game.237

2010s

In 2010, Starr self-produced and released his fifteenth studio album, Y Not, which included the track "Walk with You" and featured a vocal contribution from McCartney.238 Later that year, he appeared during Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief as a celebrity phone operator.239 On 7 July 2010, he celebrated his 70th birthday at Radio City Music Hall with another All-Starr Band concert, topped with friends and family joining him on stage including Ono, his son Zak, and McCartney.240

Starr recorded a cover of Buddy Holly's "Think It Over" for the 2011 tribute album Listen to Me: Buddy Holly.241 In January 2012, he released the album Ringo 2012. Later that year, he announced that his All-Starr Band would tour the Pacific Rim during 2013 with select dates in New Zealand, Australia and Japan; it was his first performance in Japan since 1996, and his debut in both New Zealand and Australia.242

In January 2014, Starr joined McCartney for a special performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles, where they performed the song "Queenie Eye".243 That summer he toured Canada and the US with an updated version of the Twelfth All-Starr Band, featuring multi-instrumentalist Warren Ham instead of saxophonist Mark Rivera. In July, Starr became involved in "#peacerocks", an anti-violence campaign started by fashion designer John Varvatos, in conjunction with the David Lynch Foundation.244245 In September 2014, he won at the GQ Men of the Year Awards for his humanitarian work with the David Lynch Foundation.246

In January 2015, Starr tweeted the title of his new studio album Postcards from Paradise. The album came a few weeks in advance of Starr's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was released on 31 March 2015 to mixed to positive reviews.247248 Later that month, Starr and his band announced a forthcoming Summer 2016 Tour of the US. Full production began in June 2016 in Syracuse.249

On 7 July 2017 (his 77th birthday), Starr released "Give More Love" as a single, which was followed two months later by his nineteenth studio album, also titled Give More Love and issued by UMe.250 The album includes appearances by McCartney, as well as frequent collaborators such as Joe Walsh, David A. Stewart, Gary Nicholson and members of the All-Starr Band.251

On 13 September 2019, Starr announced the upcoming release of his 20th album, What's My Name, to be released by UMe on 25 October 2019. He recorded the album in his home studio, Roccabella West in Los Angeles.252

2020s

In celebration of his 80th birthday in July 2020, Starr organised a live-streamed concert featuring appearances by many of his friends and collaborators including McCartney, Walsh, Ben Harper, Dave Grohl, Sheryl Crow, Sheila E. and Willie Nelson. The show replaced his annual public birthday celebration at the Capitol Records Building, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.253

On 16 December 2020, Starr released the song "Here's to the Nights". An accompanying video was released on 18 December. The song of peace, love and friendship was written by Diane Warren and features a group of his friends, including McCartney, Joe Walsh, Corinne Bailey Rae, Eric Burdon, Sheryl Crow, Finneas, Dave Grohl, Ben Harper, Lenny Kravitz, Jenny Lewis, Steve Lukather, Chris Stapleton and Yola. The song was the lead single from his EP Zoom In, which was released on 19 March 2021 via UMe.254

On 16 March 2021, Starr stated in an interview with Esquire that it was unlikely that he would record another full-length album, preferring to release EPs instead.255 On 24 September that year, he released the EP Change the World, a sequel to the previous EP Zoom In.256

On 7 February 2022, Starr announced his intention to return to touring with his band for the first time since 2019. The tour was announced to run from 27 May to 26 June,257 though several concerts held in June would end up being postponed till October due to two members of the band catching COVID-19. These postponed events were added to the band's previously announced tour to be held in September and October.258 On 1 October, he cancelled a concert at the Four Winds New Buffalo casino due to an unspecified illness affecting his voice. Another concert to be held at Mystic Lake Casino Hotel the following day was also postponed.259 On 3 October, it was confirmed that Starr had tested positive for COVID-19, after which several shows in Canada were cancelled.260261

On 16 September 2022, Starr released the EP EP3.262 On 12 January 2023, Starr announced that he and the All-Starr Band would be touring in the US from 19 May to 17 June.263264 In May 2023, a further series of tour dates was also announced, from 17 September to 13 October.265 Another EP by Starr, Rewind Forward, released on 13 October.266 Another, Crooked Boy, was initially released as a Record Store Day exclusive in 2024,267 with digital and physical releases on 26 April and 31 May, respectively.268 A country and roots album, Look Up, produced by T Bone Burnett, was released on 10 January 2025.269

Artistry

Influences

During his youth, Starr had been a devoted fan of skiffle and blues music, but by the time he joined the Texans in 1958, he had developed a preference for rock and roll.270 He was also influenced by country artists, including Hank Williams, Buck Owens and Hank Snow, and jazz artists such as Chico Hamilton and Yusef Lateef, whose compositional style inspired Starr's fluid and energetic drum fills and grooves.271 While reflecting on Buddy Rich, Starr commented: "He does things with one hand that I can't do with nine, but that's technique. Everyone I talk to says 'What about Buddy Rich?' Well, what about him? Because he doesn't turn me on."272 He stated that he "was never really into drummers", but identified Cozy Cole's 1958 cover of Benny Goodman's "Topsy Part Two" as "the one drum record" he bought.273

Starr's first musical hero was Gene Autry, about whom he commented: "I remember getting shivers up my back when he sang, 'South of the Border'".274 By the early 1960s he had become an ardent fan of Lee Dorsey.275 In November 1964, Starr told Melody Maker: "Our music is second-hand versions of negro music ... Ninety per cent of the music I like is coloured."276

Drums

Starr said of his drumming: "I'm no good on the technical things ... I'm your basic offbeat drummer with funny fills ... because I'm really left-handed playing a right-handed kit. I can't roll around the drums because of that."277 Beatles producer George Martin said: "Ringo hit good and hard and used the tom-tom well, even though he couldn't do a roll to save his life", but later said, "He's got tremendous feel. He always helped us to hit the right tempo for a song, and gave it that support – that rock-solid back-beat – that made the recording of all the Beatles' songs that much easier."278 Starr said he did not believe the drummer's role was to "interpret the song". Instead, comparing his drumming to painting, he said: "I am the foundation, and then I put a bit of glow here and there ... If there's a gap, I want to be good enough to fill it."279

In 2011, Rolling Stone readers voted Starr the fifth-greatest drummer of all time.280 Journalist Robyn Flans wrote for the Percussive Arts Society: "I cannot count the number of drummers who have told me that Ringo inspired their passion for drums".281 Drummer Steve Smith said:

Before Ringo, drum stars were measured by their soloing ability and virtuosity. Ringo's popularity brought forth a new paradigm in how the public saw drummers. We started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect. One of Ringo's great qualities was that he composed unique, stylistic drum parts for the Beatles' songs. His parts are so signature to the songs that you can listen to a Ringo drum part without the rest of the music and still identify the song.282

Starr said his favourite drummer is Jim Keltner,283 with whom he first played at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971.284 The pair subsequently played drums together on some of Harrison's recordings during the 1970s,285 on Ringo and other albums by Starr, and on the early All-Starr Band tours.286 For Ringo's Rotogravure in 1976, Starr credited himself as "Thunder" and Keltner as "Lightnin'".287

Starr is widely known for sitting behind the drum kit in a higher position than most drummers. This position gives him better access to the tom-tom and cymbals as well as doing the rimshot.288289

Starr influenced the Genesis drummer Phil Collins,290 who said: "I think he's vastly underrated, Ringo. The drum fills on 'A Day in the Life' are very, very complex things. You could take a great drummer from today and say, 'I want it like that', and they really wouldn't know what to do."291 Collins said his drumming on the 1983 Genesis song "That's All" was an affectionate attempt at a "Ringo Starr drum part".292

In an often-repeated but apocryphal story, when asked if Starr was the best drummer in the world, Lennon quipped that he "wasn't even the best drummer in the Beatles". The line actually comes from a 1981 episode of the BBC Radio 4 comedy series Radio Active,293 and gained more prominence when it was used by the television comedian Jasper Carrott in 1983, three years after Lennon's death.294 In September 1980, Lennon told Rolling Stone that Starr was a "damn good drummer" whose talent would have surfaced even without the Beatles.295

Tjinder Singh of the indie rock band Cornershop said Starr was a pioneering drummer: "There was a time when the common consensus was that Ringo couldn't play. What's that all about? He's totally unique, a one-off, and hip hop has a lot to thank him for."296 In his book The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions, Mark Lewisohn says there were fewer than a dozen occasions in the Beatles' eight-year recording career where session breakdowns were caused by Starr making a mistake, while the vast majority of takes were stopped due to mistakes by the other Beatles.297 Starr influenced various modern drumming techniques, such as the matched grip, tuning the drums lower, and using muffling devices on tonal rings.298 According to Ken Micallef and Donnie Marshall, co-authors of Classic Rock Drummers: "Ringo's fat tom sounds and delicate cymbal work were imitated by thousands of drummers."299

In 2021, Starr announced a ten-part MasterClass course called "Drumming and Creative Collaboration".300

Vocals

Starr sang lead vocals for a song on most of the Beatles' studio albums as part of an attempt to establish a vocal personality for each band member. In many cases, Lennon or McCartney wrote the lyrics and melody especially for him, as they did for "Yellow Submarine" from Revolver and "With a Little Help from My Friends" on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.301 These melodies were tailored to Starr's limited baritone vocal range. Because of his distinctive voice, Starr rarely performed backing vocals during his time with the Beatles, but they can be heard on songs such as "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and "Carry That Weight".302 He is also the lead vocalist on his compositions "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".303 In addition, he sang lead on "I Wanna Be Your Man", "Boys", "Matchbox", "Honey Don't", "Act Naturally", "Good Night" and "What Goes On".304

Songwriting

Starr's idiosyncratic turns of phrase or "Ringoisms", such as "a hard day's night" and "tomorrow never knows", were used as song titles by the Beatles, particularly by Lennon.305 McCartney commented: "Ringo would do these little malapropisms, he would say things slightly wrong, like people do, but his were always wonderful, very lyrical ... they were sort of magic."306 Starr also occasionally contributed lyrics to unfinished Lennon–McCartney songs, such as the line "darning his socks in the night when there's nobody there" in "Eleanor Rigby".307

Starr is credited as the sole composer of two Beatles songs: "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden", the latter written with assistance from Harrison.308 While promoting the Abbey Road album in 1969, Harrison recognised Starr's lyrics to "Octopus's Garden" as an unwittingly profound message about finding inner peace, and therefore an example of how "Ringo writes his cosmic songs without knowing it."309 Starr is also credited as a co-writer of "What Goes On", "Flying" and "Dig It".310311 On material issued after the band's break-up, he received a writing credit for "Taking a Trip to Carolina" and joint songwriting credits with the other Beatles for "12-Bar Original", "Los Paranoias", "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)", "Suzy Parker" (from the Let It Be film), "Jessie's Dream" (from the Magical Mystery Tour film), "Free as a Bird" and "Now and Then".312

In a 2003 interview, Starr discussed Harrison's input in his songwriting and said: "I was great at writing two verses and a chorus – I'm still pretty good at that. Finishing songs is not my forte."313 Harrison helped Starr complete two of his biggest hit songs, "It Don't Come Easy" and "Back Off Boogaloo",314 although he only accepted a credit for "Photograph", which they wrote together in France.315 Starting with the Ringo album in 1973, Starr shared a songwriting partnership with Vini Poncia.316 One of the pair's first collaborations was "Oh My My".317 Over half of the songs on Ringo the 4th were Starkey–Poncia compositions, but the partnership produced just two more songs, released on Bad Boy in 1978.318

Personal life

Starr met hairdresser Maureen Cox in 1962, the same week that he joined the Beatles. They married at Caxton Hall on 11 February 1965.319320 Starr's stepfather Harry Graves and fellow Beatles George Harrison and John Lennon were all witnesses, while Beatles manager Brian Epstein served as best man.321322 Their marriage became the subject of the novelty song "Treat Him Tender, Maureen" by the Chicklettes.323 The couple had three children: Zak (b. 13 September 1965), Jason (b. 19 August 1967) and Lee (b. 11 November 1970).324 In 1971, Starr purchased Lennon's home Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill in Berkshire and moved his family there.325 The couple divorced in 1975 following Starr's repeated infidelities, alcoholism, and volatile behavior.326327 Cox died from leukaemia at the age of 48 in December 1994.328329

In 1985, he was the first of the Beatles to become a grandfather upon the birth of Zak's daughter Tatia Jayne Starkey.330 Zak is also a drummer, and he spent time with the Who's Keith Moon during his father's regular absences;331 he has performed with his father during some All-Starr Band tours.332 Starr has eight grandchildren: two from Zak, three from Jason, and three from Lee.333 In 2016, he was the first Beatle to become a great-grandfather.334

Starr met actress Barbara Bach in 1980 on the set of the film Caveman, and they were married at Marylebone Town Hall on 27 April 1981.335336 Starr and Bach split their time between homes in Cranleigh in Surrey, Los Angeles, and Monte Carlo.337 He was listed at number 56 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2011 with an estimated personal wealth of £150 million.338 In 2012, he was estimated to be the wealthiest drummer in the world.339 In 2014, Starr announced that his 200-acre (81 ha) Surrey estate at Rydinghurst at Cranleigh was for sale, with its Grade II-listed Jacobean house.340341 However, he retains a property in the London district of Chelsea off King's Road, and he and Bach continue to divide their time between London and Los Angeles.342

In December 2015, Starr and Bach auctioned some of their personal and professional items via Julien's Auctions in Los Angeles.343 The collection included Starr's first Ludwig Black Oyster Pearl drum kit, instruments given to him by Harrison, Lennon, and Marc Bolan,344 and a first-pressing copy of the Beatles' White Album numbered "0000001".345 The auction raised over $9 million,346 a portion of which was set aside for the Lotus Foundation, a charity founded by Starr and Bach.347

In 2016, Starr expressed his support for the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. "I thought the European Union was a great idea," he said, "but I didn't see it going anywhere lately."348 In 2017, he described his impatience for Britain to "get on with" Brexit, declaring that "to be in control of your country is a good move".349

In October 2021, Starr was named in the Pandora Papers, which alleged secret financial deals among politicians and celebrities using tax havens in an effort to avoid the payment of owed taxes.350

Starr is a vegetarian. Mary McCartney confirmed he is allergic to garlic and onions.351352 He meditates daily,353 and his catchphrase and motto for life is "peace and love".354

Awards and honours

Further information: List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles

Starr and the other members of the Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1965 Birthday Honours;355356 they received their insignia from Queen Elizabeth II at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October.357 He and the other Beatles were collectively nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer for their performances in the 1964 film A Hard Day's Night.358 In 1971, the Beatles received an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for the film Let It Be.359 The minor planet 4150 Starr, discovered on 31 August 1984 by Brian A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named in Starr's honour.360 Starr was nominated for a 1989 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series for his role as Mr. Conductor in the television series Shining Time Station.361

In 2015, 27 years after he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the Beatles, Starr became the last Beatle to be inducted for a solo career.362 Unlike the other three Beatles who were inducted within the "Performers" category, Starr was inducted within the "Musical Excellence" category.363 During the 50th Grammy Awards, Starr, George Martin and his son Giles accepted the Best Compilation Soundtrack award for Love. On 9 November 2008, Starr accepted a Diamond Award on behalf of the Beatles during the 2008 World Music Awards ceremony in Monaco. On 8 February 2010, he was honoured with the 2,401st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. It is located at 1750 North Vine Street, in front of the Capitol Records building, as are the stars for Lennon, McCartney and Harrison.364

Starr was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to music.365 He was knighted in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge on 20 March 2018.366

In 2022, Starr received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music for his "immeasurable impact on music, film and television, and popular culture".367368

Film career

Main article: Ringo Starr filmography

Starr has received praise from critics and movie industry professionals regarding his acting; director and producer Walter Shenson called him "a superb actor, an absolute natural".369 By the mid-1960s, Starr had become a connoisseur of film.370 In addition to his roles in A Hard Day's Night (1964), Help! (1965), Magical Mystery Tour (1967) and Let It Be (1970), Starr also acted in Candy (1968), The Magic Christian (1969), Blindman (1971), Son of Dracula (1974) and Caveman (1981).371 In 1971, he starred as Larry the Dwarf in Frank Zappa's 200 Motels and was featured in Harry Nilsson's animated film The Point!372 He co-starred in That'll Be the Day (1973) as a Teddy Boy and appeared in The Last Waltz, the Martin Scorsese documentary film about the 1976 farewell concert of the Band.373

Starr played the Pope in Ken Russell's Lisztomania (1975), and a fictionalised version of himself in McCartney's Give My Regards to Broad Street in 1984.374 Starr appeared as himself and a downtrodden alter-ego Ognir Rrats in Ringo (1978), an American-made television comedy film based loosely on The Prince and the Pauper.375 For the 1979 documentary film on the Who, The Kids Are Alright, Starr appeared in interview segments with fellow drummer Keith Moon.376

Discography

Main article: Ringo Starr discography

See also: The Beatles albums discography, The Beatles singles discography, and List of songs recorded by Ringo Starr

Since the breakup of the Beatles, Starr has released 21 solo studio albums:377

Bibliography

See also

Notes

Sources

Further reading

  • Barrow, Tony (2005). John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me: The Real Beatles Story. Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 978-1-56025-882-7.
  • Kirchherr, Astrid; Voormann, Klaus (1999). Hamburg Days. Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-904351-73-6.
  • Martin, George (1979). All You Need Is Ears. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-11482-4.
  • Martin, George; Pearson, William (1994). Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt. Pepper. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-60398-7.
  • Starr, Ringo (2004). Postcards From the Boys. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4613-4.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ringo Starr. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ringo Starr.

References

  1. Flans, Robyn. "Ringo Starr". PAS Hall of Fame. Percussive Arts Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150707132204/http://www.pas.org/About/the-society/halloffame/StarrRingo.aspx ↩

  2. Miles 1997, p. 280. - Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now (1st Hardcover ed.). Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5248-0. https://archive.org/details/paulmccartneyman00mile_0 ↩

  3. "Modern Drummer's Readers Poll Archive, 1979–2014". Modern Drummer. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. http://www.moderndrummer.com/modern-drummers-readers-poll-archive/#_ ↩

  4. "2015 Rock Hall inductees". Radio.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141217154623/http://radio.com/2014/12/16/green-day-joan-jett-ringo-starr-lead-rock-hall-2015-inductees/ ↩

  5. "Arise, Sir Ringo! Beatles drummer Ringo Starr receives knighthood". NME. 20 March 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018. https://www.nme.com/news/music/arise-sir-ringo-beatles-drringo-starr-has-received-his-knighthood-2270049 ↩

  6. "Ringo Starr Biography". Biography.com. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015. http://www.biography.com/people/ringo-starr-306872 ↩

  7. Clayson 2005, pp. 15–16: Born at 9 Madryn Street, parent's occupations; Davies 2009, p. 142; Spitz 2005, pp. 332–333. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  8. Spitz 2005, pp. 332–333. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  9. Spitz 2005, pp. 333–334. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  10. Spitz 2005, pp. 333–334. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  11. Clayson 2005, p. 17: Moving to 10 Admiral Grove in an effort to reduce their rent payments; Davies 2009, p. 142: his parents separated; Spitz 2005, p. 334: divorced within the year. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  12. Davies 2009, p. 142: Visiting as few as three times thereafter; Spitz 2005, p. 334: "no real memories" of his father. - Davies, Hunter (2009) [1968]. The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. ↩

  13. Spitz 2005, pp. 334–335. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  14. Clayson 2005, p. 21; Spitz 2005, pp. 336–337. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  15. Clayson 2005, p. 21; Davies 2009, pp. 143–144. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  16. Spitz 2005, p. 337. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  17. Spitz 2005, p. 337. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  18. Spitz 2005, p. 337: a feeling of alienation at school; Davies 2009, p. 145: Sefton Park. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  19. Clayson 2005, p. 17: His surrogate sister Marie Maguire; Spitz 2005, pp. 332–339: tuberculosis and the sanatorium. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  20. The Beatles 2000, p. 36: (primary source); Spitz 2005, pp. 338–339: (secondary source). - The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35605-8. ↩

  21. Spitz 2005, p. 339. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  22. The Beatles 2000, p. 36. - The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35605-8. ↩

  23. Clayson 2005, pp. 22–23: classmates nicknamed Starr "Lazarus"; Davies 2009, pp. 145–147: Dingle Vale Secondary Modern; Gould 2007, p. 125: St Silas primary school. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  24. Clayson 2005, p. 23. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  25. Spitz 2005, pp. 336–339. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  26. Lewisohn 2013, p. 70. - Lewisohn, Mark (2013). The Beatles – All These Years, Volume One: Tune In. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-101-90329-2. ↩

  27. Spitz 2005, p. 340. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  28. Davies 2009, p. 146. - Davies, Hunter (2009) [1968]. The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. ↩

  29. Spitz 2005, p. 332. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  30. Spitz 2005, p. 332. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  31. Spitz 2005, p. 332. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  32. Spitz 2005, p. 332. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  33. Clayson 2005, p. 16; Davies 2009, p. 141; Spitz 2005, pp. 332–335. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  34. Spitz 2005, p. 335. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  35. Gould 2007, p. 125: his return from the sanatorium in 1955; Spitz 2005, pp. 340–341. - Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America (First Paperback ed.). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTAjZ235qfsC ↩

  36. The Beatles 2000, p. 36: (primary source); Spitz 2005, p. 340: (secondary source). - The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35605-8. ↩

  37. The Beatles 2000, p. 36: (primary source); Spitz 2005, pp. 340–341: (secondary source). - The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35605-8. ↩

  38. Starr 2015, Chapter 2. - Starr, Michael Seth (2015). Ringo: With a Little Help. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-120-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ANGGDwAAQBAJ&q=Ringo%3A%20With%20a%20little%20help&pg=PT26 ↩

  39. Spitz 2005, p. 341. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  40. Spitz 2005, p. 341. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  41. Spitz 2005, p. 341. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  42. Spitz 2005, pp. 341–342. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  43. Spitz 2005, p. 342. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  44. Spitz 2005, p. 342. - Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit ↩

  45. Clayson 2005, pp. 37–38: The UK skiffle craze succumbed to American rock and roll by early 1958 Spitz 2005, p. 343. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  46. Clayson 2005, p. 45: Starr joined Storm's band in November 1959; Lewisohn 1992, p. 58: Starr joined Storm's band in November 1959; Spitz 2005, pp. 324, 341–343. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  47. Starr had first drummed with the Texans on 25 March 1959, at the Mardi Gras club in Liverpool.[40] ↩

  48. Clayson 2005, pp. 44–45; Spitz 2005, pp. 324, 341–343. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  49. Clayson 2005, pp. 57–58: (secondary source); Spitz 2005, pp. 324, 341–345: (secondary source); The Beatles 2000, p. 39: (primary source). - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  50. Clayson 2005, p. 50; Davies 2009, p. 150. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  51. Lewisohn 1992, p. 58. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  52. Clayson 2005, pp. 54–55; Davies 2009, p. 150; Spitz 2005, pp. 245–246. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  53. Davies 2009, p. 150. - Davies, Hunter (2009) [1968]. The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. ↩

  54. Clayson 2005, p. 54; Davies 2009, p. 150. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  55. Clayson 2005, p. 63: Starr first met the Beatles in Hamburg; Davies 2009, pp. 150–151: Starr first met the Beatles in Hamburg; Harry 2004, p. 302: Bruno Koschmider; Lewisohn 1992, p. 23: arriving in Hamburg on 1 October 1960. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  56. Clayson 2005, p. 62: the Hurricanes were paid more than the Beatles; Harry 2004, p. 302: the Hurricanes were given top-billing over the Beatles. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  57. Clayson 2005, p. 63: Starr recording with the Beatles for the first time; Davies 2009, p. 151: Starr performed with the Beatles during a few stand-in engagements while in Hamburg; Lewisohn 1992, p. 23: Starr recording with the Beatles for the first time. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  58. Of the nine 78-rpm discs that were cut, only one is known to have survived.[51] /wiki/Gramophone_record ↩

  59. Clayson 2005, p. 69; Gould 2007, p. 126. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  60. Clayson 2005, p. 58: A second season with the Hurricanes at Butlins; Clayson 2005, pp. 81–82: Starr quit the Hurricanes and briefly joined Sheridan in Hamburg; Gould 2007, p. 126: Starr quit the Hurricanes and briefly joined Sheridan in Hamburg. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  61. Starr sat in for an ill Pete Best during two shows on 5 February 1962.[54] ↩

  62. Lewisohn 1992, p. 59. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  63. Davies 2009, p. 137. - Davies, Hunter (2009) [1968]. The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. ↩

  64. Clayson 2005, p. 87; Harry 2004, p. 110; Lewisohn 1992, p. 75. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  65. Harry 2004, p. 110. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  66. Clayson 2005, pp. 88–89: Harrison received a black eye; Davies 2009, p. 138: Epstein hired a bodyguard; Harry 2004, p. 110 (tertiary source). - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  67. Lewisohn 1992, p. 59. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  68. Everett 2001, p. 126. - Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514105-4. https://archive.org/details/beatlesasmusicia00ever ↩

  69. Harry 2004, pp. 367–368. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  70. Lewisohn 1992, p. 59. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  71. Latson, Jennifer (11 September 2014). "Ringo Starr's Sad Tambourine Moment". Time. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021. https://time.com/3270136/love-me-do-1962/ ↩

  72. Davies 2009, p. 163. - Davies, Hunter (2009) [1968]. The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. ↩

  73. Clayson 2005, p. 96. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  74. Martin chose 4 September version of "Love Me Do" with Starr on drums for the A-side and 11 September recording of "P.S. I Love You" with Starr on maracas for the B-side.[55] ↩

  75. Clayson 2005, pp. 89, 147. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  76. Clayson 2005, p. 105. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  77. Clayson 2005, p. 94. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  78. Clayson 2005, p. 105. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  79. Clayson 2005, p. 112. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  80. Clayson 2005, p. 112. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  81. Lewisohn 1992, p. 88. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  82. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 93, 136–137. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  83. Clayson 2005, p. 119: "we're ordinary lads"; Clayson 2005, p. 123: "I'd made it as a personality." - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  84. Clayson 2005, p. 122. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  85. Clayson 2005, p. 122. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  86. O'Reilly, Terry. "Bookmarks 2016". Under the Influence. CBC News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/summer-series-bookmarks-2016-1.3612090 ↩

  87. Clayson 2005, p. 123. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  88. Clayson 2005, p. 124–125. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  89. Clayson 2005, p. 125. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  90. Clayson 2005, p. 124. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  91. Clayson 2005, p. 148. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  92. Clayson 2005, p. 128. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  93. Clayson 2005, pp. 127–128. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  94. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 160–161. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  95. Clayson 2005, pp. 128–130. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  96. Babiuk 2002, p. 132. - Babiuk, Andy (2002). Bacon, Tony (ed.). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio (Revised ed.). Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-731-8. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo743Uh2UOEC ↩

  97. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 160–163. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  98. Epstein then accompanied Nicol to the Melbourne airport where he gave him a cheque and a gold Eterna-Matic wrist watch inscribed: "From the Beatles and Brian Epstein to Jimmy – with appreciation and gratitude."[84] Starr had his tonsils removed later that year during a Christmas holiday.[85] ↩

  99. Rhythm, Johnny (9 August 2012). "The Beatles' Many Drummers". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013. http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/The-Beatles-Many-Drummers-3776938.php ↩

  100. Gould 2007, p. 252: Meeting Dylan in August; Clayson 2005, p. 137 Starr was the first Beatle to smoke cannabis. - Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America (First Paperback ed.). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTAjZ235qfsC ↩

  101. Harry 2004, pp. 333–334. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  102. Clayson 2005, pp. 139–140. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  103. Clayson 2005, p. 147. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  104. Clayson 2005, p. 147. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  105. Lewisohn 1992, p. 350. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  106. Clayson 2005, p. 159. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  107. Clayson 2005, p. 152; Lewisohn 1992, pp. 210, 230. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  108. Clayson 2005, p. 152. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  109. Clayson 2005, pp. 142–144. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  110. Clayson 2005, pp. 143–144. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  111. Clayson 2005, pp. 159–161, 179. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  112. Clayson 2005, pp. 160–161. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  113. Starr offered no suggestions for inclusion on the album's historic front cover.[99] ↩

  114. Clayson 2005, pp. 161–162. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  115. Clayson 2005, p. 161. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  116. Clayson 2005, p. 166. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  117. Clayson 2005, pp. 166–168. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  118. Clayson 2005, pp. 175–176. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  119. Gould 2007, p. 510. - Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America (First Paperback ed.). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTAjZ235qfsC ↩

  120. Harry 2000, pp. 705–706. - Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9. ↩

  121. Harry 2000, pp. 108–109. - Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9. ↩

  122. Everett 2001, pp. 206–207: "Don't Pass Me By"; Harry 2004, p. 187: "Don't Pass Me By" - Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514105-4. https://archive.org/details/beatlesasmusicia00ever ↩

  123. Gould 2007, pp. 463–468. - Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America (First Paperback ed.). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTAjZ235qfsC ↩

  124. Clayson 2005, p. 171: (secondary source); The Beatles 2000, p. 284: (primary source). - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  125. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 283–304. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  126. Clayson 2005, pp. 182–184. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  127. Clayson 2005, pp. 182–184. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  128. Clayson 2005, pp. 183–184; Harry 2004, pp. 259–260. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  129. Everett 2001, pp. 254–255: "Octopus's Garden"; Harry 2004, pp. 259–260: "Octopus's Garden" - Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514105-4. https://archive.org/details/beatlesasmusicia00ever ↩

  130. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 295–296. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  131. The Beatles 2000, p. 312. - The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35605-8. ↩

  132. Clayson 2005, pp. 189–192. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  133. Lewisohn 1992, p. 331. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  134. Norman 2008, pp. 622–624. - Norman, Philip (2008). John Lennon: The Life. ECCO (Harper Collins). ISBN 978-0-06-075401-3. https://archive.org/details/johnlennonlife00norm_0 ↩

  135. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 341, 349. - Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. ↩

  136. Doggett 2009, pp. 120–22, 133. - Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC ↩

  137. Harry 2004, pp. 311–312: Sentimental Journey; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart position for Sentimental Journey; Rodriguez 2010, pp. 22–23: peak UK chart position for Sentimental Journey. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  138. Harry 2004, pp. 311–12. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  139. Ingham 2009, p. 139. - Ingham, Chris (2009). The Rough Guide to The Beatles (3rd ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-525-4. ↩

  140. Ingham 2009, pp. 139–40. - Ingham, Chris (2009). The Rough Guide to The Beatles (3rd ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-525-4. ↩

  141. Spizer 2005, pp. 34, 222, 254, 264, 343. - Spizer, Bruce (2005). The Beatles Solo on Apple Records. New Orleans, LA: 498 Productions. ISBN 978-0-9662649-5-1. ↩

  142. Harry 2000, pp. 298–300: the Concert for Bangladesh; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart position for "It Don't Come Easy"; Whitburn 2010, p. 620: peak US chart position for "It Don't Come Easy" - Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9. ↩

  143. Roberts 2005, p. 479: "Back Off Boogaloo" peak UK chart position; Spizer 2005, p. 297: produced and co-written by Harrison; Whitburn 2010, p. 620: peak US chart positions for "Back Off Boogaloo". - Roberts, David, ed. (2005). British Hit Singles & Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8. ↩

  144. Harry 2004, pp. 91–93. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  145. Harry 2002, p. 933: "You're Sixteen"; Harry 2004, pp. 268: "Photograph"; Harry 2004, pp. 372: "You're Sixteen"; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart position for "Photograph" and "You're Sixteen"; Whitburn 2010, p. 620: peak US chart positions for "Photograph" and "You're Sixteen". - Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0716-2. ↩

  146. Harry 2004, p. 372. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  147. Harry 2004, pp. 281–282. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  148. Harry 2004, pp. 260: "Oh My My". - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  149. Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart positions for "Oh My My" and Ringo; Harry 2004, p. 280: peak US chart position for Ringo. - Roberts, David, ed. (2005). British Hit Singles & Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8. ↩

  150. Doggett 2009, pp. 207–08. - Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC ↩

  151. Harry 2004, pp. 206–207: Goodnight Vienna; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart position for Goodnight Vienna. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  152. Harry 2004, pp. 206–207: Goodnight Vienna; Harry 2004, pp. 262: "Only You"; Harry 2004, p. 257; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart position for Goodnight Vienna, "Only You" and "No No Song". - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  153. Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 508. - Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions, LP. ISBN 978-0-615-11724-9. ↩

  154. Shipton, Alyn (2013). Nilsson: The Life of a Singer-Songwriter (First ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 379, 381, 381. ISBN 978-0-19-026354-6. 978-0-19-026354-6 ↩

  155. Harry 2004, pp. 180–181. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  156. Harry 2004, pp. 180–181. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  157. Harry 2004, pp. 279–280. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  158. In November that year, Starr's hit singles and other tracks were compiled on the greatest-hits collection Blast from Your Past, which was the last album released by Apple Records.[142] /wiki/Blast_from_Your_Past ↩

  159. Harry 2004, p. 280. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

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  161. Doggett 2009, p. 237. - Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC ↩

  162. Rodriguez 2010, p. 196. - Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4. https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel ↩

  163. Michael Seth Starr (1 September 2016). Ringo: With a Little Help. Backbeat. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-61713-632-0. 978-1-61713-632-0 ↩

  164. Michael Seth Starr (1 September 2016). Ringo: With a Little Help. Backbeat. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-61713-632-0. 978-1-61713-632-0 ↩

  165. Middle East Economic Digest. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. 1982. p. 42. https://books.google.com/books?id=ceVHAAAAYAAJ ↩

  166. Shipton, Alyn (8 August 2013). Nilsson: The Life of a Singer-Songwriter. OUP USA. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-975657-5. 978-0-19-975657-5 ↩

  167. Willetts, Paul (4 April 2013). The Look of Love: The Life and Times of Paul Raymond, Soho's King of Clubs. Profile Books. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-84765-994-1. 978-1-84765-994-1 ↩

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  169. Clayson 2005, p. 264. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  170. Harry 2004, p. 295. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  171. Clayson 2005, p. 269: Starr promoted the release heavily; Roberts 2005, p. 479: peak UK chart positions for "A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll", "Hey! Baby" and Ringo's Rotogravure. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  172. Harry 2004, p. 295. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

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  174. Harry 2004, pp. 294–295. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  175. Harry 2004, pp. 294–295: peak US chart position for Ringo the 4th; Roberts 2005, p. 479 Ringo the 4th failed to chart in the UK. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  176. Harry 2004, pp. 14–15: peak US chart position for Bad Boy; Roberts 2005, p. 479: Bad Boy failed to chart in the UK. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  177. The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia - Bill Harry ↩

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  181. "John Lennon and Ringo Starr in the 1980s: A Timeline". 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080307/http://www.liketotally80s.com/2016/08/john-lennon-ringo-starr-1980s-timeline/ ↩

  182. Doggett 2009, p. 273. - Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC ↩

  183. George-Warren 2001, p. 414; Harry 2003, pp. 17–18; Roberts 2005, p. 227: peak UK chart position for "All Those Years Ago"; Whitburn 2010, p. 288: peak US chart position for "All Those Years Ago". - George-Warren, Holly, ed. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (2005 revised and updated ed.). Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-9201-6. https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneency00holl ↩

  184. Harry 2004, pp. 326–327. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  185. Harry 2004, p. 369: peak US chart position for "Wrack My Brain"; Roberts 2005, p. 479: "Wrack My Brain" failed to chart in the UK. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  186. Harry 2004, pp. 326–327. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  187. Clayson 2005, p. 301. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  188. From 1981 onwards, Starr also worked on McCartney's solo recordings for the first time.[166] With Martin producing the sessions, Starr's playing appeared on the McCartney albums Tug of War (1982),[167] Pipes of Peace (1983) and Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984).[168] ↩

  189. Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 522. - Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions, LP. ISBN 978-0-615-11724-9. ↩

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  202. Starr experienced his first alcoholic blackout at the age of nine.[182] /wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia) ↩

  203. Clayson 2005, pp. 337–41. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  204. Harry 2004, p. 136. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

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  206. Harry 2004, p. 7. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  207. Harry 2004, p. 7. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  208. Clayson 2005, p. 345. - Clayson, Alan (2005) [2001]. Ringo Starr: A Life (2nd ed.). Sanctuary. ISBN 978-1-86074-647-5. ↩

  209. Since the early 1990s, Starr has continued to issue live albums from his All-Starr Band tours.[188] Among these releases are Live from Montreux (1993)[189] and Live at the Greek Theatre (2008).[190] ↩

  210. Harry 2004, p. 226. - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

  211. Harry 2004, pp. 315–316: "Brush with Greatness", 178: Curly Sue and "You Never Know". - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

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  214. "Ringo Starr". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016. http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14301/ringo%20starr/ ↩

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  217. Doggett 2009, p. 319: Harrison refusing to record a third song; Roberts 2005, p. 54: release date for "Real Love". - Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC ↩

  218. Harry 2004, p. 236: "Little Willow"; 275: "Really Love You". - Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0843-5. ↩

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  230. Clover, Charles (19 September 2005). "Ringo Starr's old house to be taken down and stored as 11 streets are demolished". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1498706/Ringo-Starrs-old-house-to-be-taken-down-and-stored-as-11-streets-are-demolished.html ↩

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  235. In the video, posted on 10 October 2008, Starr told fans that he was too busy and would not be signing autographs after 20 October.[215] ↩

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  244. Faure, Tiffany. "Make Ringo Starr's Birthday Wish Come True – Post a Peace Sign Selfie For a Good Cause!". Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014. This charity fund, which is in support of the David Lynch Foundation, teaches Transcendental Meditation and other stress-reducing techniques to at-risk populations suffering from chronic stress and stress-related disorders that fuel crime, violence and costly medical expenditures. https://web.archive.org/web/20140810064404/http://news.instyle.com/2014/07/07/make-ringo-starrs-birthday-wish-come-true-post-a-peace-sign-selfie-for-a-good-cause/ ↩

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