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Robert Thomas Sanderson
American chemist

Robert Thomas Sanderson (1912–1989) was an American inorganic chemist, more commonly known by the initials "R.T." found in his papers. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago for his research in boron chemistry. After working in Texaco's research lab, he became a professor and spent his career on the faculties of the University of Florida, the University of Iowa, and Arizona State University. He also created a company supplying safety posters and lab-related artwork of his own design, and published several books including Vacuum Manipulation of Volatile Compounds.

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Electronegativity equalization

Main article: Sanderson electronegativity

In 1951, Sanderson developed the idea of electronegativity equalization, stating two bonding atoms will equalize their Mulliken electronegativity.7 He would later further revise his own scale of electronegativity to adhere to the 4.00 value of fluorine found in the more common Pauling scale, as well as apply his principle to the calculation of polar covalent bonds, calculating partial charges on a number of polar inorganic compounds.8 His electronegativity scale was applied to generating reference information like molecular geometry, s-electron energy, and NMR spin-spin constants for organic compounds.9

Electronegativity (Sanderson scale)

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Electronegativity using the Sanderson scale
Group →123456789101112131415161718
↓ Period
1H2.59210He 
2Li0.67011BeⅠ1.5612

Ⅱ1.8113

BⅠ1.5314

Ⅱ2.1915Ⅲ2.2816

C2.74617N3.19418O3.65419F4.00020Ne4.50
3Na0.56021Mg1.31822AlⅠ0.8423

Ⅱ1.6324Ⅲ1.7125

SiⅠ2.0826

Ⅲ1.9927Ⅳ2.1428

P2.51529S2.95730Cl3.47531Ar3.31
4K0.44532CaⅠ1.1333

Ⅱ0.9534

ScⅡ0.6435

Ⅲ1.0236

TiⅡ0.7337

Ⅲ1.0938Ⅳ1.5039

VⅡ0.6940

Ⅲ1.3941Ⅳ1.8942Ⅴ2.5143

CrⅡ1.2444

Ⅲ1.6645Ⅳ2.2946Ⅴ2.8347Ⅵ3.3748

MnⅡ1.6649

Ⅲ2.2050Ⅳ2.7451Ⅴ3.2852Ⅵ3.8253Ⅶ4.3654

FeⅡ1.6455

Ⅲ2.2056

CoⅡ1.9657

Ⅲ2.5658Ⅳ3.1059

NiⅡ1.9460

Ⅲ2.7361Ⅳ3.2762Ⅴ3.8163

Cu2.03

Ⅱ1.9864

Zn2.22365GaⅠ0.8666

Ⅲ2.4267

GeⅡ0.5668

Ⅳ2.6269

As2.81670Se3.01471Br3.21972Kr2.91
5Rb0.31273Sr0.72174YⅡ0.4075

Ⅲ0.6576

ZrⅡ0.5277

Ⅲ0.7978Ⅳ0.9079

NbⅡ0.7780

Ⅲ1.0281Ⅳ1.2582Ⅴ1.4283

MoⅡ0.9084

Ⅲ1.1585Ⅳ1.4086Ⅴ1.7387Ⅵ2.2088

Tc Ru Rh Pd  Ag1.82689CdⅠ0.7190

Ⅱ1.9791

In2.13892SnⅡ1.4993

Ⅳ2.3094

Sb2.45895Te2.61896I2.77897Xe2.34
6Cs0.22098Ba0.65199HfⅡ0.31100

Ⅲ0.56101Ⅳ0.81102

TaⅡ0.44103

Ⅲ0.69104Ⅳ0.94105Ⅴ1.17106

WⅡ0.73107

Ⅲ0.98108Ⅳ1.23109Ⅴ1.48110Ⅵ1.67111

Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg2.29

2.195112

TlⅠ0.99113

Ⅲ2.25114

PbⅡ1.92115

Ⅳ2.29116

Bi2.342117Po At Rn 
7Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 
La0.154118CeⅢ0.203119

Ⅳ0.410120

Pr0.243121Nd0.284122Pm0.334123Sm0.370124Eu0.405125Gd0.469126Tb0.502127Dy0.565128Ho0.595129Er0.641130Tm0.698131Yb0.739132Lu0.773133
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 
See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page)

References

  1. Lalena, John; Cleary, David (2010). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 9780471434184. 9780471434184 ↩

  2. Ostroff, A.G. (March 1991). "Recollections of Prof. R.T. Sanderson". Southwest Retort. 44 (12): 7. Retrieved 21 December 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc268422/m1/7/ ↩

  3. Sanderson, R. T. (February 1949). "Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics of Hydrocarbons". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (2): 368–374. doi:10.1021/ie50470a027. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  4. Ostroff, A.G. (March 1991). "Recollections of Prof. R.T. Sanderson". Southwest Retort. 44 (12): 7. Retrieved 21 December 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc268422/m1/7/ ↩

  5. Ostroff, A.G. (March 1991). "Recollections of Prof. R.T. Sanderson". Southwest Retort. 44 (12): 7. Retrieved 21 December 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc268422/m1/7/ ↩

  6. Sanderson, R.T. (1948). Vacuum Manipulation of Volatile Compounds. John Wiley and Sons. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84909 ↩

  7. Lalena, John; Cleary, David (2010). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 9780471434184. 9780471434184 ↩

  8. Sanderson, R. T. (April 1983). "Electronegativity and Bond Energy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (8): 2259–2261. doi:10.1021/ja00346a026. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  9. Trofimov, M. I.; Smolenskii, E. A. (2005). "Application of the electronegativity indices of organic molecules to tasks of chemical informatics". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 54 (9): 2235–2246. doi:10.1007/s11172-006-0105-6. S2CID 98716956. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  10. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  11. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  12. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  13. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  14. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  15. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  16. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  17. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  18. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  19. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  20. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

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  22. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  23. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  24. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  25. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

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  29. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  30. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  31. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  32. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  33. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  34. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  35. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  36. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  40. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  41. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  42. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  44. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  45. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  46. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  47. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  49. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  50. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  51. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  52. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  53. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  54. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  56. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  58. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  59. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  60. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  64. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  65. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  66. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  67. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  68. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  69. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  70. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  71. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  72. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  73. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  74. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  75. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  76. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  89. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  90. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

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  92. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  93. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

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  95. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

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  100. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

  101. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986). ↩

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  112. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  113. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

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  116. R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986). ↩

  117. R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983). ↩

  118. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  119. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  120. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  121. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  122. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  123. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  124. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  125. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  126. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  127. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  128. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  129. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  130. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  131. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  132. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩

  133. Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837 ↩