Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Solar analog
A star that is particularly similar to the Sun

Solar-type stars, solar analogs (also analogues), and solar twins are stars that are particularly similar to the Sun. The stellar classification is a hierarchy with solar twin being most like the Sun followed by solar analog and then solar-type. Observations of these stars are important for understanding better the properties of the Sun in relation to other stars and the habitability of planets.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Solar analog yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Solar analog yet.
We don't have any Books related to Solar analog yet.
We don't have any archived web articles related to Solar analog yet.

By similarity to the Sun

Defining the three categories by their similarity to the Sun reflects the evolution of astronomical observational techniques. Originally, solar-type was the closest that similarity to the Sun could be defined. Later, more precise measurement techniques and improved observatories allowed for greater precision of key details like temperature, enabling the creation of a solar analog category for stars that were particularly similar to the Sun. Later still, continued improvements in precision allowed for the creation of a solar-twin category for near-perfect matches.

Similarity to the Sun allows for checking derived quantities—such as temperature, which is derived from the color index—against the Sun, the only star whose temperature is confidently known. For stars that are not similar to the Sun, this cross-checking cannot be done.3

Solar-type

These stars are broadly similar to the Sun. They are main-sequence stars with a B−V color between 0.48 and 0.80, the Sun having a B−V color of 0.65. Alternatively, a definition based on spectral type can be used, such as F8V through K2V, which would correspond to B−V color of 0.50 to 1.00.4 This definition fits approximately 10% of stars, so a list of solar-type stars would be quite extensive.5

Solar-type stars show highly correlated behavior between their rotation rates and their chromospheric activity (e.g. Calcium H & K line emission) and coronal activity (e.g. X-ray emission)6 Because solar-type stars spin down during their main-sequence lifetimes due to magnetic braking, these correlations allow rough ages to be derived. Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008)7 have estimated the ages for the 108 solar-type (F8V–K2V) main-sequence stars within 52 light-years (16 parsecs) of the Sun based on their chromospheric activity (as measured via Ca, H, and K emission lines).

The following table shows a sample of solar-type stars within 50 light years that nearly satisfy the criteria for solar analogs (B−V color between 0.48 and 0.80), based on current measurements (the Sun is listed for comparison):

Sample of solar-type stars
IdentifierJ2000 coordinates8Distance9(ly)Stellarclass10Temperature(K)Metallicity(dex)Age(Gyr)Notes
Right ascensionDeclination
Sun——0.0000158G2V5778+0.004.611
Rigil Kentaurus 1215h 49m 36.49400s−60° 50′ 02.3737″4.37G2V5790+0.204.413141516
Toliman4.37K0V52604.4
Epsilon Eridani 17-09h 27m 29.7s03° 32′ 55.8″10.4K2V5084-0.130.4-0.8
Tau Ceti 1801h 44m 04.1s−15° 56′ 15″11.9G8V5344–0.525.819
82 Eridani 2003h 19m 55.7s−43° 04′ 11.2″19.8G8V5338–0.546.121
Delta Pavonis 2220h 08m 43.6s−66° 10′ 55″19.9G8IV5604+0.33~723
V538 Aurigae 2405h 41m 20.3s+53° 28′ 51.8″39.9K1V5257−0.203.725
HD 14412 2602h 18m 58.5s−25° 56′ 45″41.3G5V5432−0.469.627
HR 4587 2812h 00m 44.3s−10° 26′ 45.7″42.1G8IV5538+0.188.529
HD 172051 3018h 38m 53.4s−21° 03′ 07″42.7G5V5610−0.324.331
72 Herculis 3217h 20m 39.6s+32° 28′ 04″46.9G0V5662−0.37533
HD 196761 3420h 40m 11.8s−23° 46′ 26″46.9G8V5415−0.316.635
Nu² Lupi 3615h 21m 48.1s−48° 19′ 03″47.5G4V5664−0.3410.337

Solar analog

These stars are photometrically similar to the Sun, having the following qualities:38

  • Temperature within 500 K from that of the Sun (5278 to 6278 K)
  • Metallicity of 50–200% (± 0.3 dex) of that of the Sun, meaning the star's protoplanetary disk would have had similar amounts of dust from which planets could form
  • No close companion (orbital period of ten days or less), because such a companion stimulates stellar activity

Solar analogs not meeting the stricter solar twin criteria include, within 50 light years and in order of increasing distance (The Sun is listed for comparison.):

IdentifierJ2000 coordinates39Distance40(ly)Stellarclass41Temperature(K)Metallicity(dex)Age(Gyr)Notes
Right ascensionDeclination
Sun——0.0000158G2V5,778+0.004.642
Sigma Draconis 4319h 32m 21.6s+69° 39′ 40″18.8G9–K0 V5,297−0.204.744
Beta Canum Venaticorum 4512h 33m 44.5s+41° 21′ 27″27.4G0V5,930−0.306.046
61 Virginis 4713h 18m 24.3s−18° 18′ 40″27.8G5V5,558−0.026.348
Zeta Tucanae 4900h 20m 04.3s–64° 52′ 29″28.0F9.5V5,956−0.142.550
Beta Comae Berenices 5113h 11m 52.4s+27° 52′ 41″29.8G0V5,970−0.062.052
61 Ursae Majoris 5311h 41m 03.0s+34° 12′ 06″31.1G8V5,483−0.121.054
HR 511 5501h 47m 44.8s+63° 51′ 09″32.8K0V5,333+0.053.056
Alpha Mensae 5706h 10m 14.5s–74° 45′ 11″33.1G5V5,594+0.105.458
HD 69830 5908h 18m 23.9s−12° 37′ 56″40.6K0V5,410−0.0310.660
HD 10307 6101h 41m 47.1s+42° 36′ 48″41.2G1.5V5,848−0.057.062
HD 147513 6316h 24m 01.3s−39° 11′ 35″42.0G1V5,858+0.030.464
58 Eridani 6504h 47m 36.3s−16° 56′ 04″43.3G3V5,868+0.020.666
47 Ursae Majoris 6710h 59m 28.0s+40° 25′ 49″45.9G1V5,954+0.066.068
Psi Serpentis 6915h 44m 01.8s+02° 30′ 54.6″47.8G5V5,6830.043.270
HD 84117 7109h 42m 14.4s–23° 54′ 56″48.5F8V6,167−0.033.172
HD 4391 7300h 45m 45.6s–47° 33′ 07″48.6G3V5,878−0.031.274
20 Leonis Minoris 7510h 01m 00.7s+31° 55′ 25″49.1G3V5,741+0.206.576
Nu Phoenicis 7701h 15m 11.1s–45° 31′ 54″49.3F8V6,140+0.185.778
Helvetios 7922h 57m 28.0s+20° 46′ 08″50.9G2.5IVa5,804+0.207.080

Solar twin

To date no solar twin that exactly matches the Sun has been found.81 However, there are some stars that come very close to being identical to the Sun, and are such considered solar twins by members of the astronomical community. An exact solar twin would be a G2V star with a 5,778 K surface temperature, be 4.6 billion years old, with the correct metallicity and a 0.1% solar luminosity variation.82 Stars with an age of 4.6 billion years are at the most stable state. Proper metallicity, radius, chemical composition, rotation, magnetic activity, and size are also very important to low luminosity variation.83848586

The stars below are more similar to the Sun and having the following qualities:87

  • Temperature within 50 K from that of the Sun (5728 to 5828 K)88 (within 10 K of sun (5768–5788 K)).
  • Metallicity of 89–112% (± 0.05 dex) of that of the Sun, meaning the star's proplyd would have had almost exactly the same amount of dust for planetary formation
  • No stellar companion, because the Sun itself is a solitary star
  • An age within 1 billion years from that of the Sun (3.6 to 5.6 Ga)

Other Sun parameters:89

  • Sun rotates on its axis once in about 27 days or 1.997 kilometres per second (1.241 mi/s)
  • Sun radius is 700,000 kilometres (430,000 mi)
  • Sun chemical composition by mass: hydrogen (73.4%); helium (25%); carbon (0.2%); nitrogen (0.09%);oxygen (0.80%); neon (0.16%); magnesium (0.06%); silicon (0.09&); sulfur (0.05%); iron (0.003%).90

The following are the known stars that come closest to satisfying the criteria for a solar twin. The Sun is listed for comparison. Highlighted boxes are out of range for a solar twin. The star may have been noted as solar twin in the past, but are more of a solar analog.

IdentifierJ2000 coordinates91Distance92(ly)Stellarclass93Temperature(K)Metallicity(dex)Age(Gyr)Notes
Right ascensionDeclination
Sun——0.0000158G2V5,778+0.004.694
18 Scorpii 9516h 15m 37.3s–08° 22′ 06″45.1G2Va5,433−0.032.99697
HD 150248 9816h 41m 49.8s–45° 22′ 07″88G25,750−0.046.299
HD 164595 10018h 00m 38.9s+29° 34′ 19″91G25,810−0.064.5101
HD 195034 10220h 28m 11.8s+22° 07′ 44″92G55,760−0.042.9103
HD 117939 10413h 34m 32.6s–38° 54′ 26″98G35,730−0.106.1105
HD 138573 10615h 32m 43.7s+10° 58′ 06″99G5IV–V5,757+0.007.1107
HD 71334 10808h 25m 49.5s−29° 55′ 50″124G25,701−0.0758.1109
HD 98649 11011h 20m 51.769s–23° 13′ 02″135G4V5,759−0.022.3111
HD 143436 11216h 00m 18.8s+00° 08′ 13″141G05,768+0.003.8 (±2.9)113
HD 129357 11414h 41m 22.4s+29° 03′ 32″154G2V5,749−0.028.2115
HD 133600 11615h 05m 13.2s+06° 17′ 24″171G05,808+0.026.3117
HD 186302 11819h 49m 6.43s−70° 11′ 16.7″184G35,675+0.004.5119
HIP 11915 12002h 33m 49.02s−19° 36′ 42.5″190G5V5,760–0.0594.1121
HD 101364 12211h 40m 28.5s+69° 00′ 31″208G5V5,795+0.027.1123124
HD 197027 12520h 41m 54.6s–27° 12′ 57″250G3V5,723−0.0138.2126
Kepler-452 12719h 44m 00.89s+44° 16′ 39.2″1400G2V5,757+0.216.0128
YBP 1194 12908h 51m 00.8s+11° 48′ 53″2934G5V5,780+0.023~ 4.2 (± 1.6)130

Some other stars are sometimes mentioned as solar-twin candidates such as: Beta Canum Venaticorum; however it has too low metallicities (−0.21) for solar twin. 16 Cygni B is sometimes noted as twin, but is part of a triple star system and is very old for a solar twin at 6.8 Ga.

By potential habitability

Another way of defining solar twin is as a "habstar"—a star with qualities believed to be particularly hospitable to a life-hosting planet. Qualities considered include variability, mass, age, metallicity, and close companions.131132

  • At least 0.5–1 billion years old
  • On the main sequence
  • Non-variable
  • Capable of harboring terrestrial planets
  • Support a dynamically stable habitable zone
  • 0–1 non-wide stellar companion stars.

The requirement that the star remain on the main sequence for at least 0.5–1 Ga sets an upper limit of approximately 2.2–3.4 solar masses, corresponding to a hottest spectral type of A0-B7V. Such stars can be 100x as bright as the Sun.133134 Tardigrade-like life (due to the UV flux) could potentially survive on planets orbiting stars as hot as B1V, with a mass of 10 M☉, and a temperature of 25,000 K, a main-sequence lifetime of about 20 million years.135

Non-variability is ideally defined as variability of less than 1%, but 3% is the practical limit due to limits in available data. Variation in irradiance in a star's habitable zone due to a companion star with an eccentric orbit is also a concern.136137138139

Terrestrial planets in multiple star systems, those containing three or more stars, are not likely to have stable orbits in the long term. Stable orbits in binary systems take one of two forms: S-Type (satellite or circumstellar) orbits around one of the stars, and P-Type (planetary or circumbinary) orbits around the entire binary pair. Eccentric Jupiters may also disrupt the orbits of planets in habitable zones.140

Metallicity of at least 40% solar ([Fe/H] = −0.4) is required for the formation of an Earth-like terrestrial planet. High metallicity strongly correlates to the formation of hot Jupiters, but these are not absolute bars to life, as some gas giants end up orbiting within the habitable zone themselves, and could potentially host Earth-like moons.141

One example of such a star is HD 70642 142, a G5V, at temperature of 5533 K, but is much younger than the Sun, at 1.9 billion years old.143

Another such example would be HIP 11915, which has a planetary system containing a Jupiter-like planet orbiting at a similar distance that the planet Jupiter does in the Solar System.144 To strengthen the similarities, the star is class G5V, has a temperature of 5750 K, has a Sun-like mass and radius, and is only 500 million years younger than the Sun. As such, the habitable zone would extend in the same area as the zone in the Solar System, around 1 AU. This would allow an Earth-like planet to exist around 1 AU.145

See also

Footnotes

Further reading

References

  1. Soderblom, David R.; King, Jeremy R. (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". In Jeffrey C. Hall (ed.). Solar Analogs: Characteristics and Optimum Candidates. The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop – October 5–7, 1997. Lowell Observatory. pp. 41–60. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  2. David R. Soderblom & Jeremy R. King (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". Space Telescope Science Institute. Lowell Observatory: 41. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. Retrieved 2016-09-30. http://www2.lowell.edu/users/jch/workshop/drs/drs-p1.html ↩

  3. Soderblom, David R.; King, Jeremy R. (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". In Jeffrey C. Hall (ed.). Solar Analogs: Characteristics and Optimum Candidates. The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop – October 5–7, 1997. Lowell Observatory. pp. 41–60. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  4. Soderblom, David R.; King, Jeremy R. (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". In Jeffrey C. Hall (ed.). Solar Analogs: Characteristics and Optimum Candidates. The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop – October 5–7, 1997. Lowell Observatory. pp. 41–60. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  5. "The Classification of Stars". www.atlasoftheuniverse.com. http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/startype.html ↩

  6. Baliunas, S. L.; Donahue, R. A.; Soon, J. H.; Horne, J. H.; Frazer, J.; Woodard-Eklund, L.; Bradford, M.; Rao, L. M.; Wilson, O. C.; Zhang, Q. (January 1, 1995). "Chromospheric variations in main-sequence stars". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438 (1) – via ntrs.nasa.gov. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048251 ↩

  7. E. E. Mamajek; L. A. Hillenbrand (2008). "Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics". Astrophysical Journal. 687 (2): 1264. arXiv:0807.1686. Bibcode:2008ApJ...687.1264M. doi:10.1086/591785. S2CID 27151456. /wiki/Lynne_Hillenbrand ↩

  8. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  9. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  10. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  11. Williams, D.R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-23. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html ↩

  12. Alpha Centauri A at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Centauri+A ↩

  13. Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  14. Wilkinson, John (2012). "The Sun and Stars". New Eyes on the Sun. Astronomers' Universe. pp. 219–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22839-1_10. ISBN 978-3-642-22838-4. ISSN 1614-659X. 978-3-642-22838-4 ↩

  15. Thévenin, F.; Provost, J.; Morel, P.; Berthomieu, G.; Bouchy, F.; Carrier, F. (2002). "Asteroseismology and calibration of alpha Cen binary system". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 392: L9. arXiv:astro-ph/0206283. Bibcode:2002A&A...392L...9T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021074. S2CID 17293259. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  16. E. E. Mamajek; L. A. Hillenbrand (2008). "Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics". Astrophysical Journal. 687 (2): 1264–1293. arXiv:0807.1686. Bibcode:2008ApJ...687.1264M. doi:10.1086/591785. S2CID 27151456. /wiki/Lynne_Hillenbrand ↩

  17. Epsilon Eridani at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Epsilon+Eridani ↩

  18. Tau Ceti at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Tau+Ceti ↩

  19. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  20. 82 Eridani at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=82+Eridani ↩

  21. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  22. Delta Pavonis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Delta+Pavonis ↩

  23. Sousa, S. G.; et al. (August 2008). "Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): 373–381. arXiv:0805.4826. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809698. S2CID 18173201. See VizieR catalogue J/A+A/487/373. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  24. V538 Aurigae at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=V538+Aurigae ↩

  25. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  26. HD 14412 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+14412 ↩

  27. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  28. HR 4587 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HR+4587 ↩

  29. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  30. HD 172051 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+172051 ↩

  31. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  32. 72 Herculis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=72+Herculis ↩

  33. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  34. HD 196761 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+196761 ↩

  35. Sousa, S. G.; et al. (August 2008). "Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): 373–381. arXiv:0805.4826. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809698. S2CID 18173201. See VizieR catalogue J/A+A/487/373. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  36. nu2 lupi at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=nu2+lupi ↩

  37. Sousa, S. G.; et al. (August 2008). "Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): 373–381. arXiv:0805.4826. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809698. S2CID 18173201. See VizieR catalogue J/A+A/487/373. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  38. Soderblom, David R.; King, Jeremy R. (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". In Jeffrey C. Hall (ed.). Solar Analogs: Characteristics and Optimum Candidates. The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop – October 5–7, 1997. Lowell Observatory. pp. 41–60. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  39. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  40. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  41. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  42. Williams, D.R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-23. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html ↩

  43. Sigma Draconis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Sigma+Draconis ↩

  44. Boyajian, Tabetha S.; et al. (August 2008). "Angular Diameters of the G Subdwarf µ Cassiopeiae A and the K Dwarfs s Draconis and HR 511 from Interferometric Measurements with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (1): 424–432. arXiv:0804.2719. Bibcode:2008ApJ...683..424B. doi:10.1086/589554. S2CID 8886682. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  45. Beta Canum Venaticorum at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Beta+Canum+Venaticorum ↩

  46. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  47. 61 Virginis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=61+Virginis ↩

  48. Sousa, S. G.; et al. (August 2008). "Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): 373–381. arXiv:0805.4826. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809698. S2CID 18173201. See VizieR catalogue J/A+A/487/373. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  49. Zeta Tucanae at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Zeta+Tucanae ↩

  50. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  51. Beta Comae Berenices at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Beta+Comae+Berenices ↩

  52. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  53. 61 Ursae Majoris at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=61+Ursae+Majoris ↩

  54. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  55. HR 511 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HR+511 ↩

  56. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  57. Alpha Mensae at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Mensae ↩

  58. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  59. HD 69830 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+69830 ↩

  60. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  61. HD 10307 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+10307 ↩

  62. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  63. HD 147513 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+147513 ↩

  64. Sousa, S. G.; et al. (August 2008). "Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): 373–381. arXiv:0805.4826. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809698. S2CID 18173201. See VizieR catalogue J/A+A/487/373. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  65. 58 Eridani at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=58+Eridani ↩

  66. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  67. 47 Ursae Majoris at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=47+Ursae+Majoris ↩

  68. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  69. Psi Serpentis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Psi+Serpentis ↩

  70. Mahdi, D.; et al. (March 2016). "Solar twins in the ELODIE archive". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 587: 9. arXiv:1601.01599. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A.131M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527472. S2CID 119205608. A131. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  71. HD 84117 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+84117 ↩

  72. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  73. HD 4391 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+4391 ↩

  74. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  75. 20 Leonis Minoris at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=20+Leonis+Minoris ↩

  76. Holmberg J., Nordstrom B., Andersen J.; Nordström; Andersen (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Vizier catalogue V/130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  77. Nu Phoenicis at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Nu+Phoenicis ↩

  78. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  79. 51 Pegasi at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=51+Pegasi ↩

  80. Santos, N. C.; Israelian, G.; Randich, S.; García López, R. J.; Rebolo, R. (October 2004). "Beryllium anomalies in solar-type field stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (3): 1013–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0408109. Bibcode:2004A&A...425.1013S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040510. S2CID 17279966. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  81. "Solar Variability and Terrestrial Climate - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/08jan_sunclimate/ ↩

  82. "Solar Variability and Terrestrial Climate - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/08jan_sunclimate/ ↩

  83. Mahdi, D.; Soubiran, C.; Blanco-Cuaresma, S.; Chemin, L. (March 1, 2016). "Solar twins in the ELODIE archive". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 587: A131. arXiv:1601.01599. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A.131M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527472 – via www.aanda.org. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2016/03/aa27472-15/aa27472-15.html ↩

  84. "Stellar Luminosity Calculator". astro.unl.edu. http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/stellarprops/stellarlum.html ↩

  85. The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate: A Workshop Report. National Academies Press. November 12, 2012. doi:10.17226/13519. ISBN 978-0-309-26564-5. 978-0-309-26564-5 ↩

  86. "Most of Earth's twins aren't identical, or even close! | ScienceBlogs". scienceblogs.com. https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/06/05/most-of-earths-twins-arent-identical-or-even-close ↩

  87. Soderblom, David R.; King, Jeremy R. (1998). "Solar-Type Stars: Basic Information on Their Classification and Characterization". In Jeffrey C. Hall (ed.). Solar Analogs: Characteristics and Optimum Candidates. The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop – October 5–7, 1997. Lowell Observatory. pp. 41–60. Bibcode:1998saco.conf...41S. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  88. A true solar twins as noted by the Lowell Observatory should have a temperature within ~10 K of the Sun. Space Telescope Science Institute, Lowell Observatory, noted in 1996 that temperature precision of ~10 K can be measured. A temperature of ~10 K reduces the solar twin list to near zero, so ±50 K is used for the chart.[2] ↩

  89. "15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun". January 23, 2017 – via pressbooks.online.ucf.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/astronomybc/chapter/15-1-the-structure-and-composition-of-the-sun/ ↩

  90. Bjarne Rosenkilde Jørgensen, “The G Dwarf Problem: Analysis of a New Data Set,” Astronomy & Astrophysics 363, November 2000, 947 http://aa.springer.de/papers/0363003/2300947.pdf ↩

  91. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  92. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  93. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-01-14. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ↩

  94. Williams, D.R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-23. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html ↩

  95. 18 Scorpii at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=18+Scorpii ↩

  96. Meléndez, Jorge; Ramírez, Iván (November 2007). "HIP 56948: A Solar Twin with a Low Lithium Abundance". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): L89 – L92. arXiv:0709.4290. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669L..89M. doi:10.1086/523942. S2CID 15952981. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  97. Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, R.; da Silva, L. & de Nader, R. V. (March 2014). "A photometric and spectroscopic survey of solar twin stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun; I. Atmospheric parameters and color similarity to the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 563: A52. arXiv:1312.7571. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..52P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322277. S2CID 119111150. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  98. HD 150248 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+150248 ↩

  99. Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, R.; da Silva, L. & de Nader, R. V. (March 2014). "A photometric and spectroscopic survey of solar twin stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun; I. Atmospheric parameters and color similarity to the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 563: A52. arXiv:1312.7571. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..52P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322277. S2CID 119111150. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  100. HD 164595 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+164595 ↩

  101. Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, R.; da Silva, L. & de Nader, R. V. (March 2014). "A photometric and spectroscopic survey of solar twin stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun; I. Atmospheric parameters and color similarity to the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 563: A52. arXiv:1312.7571. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..52P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322277. S2CID 119111150. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  102. HD 195034 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+195034 ↩

  103. Takeda, Yoichi; Tajitsu, Akito (2009). "High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Study of Solar Twins: HIP 56948, HIP 79672, and HIP 100963". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 61 (3): 471–478. arXiv:0901.2509. Bibcode:2009PASJ...61..471T. doi:10.1093/pasj/61.3.471. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  104. HD 117939 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+117939 ↩

  105. Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, R.; da Silva, L. & de Nader, R. V. (March 2014). "A photometric and spectroscopic survey of solar twin stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun; I. Atmospheric parameters and color similarity to the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 563: A52. arXiv:1312.7571. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..52P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322277. S2CID 119111150. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  106. HD 138573 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+138573 ↩

  107. Mahdi, D.; et al. (March 2016), "Solar twins in the ELODIE archive", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 587: 9, arXiv:1601.01599, Bibcode:2016A&A...587A.131M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527472, S2CID 119205608, A131. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  108. HD 71334 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+71334 ↩

  109. Carlos, Marília; Nissen, Poul E.; Meléndez, Jorge (2016). "Correlation between lithium abundances and ages of solar twin stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 587: A100. arXiv:1601.05054. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A.100C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527478. S2CID 119268561. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  110. HD 98649 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+98649 ↩

  111. Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, R.; da Silva, L. & de Nader, R. V. (March 2014). "A photometric and spectroscopic survey of solar twin stars within 50 parsecs of the Sun; I. Atmospheric parameters and color similarity to the Sun". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 563: A52. arXiv:1312.7571. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..52P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322277. S2CID 119111150. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  112. HD 143436 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+143436 ↩

  113. King, Jeremy R.; Boesgaard, Ann M.; Schuler, Simon C. (November 2005). "Keck HIRES Spectroscopy of Four Candidate Solar Twins". The Astronomical Journal. 130 (5): 2318–2325. arXiv:astro-ph/0508004. Bibcode:2005AJ....130.2318K. doi:10.1086/452640. S2CID 6535115. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  114. HD 129357 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+129357 ↩

  115. King, Jeremy R.; Boesgaard, Ann M.; Schuler, Simon C. (November 2005). "Keck HIRES Spectroscopy of Four Candidate Solar Twins". The Astronomical Journal. 130 (5): 2318–2325. arXiv:astro-ph/0508004. Bibcode:2005AJ....130.2318K. doi:10.1086/452640. S2CID 6535115. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  116. HD 133600 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+133600 ↩

  117. Meléndez, Jorge; Ramírez, Iván (November 2007). "HIP 56948: A Solar Twin with a Low Lithium Abundance". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): L89 – L92. arXiv:0709.4290. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669L..89M. doi:10.1086/523942. S2CID 15952981. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  118. HD 186302 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+186302 ↩

  119. Adibekyan, V.; et al. (November 2018). "The AMBRE project: searching for the closest solar siblings". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 619: 19. arXiv:1601.01599. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A.131M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834285. S2CID 119205608. A130. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  120. HIP 11915 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HIP+11915 ↩

  121. M. Bedell; J. Meléndez; J. L. Bean; I. Ramírez; M. Asplund; A. Alves-Brito; L. Casagrande; S. Dreizler; T. Monroe; L. Spina; M. Tucci Maia (June 26, 2015). "The Solar Twin Planet Search II. A Jupiter twin around a solar twin" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 581: 8. arXiv:1507.03998. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..34B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525748. S2CID 56004595. Retrieved 17 July 2015. http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1529/eso1529a.pdf ↩

  122. HIP 56948 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HIP+56948 ↩

  123. Meléndez, Jorge; Ramírez, Iván (November 2007). "HIP 56948: A Solar Twin with a Low Lithium Abundance". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): L89 – L92. arXiv:0709.4290. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669L..89M. doi:10.1086/523942. S2CID 15952981. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  124. Vázquez, M.; Pallé, E.; Rodríguez, P. Montañés (2010). "Is Our Environment Special?". The Earth as a Distant Planet: A Rosetta Stone for the Search of Earth-Like Worlds. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer New York. pp. 391–418. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1684-6. ISBN 978-1-4419-1683-9. See table 9.1. 978-1-4419-1683-9 ↩

  125. HIP 102152 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HIP+102152 ↩

  126. Monroe, T. R.; et al. (2013). "High Precision Abundances of the Old Solar Twin HIP 102152: Insights on Li Depletion from the Oldest Sun". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 774 (2): 22. arXiv:1308.5744. Bibcode:2013ApJ...774L..32M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L32. S2CID 56111132. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  127. Kepler-452 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Kepler-452 ↩

  128. "Planet Kepler-452 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 6 July 2016. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler_452_b--2420/ ↩

  129. Cl* NGC 2682 YBP 1194 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl%2A+NGC+2682+YBP+1194 ↩

  130. A. Önehag; A. Korn; B. Gustafsson; E. Stempels; D. A. VandenBerg (2011). "M67-1194, an unusually Sun-like solar twin in M67". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 528: A85. arXiv:1009.4579. Bibcode:2011A&A...528A..85O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015138. S2CID 119116626. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  131. Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (2002). "Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (1): 181–198. arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779. S2CID 14734094. /wiki/Margaret_Turnbull ↩

  132. habstar or habitability, is currently defined as an area, such as a planet or a moon, where liquid water can exist for at least a short duration of time.[85][86] /wiki/Liquid ↩

  133. Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (2002). "Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (1): 181–198. arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779. S2CID 14734094. /wiki/Margaret_Turnbull ↩

  134. Mike Wall (January 6, 2013). "Double-Star Systems Can Be Dangerous for Exoplanets". Space.com. https://www.space.com/19141-alien-planets-two-stars-dangerous.html ↩

  135. The supergiant and following supernova & neutron star (due to >8 M☉ mass) would likely destroy the life at the end of the B1V star's lifetime. ↩

  136. "Stellar Luminosity Calculator". astro.unl.edu. http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/stellarprops/stellarlum.html ↩

  137. The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate: A Workshop Report. National Academies Press. November 12, 2012. doi:10.17226/13519. ISBN 978-0-309-26564-5. 978-0-309-26564-5 ↩

  138. Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (2002). "Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (1): 181–198. arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779. S2CID 14734094. /wiki/Margaret_Turnbull ↩

  139. "Most of Earth's twins aren't identical, or even close! | ScienceBlogs". scienceblogs.com. https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/06/05/most-of-earths-twins-arent-identical-or-even-close ↩

  140. Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (2002). "Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (1): 181–198. arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779. S2CID 14734094. /wiki/Margaret_Turnbull ↩

  141. Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (2002). "Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (1): 181–198. arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779. S2CID 14734094. /wiki/Margaret_Turnbull ↩

  142. HD 70642 at SIMBAD - Ids - Bibliography - Image. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+70642 ↩

  143. "Solar System 'twin' found". BBC News. 2003-07-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3041220.stm ↩

  144. "Jupiter Twin Discovered Around Solar Twin". eso.org/. Retrieved 16 July 2015. http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1529/ ↩

  145. "Solar Variability and Terrestrial Climate – NASA Science". Retrieved 8 January 2013. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/08jan_sunclimate/ ↩