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Sacagawea dollar
US 1 dollar coin minted since 2000

The Sacagawea dollar, introduced in 2000 as a replacement for the Susan B. Anthony dollar, features a copper core clad in manganese brass giving it a distinctive golden color. The obverse, designed by Glenna Goodacre, depicts Sacagawea, the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. From 2000 to 2008, the reverse showed an eagle by Thomas D. Rogers, then yearly designs highlighting Native American cultures. Despite strong marketing by the U.S. Mint and partners like Walmart and Cheerios, public demand remained low. Notably, a rare accidental mule coin combining the state quarter obverse and dollar reverse was produced, making it a collector’s item.

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Background

Because of the limited circulation of the cumbersome Eisenhower dollar, it was decided in 1977 that a smaller dollar coin might see improved circulation and prove more useful to the public.1 On September 26, 1978, Congress approved legislation to provide for a smaller dollar coin to be minted, which would depict Susan B. Anthony, a prominent American suffragette.2 These new dollars also proved unpopular, due in large part to their similarity in size and metallic composition to the quarter-dollar.3 Since there was little interest in the coin as a circulating medium, most were placed in United States Mint and Federal Reserve vaults throughout the country, and mintage ceased after 1981.4

Despite their initial lack of popularity, by the mid-1990s the Treasury's supply of Anthony dollars began to dwindle due to their widespread use in vending machines (including more than 9,000 stamp machines situated in post offices across the United States) and increasing usage in mass transit systems throughout the country.5 Beginning in 1997, several bills were introduced to Congress with the intent of resuming mintage of small-sized dollar coins to keep up with demand.6 On March 20 of that year, Arizona Republican Representative Jim Kolbe introduced legislation calling for more dollar coins to be minted. Four months later, on July 24, Republican Representative Michael Castle of Delaware, a member of the House Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, also introduced legislation, calling for the Statue of Liberty to be the subject of the design.7 On October 21, Minnesota Republican Rod Grams introduced a bill in the Senate, also calling for the mintage of a newly designed dollar coin. The final legislation authorizing the design and production of a new dollar coin was based on Grams' bill.8 Also on October 21, in a hearing before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade, and Technology, Treasury Department officials gave their support for a new dollar coin, recommending that it be gold-colored with a distinctive edge, to make it easily distinguishable from the quarter-dollar. During this hearing, Philip N. Diehl, then Director of the Mint, estimated that it would take thirty months to begin production of the new coin.9

The United States Senate approved the necessary legislation on November 9, 1997, and the House of Representatives did the same on November 13.10 On December 1 President Bill Clinton signed the 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act, which became Public Law 105–124.11 Section four of the act, which is entitled "United States $1 Coin Act of 1997", provided for a new dollar coin to be struck, stating in part: "The dollar coin shall be golden in color, have a distinctive edge, have tactile and visual features that make the denomination of the coin readily discernible".12 The act also gave authority to the Secretary of the Treasury to resume production of the Susan B. Anthony dollar to fill the demand for dollar coins until production could begin on the newly designed golden dollar.13 In total, more than 41 million Susan B. Anthony dollars were struck bearing the date 1999.14

Design history

Subject selection

Though the United States $1 Coin Act of 1997 required a change in composition and edge, it did not dictate what was to appear on the coin.15 To determine this, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin appointed a nine-member Dollar Coin Design Advisory Committee. Rubin, who had the authority to select the coin's design as Secretary of the Treasury,16 specified that the coin should depict a representation of one or more women and could not depict a living person.17 The committee was chaired by Philip N. Diehl, a role that did not include a vote on the designs.18 They met in Philadelphia in June 1998, listening to seventeen concepts submitted by members of the public, and reviewing many more suggestions received by telephone, mail and email.19 On June 9, 1998, the committee recommended Sacagawea, the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, for the design of the new coin.20 Despite the committee's choice of Sacagawea, Castle advocated that the Statue of Liberty be depicted, as per his earlier legislation.21 In a letter to the House of Representatives, Castle explained his objection, stating that the "goal in creating a new dollar coin is to make it more distinctive with a popular design that would encourage its wider use by the public."22 Between November 18 and 22, 1998, the General Accounting Office conducted a poll on behalf of Castle.23 The object of the poll was to determine which design the public would find more desirable.24 In total, 65 percent preferred the Statue of Liberty, 27 percent preferred Sacagawea, two percent believed that either was acceptable, three percent said neither was acceptable, and an additional three percent had no opinion.25 Despite Castle's objection, Sacagawea was ultimately chosen as the subject of the coin.

Initial design selection (2000–2008)

Invitations were sent to 23 artists with guidelines as to what their designs should depict. The obverse was to depict a representation of Sacagawea, and the reverse an eagle symbolizing peace and freedom.26 Another guideline requested artists "be sensitive to cultural authenticity, and try to avoid creating a representation of a classical European face in Native American headdress."27 In November and December 1998, members of the Native American community, teachers, numismatists, historians, members of Congress, various government officials and others were invited by the United States Mint to review the submitted proposed designs.28 Six obverse and seven reverse designs were originally selected for further consideration.29

After the Mint conducted a series of polls and focus groups, three obverse and four reverse designs were selected as finalists.30 The Mint received approximately 90,000 e-mails in reference to the design selection process.31 In response to the large amount of feedback generated, Diehl stated that the internet has "allowed us to conduct a public outreach program of unprecedented scope to measure opinions of the designs."32 All seven of the selected designs were forwarded to the United States Commission of Fine Arts; the Commission chose an obverse design depicting Sacagawea with her infant son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, as designed by sculptor Glenna Goodacre. Goodacre chose Randy'L He-dow Teton to model for Sacagawea, of whom there are no known contemporary portraits, to help the artist capture the features of a young Native American woman.33 The depiction of Sacagawea's infant son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was partially modeled after one-year-old Adam Scholz, with assistance from his father, Peter Scholz. The infant is shown on Sacagawea's back in Hidatsa custom.34 The chosen reverse, designed by Mint sculptor-engraver Thomas D. Rogers, depicted a soaring eagle.35

Native American redesign (2009–present)

On September 20, 2007, Pub. L. 110–82 (text) (PDF), known as the Native American $1 Coin Act, was signed by president George W. Bush.36 The act specified in part that the one dollar coin shall depict "images celebrating the important contributions made by Indian tribes and individual Native Americans to the development of the United States and the history of the United States."37 The act also called for the removal of the date from the obverse and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" from the reverse of the coin, opting instead to add them to the edge.38 At this time the mintmark was also moved to the edge.

The program requires that the reverse of the dollar depict a new design every year.39 In order to determine which design to depict on the coins, officials from the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, the Native American Caucus and the National Congress of American Indians, the consulting organizations for the program, appoint a liaison to the United States Mint.40 Between twelve and fifteen themes are selected after consultation with the National Museum of the American Indian and the Smithsonian Institution.41 At this point, the consulting organizations supply the Mint with written comments regarding the themes.42 The suggestions are then sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee, where a theme is recommended.43 After reviewing the recommendations and input from the contributing organizations, the selected theme is finalized, at which point designs are produced that represent the theme.44 Once designs are created, the consulting organizations and the National Museum of the Native American are consulted, and the designs are sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee for approval. Based on all comments and recommendations received, the Mint selects a final design that is recommended to the Secretary of the Treasury for approval.45

The first coin in the Native American series, issued in 2009, was designed by Mint sculptor-engraver Norman E. Nemeth, the subject being the spread of Three Sisters Agriculture.46 It depicts a Native American woman planting seeds in a field populated with corn, beans and squash.47 Above the woman is the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", and below is "$1".48

The design selected for the 2010 reverse was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Thomas Cleveland and depicts the Hiawatha Belt surrounding five stone-tipped arrows, along with the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1", "HAUDENOSAUNEE" and "GREAT LAW OF PEACE".49 The subject of the design is the "Great Tree of Peace".50

The reverse of the 2011 dollar depicts the hands of the Supreme Sachem Ousamequin and Plymouth Colony Governor John Carver holding a ceremonial pipe, along with the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1", and "WAMPANOAG TREATY 1621".51 The coin was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Richard Masters and engraved by Mint sculptor–engraver Joseph Menna.52 The design subject is treaties with tribal nations.53

The theme for the reverse of the 2012 dollar is "Trade Routes of the 17th Century" and the design depicts the profile of a Native American man and a horse in the foreground and a group of galloping horses in the background.54 This reverse design was created by Thomas Cleveland as part of the Artistic Infusion Program and engraved by Mint sculptor–engraver Phebe Hemphill.

The 2013 dollar commemorates the Treaty with the Lenape in 1778, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe. The coin depicts a turkey, a howling wolf, and a turtle—symbols of the Lenape.55 Its design was created by Susan Gamble as part of the Artistic Infusion Program, and engraved by Phebe Hemphill.56

The 2014 dollar depicts a Native American man clasping a ceremonial pipe while his wife holds a plate of provisions, including fish, corn, roots and gourds. In the background is the stylized image of the face of William Clark's compass, displaying "NW" for "northwest." It bears the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "$1", as required by law.57

The reverse design of the 2015 dollar depicts Mohawk ironworkers. According to the U.S. Mint, the coin commemorates Kahnawake and Akwesasne Mohawk ironworkers who contributed to the building of New York City skyscrapers.58 The inscriptions on the reverse read "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1" and "MOHAWK IRONWORKERS."59 It was designed by artist Ronald D. Sanders.60

The reverse design selected for use on the 2016 coin, according to an August 29, 2014, U.S. Mint press release, commemorates Code talkers from World Wars I and II.61 Designed by Thomas D. Rogers, it includes the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, "$1", "WWI" and "WWII" and depicts two helmets used by American fighting forces in the 20th century — the Brodie helmet of World War I, and the M1 helmet of World War II — along with two feathers which combine to form a V, "symbolizing victory, unity, and the important role that these code talkers played."62

For 2017, the reverse design, selected on October 7, 2015, by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC), depicts Sequoyah.63

For 2018, the reverse design, also selected by the CCAC, depicts Jim Thorpe and was sculpted by Michael Gaudioso.64

The 2019 dollar's theme is "American Indians in the space program", depicting Mary G. Ross and John Herrington. It was designed by Emily Damstra and sculpted by Joseph Menna.65

The 2020 dollar design commemorates the 75th anniversary of Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945 and features the image of Alaskan civil rights advocate and member of the Tlingit Nation Elizabeth Peratrovich. The designer was Phebe Hemphill.66

In March 2018, the CCAC recommended design themes through 2024.67

The 2021 dollar's theme is American Indians in the U.S. military service from 1775 to the present. Designed by Donna Weaver and sculpted by Joseph Menna, it features two eagle feathers and five stars for the five branches of the U.S. military.68

The 2022 dollar's reverse depicts Ely Samuel Parker.69

The 2023 dollar's reverse was announced in 2018 as set to honor Charles Alexander Eastman70 but the actual 2023 coin as issued features the prima ballerina Maria Tallchief and the Five Moons.7172

The 2024 dollar's reverse commemorated the 100th anniversary of Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (also known as the Snyder Act).73

The 2025 coin honored Mary Kawena Pukui.74

The 2026 coin will pay homage to the Oneidas who participated at Valley Forge during the American Revolutionary War. 75

Production and release

After her obverse design was approved, Goodacre visited the Philadelphia Mint engraving department six times in order to finalize the designs.76 Rogers' reverse design was also modified before production began. In his original proposal, mountainous scenery was depicted beneath the flying eagle; this was removed and the positions of other reverse design features were altered before Rubin gave final approval.77 The composition selected for the new coin included a cladding of manganese brass (containing about 77% copper, 12% zinc, 7% manganese, and 4% nickel) over a pure copper core.78 This composition was chosen because it would give the coin a distinctive golden color while being electromagnetically identical to its predecessor, the copper-nickel Susan B. Anthony dollar.79 The first official striking of the Sacagawea dollar took place on November 18, 1999, during a ceremony in which dignitaries and other invited guests each struck individual examples of the coins.80 Because the coins were struck before 2000, it was not legal to release them during the first strike ceremonies.81 Instead, the coins were saved and later sent to the dignitaries who struck them.82 Full-scale production began shortly after the ceremonial strikings.83

For her work creating the obverse of the Sacagawea dollar, Goodacre received a $5,000 commission; she requested that it be paid in dollar coins.84 The 2000-P dollars paid to Goodacre were struck on specially burnished blanks to give them a finish unique to that striking.85 Diehl and other Mint dignitaries personally delivered the coins to Goodacre on April 5, 2000.86 A similar specially burnished finish was used on the 75,000 2000-D dollars included in the Millennium Coin & Currency sets.87 Soon after release of the new coins, it was discovered that they tarnished quickly once in circulation. In April 2001 the Mint began testing an experimental rinse that would inhibit the tarnishing; however, the rinse was used only in that year.88

Marketing

The act authorizing the dollar coin also provided for the Secretary of the Treasury to "adopt a program to promote the use of such coins by commercial enterprises, mass transit authorities, and Federal, State, and local government agencies."89 The Mint's initial advertising campaign, consisting of an estimated 1,600 television, radio and print advertisements and partnerships with the national retail chain Wal-Mart and the General Mills company, cost approximately $41 million.90 The television ads consisted of the head of George Washington superimposed upon a body, voiced by actor Michael Keaton, discussing the merits of the new dollar coin.91

Beginning in January 2000, the Mint began sending dollar coins to Wal-Mart and Sam's Club stores across the United States in order to help promote and circulate the coins.92 In total, $100 million worth of the dollars were shipped to the stores as part of the promotion.93 Some store owners criticized the Mint's partnership with Wal-Mart and Sam's Club as being unfair to smaller retailers.94 In response, Diehl noted that "every retailer and commercial establishment has the right to carry the Golden Dollar. The Mint's agreement with Wal-Mart is designed to encourage all retailers and commercial businesses in the nation to use the new Golden Dollar in everyday transactions."95

The first Sacagawea dollar coins were released to the public on January 27, 2000. A Zions Bank branch in Blackfoot, Idaho (near Sacagawea's birthplace) was chosen by the Mint to distribute the first 2,000 coins.96 However, the shipment of coins did not arrive there in time, and Wal-Mart began giving out Sacagawea dollars in change that same afternoon.97

During this time, the Mint began a partnership with the General Mills company, in which 10,000,000 boxes of Cheerios cereal would contain a 2000-dated Lincoln cent as a prize, one in every 2,000 boxes would contain a new Sacagawea dollar and one in every 4,400 would hold a certificate redeemable for 100 Sacagawea dollars.98 It was later discovered, and confirmed in 2005,99 that the dollars included in every 2,000 boxes were in fact early strikes, differing from those ultimately issued for circulation by the number of tail feathers on the eagle.100 Approximately 5,500 of the coins were included in the boxes of cereal.101 Far less of these dollars are known, since many may have been spent and entered circulation.102 Later analysis also showed that an unknown number of them had the normal "Reverse of 2000" rather than what collectors called the enhanced tail feathers "Reverse of 1999". Thus the fact that a coin came from the cereal box does not guarantee that it is the rare variety.103

Gold dollars

In 1999, the Mint struck a number of Sacagawea dollars in .9167 fine (22-karat) gold.104 During the initial production of the coins, they were denominated at five dollars in order to help the public distinguish them from their circulating counterparts.105 The plan was to sell gold versions of the coins to collectors.106 On March 20, this plan was halted when some Congressmen questioned the authority of Mint officials to strike the coins in a composition different from what had already been authorized.107 Full-scale coin production never took place even though the Mint maintained that it did have authority to do so, as the coins would be considered numismatic items and not regular-issue coins.108 Similar gold coins were also struck, this time bearing the denomination of one dollar and a "W" mint mark of the West Point Mint (although they were actually struck at Philadelphia).109110 In total, 39 such coins were struck, twelve of which were found to be of adequate quality, while the rest were eventually destroyed.111 Unlike those denominated at five dollars, the one dollar pieces were "struck to commemorate the historic flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in July 1999", according to Former Mint Director Ed Moy.112 The twelve surviving gold dollars were sent into space aboard Columbia on mission STS-93 in July 1999.113 Following the return of the shuttle, the coins were placed in storage at Fort Knox, where they remained until 2007, when they were exhibited at the American Numismatic Association World's Fair of Money in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.114 After the event, the coins were returned to Fort Knox; however, the Mint is currently planning to loan the coins to various museums throughout the country.115

Mule error

Main article: 2000 Sacagawea dollar – Washington quarter mule

In May 2000, an error coin bearing the George Washington obverse design of a U.S. state quarter and the eagle reverse of a Sacagawea dollar was discovered in a roll of dollar coins purchased from a bank in Mountain Home, Arkansas.116[52] The undated coin, known as a double-denomination mule, was the first of eleven discovered and authenticated.[52] Mint officials estimate that the coins, which bear the 'P' mint mark for Philadelphia, were struck from late April to early May 2000.117[52] They were produced on dollar-coin planchets clad with manganese bronze, not quarter planchets with copper-nickel cladding.[52]

Following the initial discovery, a bin containing several thousand of the error coins was impounded at the Philadelphia Mint,118 and all such coins within it were ordered melted.[52] Some of the coins that had been released were eventually tracked back to a coin-wrapping facility near Philadelphia.119[52] Employees at the wrapping facility were instructed to watch for any of the coins; those discovered were turned over to the Mint.120

A subsequent federal investigation into the incident found that the error coins had been struck accidentally, but two former Mint employees were guilty of selling some of the dollars, resulting in imprisonment and fines for both individuals.121 In 2002, Mint officials announced that two of the ten coins then reported had entered circulation through legal channels, but the other eight were of dubious origins and might be seized.122 However, as of 2011, the federal government has not attempted to seize the eight examples considered of dubious origin.[52]

As of August 2011, eight of the eleven error coins, including the one initially discovered in Arkansas, are owned by a New Mexico collector who purchased them between 2000 and 2003, paying as high as $75,000 for a single specimen.123124 Of the other three documented mules, one is owned by its discoverer, a Missouri collector,125 another was purchased by an unnamed collector,126 and the third, first reported in 2011, was purchased in 2011 by a Chicago dealer from an individual who had owned the coin for about ten years.[52]127 Sale prices as high as $200,000 have been reported.[52] Three different die combinations have been identified among the eleven available error coins.[52]

Reception

The coin received mixed reviews from the nation's senators. In an interview with Associated Press columnist Suzanne Gamboa, Republican Senator Phil Gramm of Texas described United States currency as "crummy".128 Gramm, who was one of the senators who voted for the bill containing the legislation that authorized it, praised the design of the Sacagawea dollar as being an improvement over the other coin designs then in production.129 Despite his praise of the design, Gramm condemned the Mint's approach to marketing the coin, stating that if the United States Mint were the Franklin Mint, they would be "sued for deceptive advertisement."130 He also noted his belief that the Mint had repeated the earlier mistakes of the Susan B. Anthony dollar by issuing a coin that was tailored to the requests of the vending machine industry rather than the average consumer.131

Texas Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison criticized both the Sacagawea design as well the coin's size in relation to the other coins in circulation at the time.132 Hutchison felt that the new coin lacked the necessary heft to easily distinguish it from the lower denominations, and that the dollar, as well as the other coins and currency then in circulation "looks like play money."133

Senators Mike DeWine of Ohio and Byron Dorgan of North Dakota, Republican and Democrat respectively, praised the design and the distinctiveness of the golden color.134

The series proved unpopular in everyday commerce.135 Mintage dropped by 90% the following year.136 From 2002 through 2008, Sacagawea dollars were only struck for sale to collectors.137 The Federal Reserve Bank ordered none of the Native American series after their issuance beginning in 2009.138 In December 2009, it was noted by a Federal Reserve official that there were currently 857,000,000 dollar coins (including Presidential dollars) in government storage vaults, an amount estimated to satisfy the demand for twelve years.139 In January 2009, the Mint created a direct ship program allowing private individuals to purchase boxes of coins with credit cards,140 allowing them to earn frequent flyer miles in the process. The Mint subsequently restricted sales to large purchasers later in 2009,141 and ended credit card sales completely in July 2011.142

In 2009, with the introduction of the Native American reverse designs, the coins were re-introduced to circulation; however, they again proved unpopular in commerce and following the 2011 issue, treasury secretary Timothy F. Geithner announced that all future dollar coin production would be for numismatic (collecting) purposes only.143

Despite their unpopularity in the United States, the coins are popular for commerce in El Salvador and Ecuador, nations that use the United States dollar.144 Coins are more durable in tropical climates, and Sacagawea's portrait resembles that of an Ecuadorian Indian woman.145

Mintage figures

YearPhiladelphia mintage146Denver mintage147San Francisco mintage148Total minted
2000767,150,500518,916,0004,047,9041,290,114,404
200162,468,00070,939,5003,183,740136,591,240
20023,865,6103,732,0003,211,99510,809,605
20033,080,0003,080,0003,298,4399,458,439
20042,660,0002,660,0002,965,4228,285,422
20052,520,0002,520,0003,344,6798,384,679
20064,900,0002,800,0003,054,43610,754,436
20073,640,0003,920,0002,259,8479,819,847
20081,820,0001,820,0001,998,1085,638,108
200914937,380,00033,880,0002,179,86773,439,867
201015032,060,00048,720,0001,689,21682,469,216
201115129,400,00048,160,0001,673,01079,233,010
20121522,800,0003,080,0001,189,4457,069,445
20131531,820,0001,820,000802,4604,442,460
20141543,080,0005,600,0001,144,1909,345,100
20151552,800,0002,240,0001,050,1661566,090,166
20162,100,0001572,800,000158923,4141595,823,414
20173,020,7362,737,136878,3061603,848,460
20181,400,0001611,400,000162517,0813,317,081
20191,400,0001631,540,0001641,012,9311653,952,931
20201,400,0001661,260,000167464,6581683,124,658
20211,260,0001691,260,000170512,6641713,032,664
2022980,000172980,000173399,9501742,359,950

Special finish sets

Besides the annual proof and uncirculated sets, Sacagawea dollars with special finishes have also been inserted into several mint packages. These include the following:175

Year and MintProductMintage
2000-DMillennium Coinage & Currency Set with special Burnished finish75,000
2014-DCoin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish50,000
2015-WCoin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish90,000
2016-SCoin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish75,000
2017-SEnhanced Uncirculated Mint set225,000176
2019-PCoin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish50,000

See also

  • Money portal
  • Numismatics portal
  • United States portal

References

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  2. Martin, Erik (June 2010). "Anthony Dollar Hits Wrong Chord With Collectors, Public". Coin World: 224–26. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  3. Martin, Erik (June 2010). "Anthony Dollar Hits Wrong Chord With Collectors, Public". Coin World: 224–26. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  4. Yeoman, R.S. (2010). A Guide Book of United States Coins (63rd ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7948-2767-0. 978-0-7948-2767-0 ↩

  5. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Wanted: New $1 Coins (As Long As They're Not Anthony Dollars)". Coin World: 22–24. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  6. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Wanted: New $1 Coins (As Long As They're Not Anthony Dollars)". Coin World: 22–24. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

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  9. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Wanted: New $1 Coins (As Long As They're Not Anthony Dollars)". Coin World: 22–24. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  10. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Wanted: New $1 Coins (As Long As They're Not Anthony Dollars)". Coin World: 22–24. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  11. Public Law 105-124—Dec. 1, 1997. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ124.105.pdf ↩

  12. Public Law 105-124—Dec. 1, 1997. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ124.105.pdf ↩

  13. Public Law 105-124—Dec. 1, 1997. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ124.105.pdf ↩

  14. Yeoman, R.S. (2010). A Guide Book of United States Coins (63rd ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7948-2767-0. 978-0-7948-2767-0 ↩

  15. Public Law 105-124—Dec. 1, 1997. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ124.105.pdf ↩

  16. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

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  21. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  22. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  23. New Dollar Coin: Public Prefers Statue of Liberty Over Sacagawea Archived November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved January 26, 2011 http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/gao/reports/gg99024.pdf ↩

  24. New Dollar Coin: Public Prefers Statue of Liberty Over Sacagawea Archived November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved January 26, 2011 http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/gao/reports/gg99024.pdf ↩

  25. New Dollar Coin: Public Prefers Statue of Liberty Over Sacagawea Archived November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved January 26, 2011 http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/gao/reports/gg99024.pdf ↩

  26. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

  27. Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79. /wiki/Coin_World ↩

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