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Rough Fire
Wildfire of the 2015 California wildfire season

The Rough Fire was a major wildfire in Fresno County, California, and the largest of the 2015 California wildfire season. The fire was ignited by a lightning strike on July 31 and burned 151,623 acres (61,360 ha), largely in the Sierra National Forest and the Sequoia National Forest, before it was declared contained on November 6, 2015. At the time it occurred, the fire was the thirteenth largest in recorded California history.

The Rough Fire destroyed four structures and caused zero fatalities. Twelve injuries were recorded among the firefighters that responded to the incident, who numbered more than 3,700 at peak staffing in mid-September. The effort to contain the fire cost an estimated $120 million.

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Background

A severe and multi-year drought worsened wildfire risk in California in 2015.4 The drought and ensuing bark beetle predation on weakened trees contributed to the accumulation of over ten million dead trees in the southern Sierra Nevada by the time of the fire.5 In addition to these factors, there was little prior fire history—natural or intentional burns—in the area, in some cases extending back 150 years.6

Progression

July 31–August 31

The Rough Fire was begun by a lightning strike in the evening hours of Friday, July 31, 2015. The location of the fire's ignition was in the southern Sierra National Forest, partway up Deer Ridge between Rough Creek and Deer Creek in the upper drainage of the Kings River. It was first detected by the Buck Rock fire lookout in Sequoia National Forest to the south, and the location of the fire was triangulated with the help of several other lookouts. Lightning touched off several other fires in the region that night, but all were quickly contained.789

The Rough Fire—dubbed as such for its initial proximity to Rough Creek,10 in typical wildfire naming fashion11—owed its survival to its rugged and remote location; there were no roads or trails that ground crews could use to access the fire. The section of the Kings Canyon drainage in question contained slopes of eighty to ninety degrees, too steep for ground crews to work safely in. Forest Service experts considered the chances of quelling the fire with air power alone impracticable.1213

By August 6, a week after ignition, authorities reported the fire as having burned 500 acres (200 ha) with no containment.14 By Tuesday, August 11, it had grown to more than 5,000 acres (2,000 ha).15

September 1–31

On September 2, over 2,500 people were safely evacuated from Hume Lake Christian Camps and surrounding area. All camp events were cancelled and only security personnel remained.1617

On September 5, the fire reached Kings Canyon National Park as it crossed the 85,800-acre (347 km2) mark.18

On September 7, a severely burned firefighter was airlifted to the Community Regional Medical Center in Fresno.19

On September 10, officials at Kings Canyon National Park began evacuating all visitors and employees from the Wilsonia and General Grant Grove areas. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for Dunlap, effective September 11.20

On September 14, moisture and lower temperatures associated with the remnants of Hurricane Linda arrived in the southern Sierra.21 Light rain fell in Sierra/Sequoia National Forests and Kings Canyon, allowing firefighters to access the fire directly instead of preparing control lines at a distance.22

On September 15, as the fire slowed and with favorable weather conditions, evacuation orders and warnings in Dunlap and Squaw Valley were lifted.23 By that time, 3,742 firefighters, 345 engines, 19 helicopters and 45 bulldozers had been deployed.24

October 1 onwards

The Rough Fire was declared 100 percent contained on November 6, and then declared controlled sometime later in the month.25 The total cost of the firefighting effort was estimated by the National Interagency Coordination Center at $120.93 million.26: 9 

The fire was, at the time it occurred, the thirteenth largest in recorded California history27 and the largest in the history of Fresno County.28 It no longer numbers among even the twenty largest fires in the state.29

Effects

The Rough Fire destroyed four structures.30 One of these was the Kings Canyon Lodge off Highway 180 in Kings Canyon National Park.31

More than one hundred giant sequoia trees died in the Rough Fire.32

The total number of evacuees reached more than 2,500 on August 20, following the fire's leap across the Kings River and Highway 180.33

On September 11, Fresno health officials reported an unprecedented increase in hospital emergency department visits due to respiratory problems, and urged residents to avoid outdoor activities when the air is smoky.34

Area by ownership

As of October 6, 2015[update], the total burned area breaks down into:35

OwnerAcresKm2
Sequoia National Forest82,573334.2
Sierra National Forest58,541236.9
Kings Canyon National Park9,41338.1
Private lands1,0904.4
State lands60.0
Total151,623613.6

Growth and containment

Fire containment statusGray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained;
DateTotal area burnedPersonnelContainment
Jul 31.........
Aug 1.........
Aug 23626 acres (11 ha)... 0%
Aug 33765 acres (26 ha)... 0%
Aug 4.........
Aug 538450 acres (182 ha)...
Aug 639500 acres (202 ha)274 personnel
Aug 740975 acres (395 ha)...
Aug 8411,200 acres (486 ha)321 personnel 0%
Aug 9423,770 acres (1,526 ha)...
Aug 10435,217 acres (2,111 ha)...
Aug 11446,815 acres (2,758 ha)...
Aug 12459,918 acres (4,014 ha)...
Aug 13.........
Aug 144613,267 acres (5,369 ha)...
Aug 15.........
Aug 164716,258 acres (6,579 ha)...
Aug 174820,978 acres (8,489 ha)1,064 personnel 0%
Aug 184923,600 acres (9,551 ha)1,098 personnel 0%
Aug 195030,901 acres (12,505 ha)1,141 personnel 3%
Aug 205132,414 acres (13,117 ha)1,501 personnel 3%
Aug 215239,400 acres (15,945 ha)1,605 personnel 3%
Aug 225347,079 acres (19,052 ha)1,484 personnel 3%
Aug 235447,396 acres (19,180 ha)2,275 personnel 7%
Aug 245549,440 acres (20,008 ha)2,126 personnel 17%
Aug 255651,794 acres (20,960 ha)1,984 personnel 17%
Aug 265755,900 acres (22,622 ha)2,152 personnel 21%
Aug 275855,989 acres (22,658 ha)2,051 personnel 25%
Aug 285960,238 acres (24,377 ha)2,033 personnel 25%
Aug 296061,316 acres (24,814 ha)2,068 personnel 25%
Aug 306166,542 acres (26,929 ha)2,121 personnel 25%
Aug 316272,300 acres (29,259 ha)2,121 personnel 25%
Sep 16377,287 acres (31,277 ha)2,121 personnel 25%
Sep 26479,973 acres (32,364 ha)1,901 personnel 25%
Sep 36581,549 acres (33,002 ha)1,901 personnel 25%
Sep 46683,464 acres (33,777 ha)1,902 personnel 25%
Sep 56785,894 acres (34,760 ha)2,038 personnel 25%
Sep 66885,894 acres (34,760 ha)1,967 personnel 31%
Sep 76995,183 acres (38,519 ha)1,940 personnel 31%
Sep 87097,884 acres (39,612 ha)1,960 personnel 31%
Sep 971103,244 acres (41,781 ha)1,900 personnel 31%
Sep 1072110,134 acres (44,570 ha)1,900 personnel 29%
Sep 1173119,069 acres (48,186 ha)2,229 personnel 29%
Sep 1274128,796 acres (52,122 ha)2,570 personnel 29%
Sep 1375129,877 acres (52,559 ha)2,961 personnel 31%
Sep 1476138,053 acres (55,868 ha)3,073 personnel 40%
Sep 1577139,133 acres (56,305 ha)3,741 personnel 40%
Sep 1678140,760 acres (56,964 ha)3,742 personnel 67%
Sep 1779141,036 acres (57,075 ha)2,267 personnel 67%
Sep 1880141,201 acres (57,142 ha)1,411 personnel 68%
Sep 1981141,491 acres (57,259 ha)1,493 personnel 68%
Sep 2082141,599 acres (57,303 ha)1,381 personnel 68%
Sep 2183141,950 acres (57,445 ha)1,495 personnel 70%
Sep 2284142,629 acres (57,720 ha)1,510 personnel 70%
Sep 2385143,559 acres (58,096 ha)1,334 personnel 75%
Sep 2486143,559 acres (58,096 ha)1,070 personnel 77%
Sep 2587143,559 acres (58,096 ha)935 personnel 79%
Sep 2688150,876 acres (61,057 ha)787 personnel 85%
Sep 2789150,876 acres (61,057 ha)654 personnel 85%
Sep 2890151,493 acres (61,307 ha)651 personnel 85%
Sep 29.........
Sep 3091151,623 acres (61,360 ha)344 personnel 85%
............
Nov 692151,623 acres (61,360 ha)... 100%

References

  1. "2015 Rough Fire Vignettes and Videos - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/2015-rough-fire-vignettes-and-videos.htm ↩

  2. "Rough Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2015/7/31/rough-fire ↩

  3. "Rough Fire". InciWeb. Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150916054508/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4456 ↩

  4. Grossi, Mark (September 19, 2015). "Next drought nightmare: The fire that wouldn't die". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article35770278.html ↩

  5. Rocha, Veronica (September 10, 2015). "Hundreds evacuate Kings Canyon National Park as massive fire swells". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240118223215/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rough-fire-grows-20150910-story.html ↩

  6. Appleton, Rory (August 19, 2015). "Thousands forced out as Rough fire surges to 31,000 acres". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20171008215408/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article31532342.html ↩

  7. Grossi, Mark (September 19, 2015). "Next drought nightmare: The fire that wouldn't die". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article35770278.html ↩

  8. Clugston, Gina (August 6, 2015). "Rough Fire Burns In Nearly Inaccessible Terrain Near Kings River". Sierra News Online. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2024. https://sierranewsonline.com/rough-fire-burns-in-nearly-inaccessible-terrain-near-kings-river/ ↩

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  13. Castellon, David (August 21, 2015). "Rough Fire grows with no signs of slowing". Visalia Times-Delta. Archived from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/story/news/local/2015/08/21/rough-fire-grows-signs-slowing/32155237/ ↩

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  21. Grossi, Mark (September 19, 2015). "Next drought nightmare: The fire that wouldn't die". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article35770278.html ↩

  22. Lee, Bonhia (September 14, 2015). "Cooler, showery weather helps firefighters battling Rough fire". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article35196996.html ↩

  23. "Evacuation Orders and Warnings Lifted". InciWeb. Retrieved September 15, 2015. https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/4456/29843/ ↩

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  26. Wildland Fire Summary and Statistics Annual Report 2015 (PDF) (Report). National Interagency Coordination Center. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024 – via www.nifc.gov. https://www.nifc.gov/sites/default/files/NICC/2-Predictive%20Services/Intelligence/Annual%20Reports/2015/annual_report_2015_508.pdf ↩

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  28. Lee, Bonhia (September 14, 2015). "Cooler, showery weather helps firefighters battling Rough fire". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article35196996.html ↩

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  31. Appleton, Rory (August 21, 2015). "Rough fire destroys Kings Canyon Lodge; acreage nearly 42,000 acres". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2024. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article31737783.html ↩

  32. Wigglesworth, Alex (June 5, 2021). "As wildfires decimate the giant sequoia, California faces unprecedented loss". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-06-05/california-wildfires-are-decimating-the-giant-sequoia ↩

  33. Rocha, Veronica (August 20, 2015). "Rough fire burns 32,000 acres of Sierra forest in march toward Hume Lake". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2024. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rough-fire-20150820-story.html ↩

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