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Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Infectious disease caused by Sabiá virus

Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by Sabiá virus, an arenavirus. Sabiá virus is one of the arenaviruses from South America to cause hemorrhagic fever. It shares a common progenitor with Junín virus, Machupo virus, Tacaribe virus, and Guanarito virus. It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. Very little is known about this disease, but it is thought to be transmitted by the excreta of rodents. This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism, as it can be spread through aerosols.

As of 2019, there had only been four documented infections of Sabiá virus: two occurred naturally, and the other two cases occurred in the clinical setting. The first naturally occurring case was in 1990, when a female agricultural engineer who was staying in the neighborhood of Jardim Sabiá in the municipality of Cotia, a suburb of São Paulo, Brazil contracted the disease. She presented with hemorrhagic fever and died. Her autopsy showed liver necrosis. A virologist who was studying the woman's disease contracted the virus but survived. Ribavirin was not given in these first two cases. Four years later, in 1994, a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 biohazard facility at Yale University when a centrifuge bottle cracked, leaked, and released aerosolized virus particles. He was successfully treated with ribavirin.

A fourth case, also naturally acquired in upstate São Paulo, was reported in January 2020. The patient died 12 days after the onset of symptoms.

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Treatment

Ribavirin is thought to be effective in treating the illness, similar to other arenaviruses.2021 Compared to the patients who did not receive ribavirin, the patient who was treated with it had a shorter and less severe clinical course.22 Symptomatic control such as fluids to address dehydration and bleeding may also be required.23

Sabiá virus is a biosafety Level 4 pathogen.24

References

  1. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  2. GONZALEZ, JEAN PAUL J. (1996). "Genetic Characterization and Phylogeny of Sabiá Virus, an Emergent Pathogen in Brazil". Virology. 221 (2): 318–324. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0381. PMID 8661442. https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.1996.0381 ↩

  3. GONZALEZ, JEAN PAUL J. (1996). "Genetic Characterization and Phylogeny of Sabiá Virus, an Emergent Pathogen in Brazil". Virology. 221 (2): 318–324. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0381. PMID 8661442. https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.1996.0381 ↩

  4. "NRT Quick Reference Guide: Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever (BzHF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226155427/http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AllAttachmentsByTitle/A-1009WMDQRGBHF/$File/07BrazilianHemorrhagicFever(BzHF)QRG.pdf?OpenElement ↩

  5. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  6. "NRT Quick Reference Guide: Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever (BzHF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226155427/http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AllAttachmentsByTitle/A-1009WMDQRGBHF/$File/07BrazilianHemorrhagicFever(BzHF)QRG.pdf?OpenElement ↩

  7. "Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Bioterrorism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2009-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170216120124/http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/acd/bioterrorism/backvhf.pdf ↩

  8. Ellwanger JH, Chies JA (2017). "Keeping track of hidden dangers - The short history of the Sabiá virus". Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 50 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0330-2016. PMID 28327796. https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0037-8682-0330-2016 ↩

  9. "Vírus que causa febre hemorrágica foi registrada pela primeira vez em Cotia nos anos 90". Cotia e Cia | Aqui a notícia chega primeiro. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-05. https://www.cotiaecia.com.br/2020/01/virus-que-causa-febre-hemorragica-foi.html ↩

  10. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  11. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  12. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  13. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  14. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  15. Gandsman, E. J.; Aaslestad, H. G.; Ouimet, T. C.; Rupp, W. D. (1997). "Sabia virus incident at Yale University". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 58 (1): 51–3. doi:10.1080/15428119791013080. PMID 9018837. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  16. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  17. "Sabia Virus". http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/arena/2005/SabiaVirus.htm ↩

  18. "Arenavírus: caso confirmado de febre hemorrágica no estado de São Paulo". Ministério da Saúde. Retrieved 2020-01-20. http://saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46207-nota-informativa-arenavirus-caso-confirmado-de-febre-hemorragica-no-estado-de-sao-paulo ↩

  19. [No authors listed]. "Identificação de um caso de febre hemorrágica brasileira no estado de São Paulo, janeiro de 2020" (PDF). Boletim Epidemiológico. 51 (3): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2020-01-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125120757/http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/janeiro/20/Boletim-epidemiologico-SVS-03.pdf ↩

  20. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  21. "Sabia Virus". http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/arena/2005/SabiaVirus.htm ↩

  22. Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 317–318. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330505. PMID 7596373. https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199508033330505 ↩

  23. "Sabia Virus". http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/arena/2005/SabiaVirus.htm ↩

  24. "NRT Quick Reference Guide: Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever (BzHF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226155427/http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AllAttachmentsByTitle/A-1009WMDQRGBHF/$File/07BrazilianHemorrhagicFever(BzHF)QRG.pdf?OpenElement ↩