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Space Tracking and Surveillance System
Part of an American national defense system against ballistic missile attack

The Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS; formerly SBIRS-Low) was a pair of satellites developed by the United States Missile Defense Agency (MDA) to research the space-based detection and tracking of ballistic missiles. Data from STSS satellites could allow interceptors to engage incoming missiles earlier in flight than would be possible with other missile detection systems. The STSS program began in 2001, when the "SBIRS Low" program was transferred to MDA from the United States Air Force. In December 2002, SBIRS Low Research & Development (SBIRS Low R&D) was renamed Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS).

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Launch

One of the two satellites had been shipped to Cape Canaveral (CCAFS) on 4 May 2009; the second satellite arrived at the launch site on 25 June 2009.45

Two demonstration satellites were launched together on a single Delta II launch vehicle.6 Launch took place 25 September 2009, from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 (LC-17B).7 STSS constellation consists of two satellites orbiting at 1350 km, 58.0° inclination, with 120 minute period.8

It was reported that several items of debris,910 identified by amateur satellite watchers as remnants of the Delta-2 launch vehicle, had crashed in a field in Mongolia on 19 February 2010.11

Early detection

The perceived advantage of STSS was that its satellites, by operating at a lower altitude and by using long- and short-wave infrared sensors, would be able to acquire and track missiles in midcourse and during the boost phase.12

The role of STSS

STSS was designed to be the low Earth orbiter (LEO) within the layered Ballistic Missile Defense System. It complemented the geosynchronous Defense Support Program, the Space-Based Infrared System, and other overhead non-imaging infrared (ONIR) systems1314 and provided tracking cues to systems on the surface. The STSS program was developed in phases, the first of which was the launch of two demonstrator satellites. The demonstrators performed experiments and proved out systems and processes to establish a knowledge base for future operational designs.15 The demonstration satellites, built by Northrop Grumman Space Technology (spacecraft) and Raytheon Technologies (sensors) detected and tracked a two-stage Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) during a U.S. Missile Defense Agency flight test on 6 June 2010.16

Congressional testimony

According to Congressional testimony, military officials believed that STSS had the potential to bolster the nation's missile defense system. "Two recent flight tests demonstrated that STSS dramatically improved the precision of threat missile attacks and provided more accurate fire control quality data to the Aegis ships several minutes earlier than less accurate data provided by organic radars in the Aegis or THAAD (Theater High Altitude Area Defense) systems", U.S. Army Lt. General Patrick J. O'Reilly, Director of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, told the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee's Defense subcommittee in prepared testimony on 25 May 2011.17

Timeline of STSS missile tracking tests

According to Globe Newswire (sourced by Northrop Grumman) press releases, the following is a summary of the STSS Demonstration program satellites' on-orbit performance.18192021

June 2010

  • 6 June 2010 at 22:25 UTC

Ground-Based Interceptor test launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base.

First STSS Object Sighting Messages (OSM) of a missile First on-board missile track formed.

  • 16 June 2010 at 10:01 UTC

ICBM Minuteman III test launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base Pre-determined target launched of Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands Data transmitted at Missile Defense Integration and Operations Center (MDIOC) at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado.

First dual satellite collect of target, and First target acquisition from a target launched beyond the horizon.

  • 29 June 2010 at 07:32 UTC

Scud missile was launched from a Mobile Launch Platform (formerly USS Tripoli) near of Kauai, Hawaii Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base.

First OSMs sent to Enterprise Sensors Laboratory at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado, for data fusion with other sensors in real time First track of a dim theater missile.

July 2010

  • 19 July 2010

First track of a resident space object.

Tracked a NOAA weather satellite on 19 July 2010 for several minutes (externally queued)

  • 23 July 2010

First autonomous acquisition sensor to track sensor handover of a target.

Hand-off demonstration occurred when STSS acquired a ground laser source operated by U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory from the Starfire Optical Range at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

August 2010

  • 5 August 2010

First track of an aircraft

Precision track sensor operation below the horizon during daylight First autonomous acquisition sensor to track sensor handover of an aircraft

September 2010

  • 1 September 2010

Airborne Laser Test Bed Exercise

First autonomous acquisition sensor to track sensor handover of a boosted target

  • 17 September 2020 at 10:02 UTC

ICBM Minuteman III test launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base to Island of Guam (8500 km).

First post boost track continuation of a target with track sensor First demonstration of track sensor generating multiple tracks for separating objects.

October 2010

  • 5 October 2010

Aegis Launch on Remote Campaign First Track sensor stereo track of a dim boosted target First stereo post boost tracking of midcourse target.

March 2011

  • 9 March 2011

Second Aegis Readiness Assessment Vehicle Targeting STSS satellites acquired and tracked its target until re-entry

  • 15 March 2011

Second full-course tracking during U.S. Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) Aegis launch Successful production of "stereo" 3-D tracking software to follow the target missile's flight path to predict its impact point.

April 2011

  • 15 April 2011

Sea-based missile defense test

STSS satellites target and help to intercept an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM); destruction of the IRBM on impact.

July 2011

  • 8 July 2011

STSS test on short-range air-launched target (SRALT)

This test proved the STSS's ability to track dim objects that have extremely short flight timelines.

End of mission

The two Space Tracking and Surveillance System satellites stopped collecting data in September 2021. After being moved to higher orbits to prevent future collisions with other space objects, the two satellites were decommissioned on 8 March 2022.22

See also

  • Spaceflight portal

References

  1. "MDA Link - Sensors". MDA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085032/http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/sensors.html ↩

  2. "Fact Sheet on Space Based Infrared System". Center for Defense Information. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202652/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=4122 ↩

  3. "Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS)". Global Security. Retrieved 25 December 2020. https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/stss.htm ↩

  4. "STSS's Demo Program Space Vehicle Two Ships to Canaveral". ASD Network. 4 May 2009. http://www.asd-network.com/press_detail/20361/STSS%27s_Demo_Program_Space_Vehicle_Two_Ships_to_Canaveral.htm ↩

  5. "Space Tracking Surveillance System's Demonstration Program Ships Second Satellite to Cape Canaveral" (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://web.archive.org/web/20090713124410/http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/pdf/09fyi0003.pdf ↩

  6. "Fact Sheet - Space Tracking and Surveillance System" (PDF). MDA. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://web.archive.org/web/20090109013645/http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/pdf/stss06.pdf ↩

  7. "Delta II NASA Launch for Missile Defense Agency Successful". NASA KSC. 25 September 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2009/release-20090925.html ↩

  8. "MDA Documents" (PDF). MDA. 27 March 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/stss.pdf ↩

  9. "Object from sky most likely a dead satellite". 31 December 2016. http://en.news.mn/news/4464 ↩

  10. "На Монголию упали два НЛО. ФОТО". 25 February 2010. http://www.mk.ru/science/article/2010/02/25/437154-na-mongoliyu-upali-dva-nlo-foto.html ↩

  11. "Pieces of 09052C landed in Mongolia". http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Feb-2010/0238.html ↩

  12. "Fact Sheets - Space Based Infrared Systems". USAF. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. https://web.archive.org/web/20070702032159/http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3675 ↩

  13. Office of Secretary of Defense (Mar 2005) "Report to the Defense and Intelligence Committees of the Congress of the United States on the Status of the Space-Based Infrared System Program" This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB235/42.pdf ↩

  14. ONIR systems http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/onir.htm ↩

  15. "The Missile Defense Agency's Space Tracking and Surveillance System". Aerospace Corporation. http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/spring2008/03.html ↩

  16. "IRconnect". http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=195917 ↩

  17. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20111202231100/http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/PS_SAC-D_Hearing.LTG_O'Reilly.25_MAY_2011.pdf ↩

  18. "Northrop Grumman-Built STSS Demonstration Satellites Show 'Force Multiplier' Capability in Aegis Campaign Test". Northrop Grumman. Globe Newswire. http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=209096 ↩

  19. "Northrop Grumman-Built STSS Demonstrators Prove They Can Track Ballistic Missiles From 'Birth-to-Death'". Northrop Grumman. Globe Newswire. http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=218435 ↩

  20. "STSS Demonstration Satellites, Built by Northrop Grumman, Show New 'Remote Cueing' Capabilities During Aegis Test". Northrop Grumman. Globe Newswire. http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=225914 ↩

  21. "STSS Demonstrator Satellites, Built by Northrop Grumman, Track Short-Range, Air-Launched Rocket in Missile Defense Test". Northrop Grumman. Globe Newswire. http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=226850 ↩

  22. Erwin, Sandra (14 March 2022). "DoD decommissions two missile-tracking satellites after 12 years in orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 March 2022. https://spacenews.com/dod-decommissions-two-missile-tracking-satellites-after-12-years-in-orbit/ ↩