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Overseas France
French-administered territories outside Europe

Overseas France comprises 13 French territories outside Europe, mostly remnants of the French colonial empire that remained part of France after decolonisation. These include five overseas regions equal in status to metropolitan regions, five semi-autonomous overseas collectivities, and the autonomous territory of New Caledonia. Located across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, plus French Guiana in South America, they cover 18% of France’s land and 96.7% of its exclusive economic zone. Over 2.8 million inhabitants, who are mostly French citizens and EU citizens, have representation in the French Parliament and can vote in national and European elections.

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Varying constitutional statuses

Overseas departments and regions

Main article: Overseas departments and regions of France

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950 847,000—    
1960 1,103,000+30.2%
1970 1,388,000+25.8%
1980 1,582,000+14.0%
1990 1,921,000+21.4%
2000 2,295,000+19.5%
2010 2,622,000+14.2%
2020 2,782,000+6.1%
2024 2,834,000+1.9%
January 2024: Total population of all overseas departments and collectivities: 2,834,000.Total population of five overseas departments: 2,230,000.6Total population of five overseas collectivities and New Caledonia: 604,000. Sources: French Polynesia,7 New Caledonia,8 Saint Barthélemy,9 Saint Martin,10 Saint Pierre and Miquelon,11 Wallis et Futuna12

Overseas regions have exactly the same status as France's mainland regions. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions just as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws.

Overseas collectivities

Main article: Overseas collectivity

The category of "overseas collectivity" (French: collectivité d'outre-mer or COM) was created by France's constitutional reform of 28 March 2003. Each overseas collectivity has its own statutory laws.

In contrast to overseas departments/regions, the overseas collectivities are empowered to make their own laws, except in certain areas reserved to the French national government (such as defense, international relations, trade and currency, and judicial and administrative law). The overseas collectivities are governed by local elected assemblies and by the French Parliament and French Government, with a cabinet member, the Minister of the Overseas, in charge of issues related to the overseas territories.

  • French Polynesia (1946–2003: overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): In 2004 it was given the designation of "overseas country" (French: pays d'outre-mer), but the Constitutional Council of France has ruled that this designation did not create a new political category.
  • Saint Barthélemy: In 2003, Saint-Barthélemy voted to become an overseas collectivity of France. Saint-Barthélemy is not part of the European Union, having changed the status to an overseas country or territory associated with the European Union in 2012.
  • Saint Martin: In a 2003 referendum, Saint Martin voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe to become separate overseas collectivity of France.13 On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.14 The new status took effect on 22 February 2007, when the law was published in the Journal Officiel.15 Saint Martin remains part of the European Union, as stated in the Treaty of Lisbon.16
  • Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1976–85: overseas department; 1985–2003: sui generis overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): Despite being given the political status of "overseas collectivity", Saint Pierre et Miquelon is called collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, literally "territorial collectivity".
  • Wallis and Futuna (1961–2003: overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): It is still commonly referred to as a territoire (Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna).

Sui generis collectivity

  • New Caledonia had the status of an overseas territory from 1946 to 1998, but as of the 1998 Nouméa Accord it gained a special status (statut particulier or sui generis) in 1999. A New Caledonian citizenship was established (in addition to the French citizenship which is kept in parallel, along with the European citizenship), and a gradual transfer of power from the French state to New Caledonia itself was begun, to last from 15 to 20 years.17 However, this process was subject to approval in a referendum. Three independence referendums have been held, in 2018, 2020 and 2021. In the first two referendums, the "yes" vote was 43.3% and 46.7% respectively. In the third referendum of December 2021, massively boycotted by the native Kanak community, which represent 42% of the population, the "yes" vote was 3.5%, with a turnout of 43.9%.1819

Overseas territory

Main article: Overseas territory (France)

Special status

Political representation in legislatures

With 2,834,000 inhabitants in 2024, overseas France accounts for 4.1% of the population of the French Republic.20 They enjoy a corresponding representation in the two chambers of the French Parliament and, in the 16th legislature of the French Fifth Republic (2022–2027), overseas France is represented by 27 deputies in the French National Assembly, accounting for 4.7% of the 577 deputies in the National Assembly:

Senate (France)

Since September 2011, overseas France has been represented by 21 senators in the French Senate, accounting for 6.0% of the 348 senators in the Senate:

European Parliament (European Union)

The territories used to be collectively represented in the European Parliament by the Overseas Territories of France constituency. Since the 2019 European elections, France decided to switch to a single constituency, putting an end to all regional constituencies, including the Overseas Territories constituency.

Council (European Union)

The special territories of EU member states are not separately represented in the EU Council. Every member state represents all its citizens in the council.

Overview

Inhabited collectivities and departments/regions

The eleven inhabited French overseas territories are:

Flag21NameCapitalPopulationArea(km2)Population Density(inh. per km2)StatusUN Continental RegionUN Geographical SubregionLocationNotes
French GuianaCayenne295,385(Jan. 2024)2283,534233.5Overseas department/regionAmericasSouth AmericaThe Guianas
French PolynesiaPapeete279,020(Jan. 2023)243,5212579Overseas collectivity/countryOceaniaPolynesiaSouth Pacific OceanConsists of the Society Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago, the Gambier Islands, the Marquesas Islands, and the Austral Islands. The most populous island is Tahiti.26
GuadeloupeBasse-Terre378,561(Jan. 2024)271,62828233Overseas department/regionAmericasCaribbeanLeeward Islands
MartiniqueFort-de-France349,925(Jan. 2024)291,12830310Windward Islands
MayotteMamoudzou320,901(Jan. 2024)3137432858AfricaEastern AfricaComoro IslandsVoted on 29 March 2009, in favour of attaining overseas department / region status. That status became effective on March 31, 2011.Also claimed by the Comoros.
New CaledoniaNouméa268,510(Jan. 2023)3318,575.53414.5Sui generis collectivityOceaniaMelanesiaSouth Pacific OceanIndependence referendums occurred on 4 November 2018 (56.4% voting against and 43.6% voting in favor), as well as on 4 October 2020 (53.3% voting against and 46.7% voting in favor). A third and final one held in December 2021 rejected independence (96.5% voting against and 3.5% voting in favor).35
RéunionSaint Denis885,700(Jan. 2024)362,50437354Overseas department/regionAfricaEastern AfricaMascarene Islands
Saint BarthélemyGustavia10,585(Jan. 2020)38253940423Overseas collectivityAmericasCaribbeanLeeward IslandsDetached from Guadeloupe on 22 February 2007.
Saint MartinMarigot32,358(Jan. 2020)415342610
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre6,092(Jan. 2020)432424425North AmericaNorthern AmericaGulf of St. Lawrence
Wallis and FutunaMata Utu11,151(Jul. 2023)451424679OceaniaPolynesiaSouth Pacific Ocean

Uninhabited overseas territories

Several of these territories are generally only transiently inhabited by researchers in scientific stations.

FlagNameTAAF DistrictIslandCapitalArea (km2)StatusLocationNotes
Clipperton Island–––247Overseas state private propertyNorth Pacific Ocean
French Southern and Antarctic LandsAdélie LandDumont d'Urville Station432,00048Overseas territoryAntarcticaUnder the terms of the Antarctic Treaty.
Crozet IslandsAlfred Faure34049Indian Ocean
Kerguelen IslandsPort-aux-Français7,21550Population: 45 researchers in winter, 110 in summer.
Saint Paul and Amsterdam IslandsAmsterdam IslandMartin-de-Viviès6651
Saint Paul Island
Scattered Islands in the Indian OceanBanc du GeyserSaint Pierre, Réunion0Mozambique ChannelClaimed by the Comoros and Madagascar.
Bassas da India152Claimed by Madagascar.
Europa Island3053
Glorioso Islands754Indian OceanClaimed by the Comoros and Madagascar.
Juan de Nova Island555Mozambique ChannelClaimed by Madagascar.
Tromelin Island156Indian OceanClaimed by Mauritius.

Map

Photo gallery

Largest cities in overseas France

Ranked by population in the metropolitan area:

See also

  • France portal

Notes

Further reading

  • Robert Aldrich and John Connell, France's Overseas Frontier, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Frédéric Monera, L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel, Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004.

References

  1. Also les Outre-mer, les outre-mers, or, colloquially, les DOM-TOM (départements d'outre-mer et territoires d'outre-mer) or les DROM-COM (départements et régions d'outre-mer et collectivités d'outre-mer). ↩

  2. Larousse, Éditions. "Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – France d'outre-mer". larousse.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2022. http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/France_d_outre-mer/136636 ↩

  3. Land area of the four old overseas departments ([1]), Mayotte, the overseas collectivities, and New Caledonia (page 21), the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and the Scattered Islands ([2] Archived 19 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine), and Clipperton ([3] Archived 5 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine). https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2864136#consulter ↩

  4. "Sea Around Us – Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". Retrieved 20 June 2018. http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez.aspx ↩

  5. The population of all five overseas departments totaled 2,230,000 in January 2024.[4] The population of the overseas collectivities and New Caledonia amounted to 604,000 inhabitants (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon [5], Saint-Barthélemy [6], Saint-Martin [7], French Polynesia [8], Wallis et Futuna [9], New Caledonia [10]). https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  6. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  7. INSEE. "Chiffres détaillés>>Démographie>>Chiffres clés Démographie" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  8. "Bilan démographique 2022 : la Nouvelle-Calédonie perd 1 300 habitants". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved 17 January 2024. http://www.isee.nc/population/demographie ↩

  9. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  10. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  11. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  12. "Résultats du recensement de la population 2023 de Wallis-et-Futuna" (in French). Préfet des îles Wallis et Futuna. Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.wallis-et-futuna.gouv.fr/Actualites/Les-chiffres-INSEE-du-recensement-2023-authentifies-sont-parus ↩

  13. "French Caribbean voters reject change". Caribbean Net News. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2007. However, voters in the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity". https://web.archive.org/web/20090318194043/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/12/09/voters.htm ↩

  14. Magras, Bruno (16 February 2007). "Letter of Information from the Mayor to the residents and non-residents, to the French and to the foreigners, of Saint Barthelemy" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2007. On 7 February of this year, the French Parliament adopted the law granting Saint-Barthélemy the Statute of an Overseas Collectivity. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522174522/http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly108.pdf ↩

  15. "Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. 9 February 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2007. http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly107.pdf ↩

  16. "Treaty of Lisbon, Article 2, points 287 and 293". Retrieved 31 January 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:0042:0133:EN:PDF ↩

  17. "Nouvelle-Calédonie", Le Petit Larousse (2010), Paris, page 1559. ↩

  18. "Final results of New Caledonia referendum shows most voters stayed away". Reuters. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/final-results-new-caledonia-referendum-shows-most-voters-stayed-away-2021-12-13/ ↩

  19. Répartition des suffrages exprimés lors des référendums sur l'indépendance de la Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2018, 2020 et 2021, [11], Statista. https://fr.statista.com/statistiques/939659/nouvelle-caledonie-resultats-referendum/ ↩

  20. The population of all five overseas departments totaled 2,230,000 in January 2024.[4] The population of the overseas collectivities and New Caledonia amounted to 604,000 inhabitants (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon [5], Saint-Barthélemy [6], Saint-Martin [7], French Polynesia [8], Wallis et Futuna [9], New Caledonia [10]). https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  21. Article 2 of the French Constitution states that the French Flag is the only legal flag of France. Only French Polynesia, an overseas country, and New Caledonia, a sui generis collectivity, are allowed to have their official flags. This right was granted to French Polynesia by a 6 September 1984, law and to New Caledonia by the Nouméa Accord. The Administrator of French Antarctica is also granted his own flag through a 23 February 2007 ordinance. Historical flags are sometimes used but have no basis in law. Many territories use unofficial flags to represent the territories. The unofficial flags are shown in this table. /wiki/Constitution_of_France ↩

  22. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  23. INSEE. "Comparateur de territoire" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  24. INSEE. "Chiffres détaillés>>Démographie>>Chiffres clés Démographie" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  25. INSEE. "Tableau Économique de Mayotte 2010" (PDF) (in French). p. 21. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  26. "French Polynesia profile". BBC News. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16492623 ↩

  27. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  28. INSEE. "Comparateur de territoire" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  29. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  30. INSEE. "Comparateur de territoire" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  31. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  32. INSEE. "Tableau Économique de Mayotte 2010" (PDF) (in French). p. 21. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  33. "Bilan démographique 2022 : la Nouvelle-Calédonie perd 1 300 habitants". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved 17 January 2024. http://www.isee.nc/population/demographie ↩

  34. ISEE. "Tableaux de l'Economie Calédonienne 2016" (in French). p. 31. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/ISEE_(company) ↩

  35. Rose, Michel; Packham, Colin (12 December 2021). "New Caledonia rejects independence in final vote amid boycott". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/new-caledonia-begins-voting-independence-referendum-2021-12-12/ ↩

  36. "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls ↩

  37. INSEE. "Comparateur de territoire" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  38. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  39. 25 km² including the outlying uninhabited islets. 21 km² without the outlying islets. ↩

  40. INSEE. "2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy" (PDF) (in French). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  41. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  42. INSEE. "2008, An 1 de la collectivitéde Saint-Martin" (PDF) (in French). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  43. INSEE (29 December 2022). "Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  44. INSEE. "Tableau Économique de Mayotte 2010" (PDF) (in French). p. 21. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  45. "Résultats du recensement de la population 2023 de Wallis-et-Futuna" (in French). Préfet des îles Wallis et Futuna. Retrieved 17 January 2024. https://www.wallis-et-futuna.gouv.fr/Actualites/Les-chiffres-INSEE-du-recensement-2023-authentifies-sont-parus ↩

  46. INSEE. "Tableau Économique de Mayotte 2010" (PDF) (in French). p. 21. Retrieved 29 January 2021. /wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques ↩

  47. Ministry of Overseas France. "L'île de Clipperton" (in French). Retrieved 31 January 2014. /wiki/Minister_of_the_Overseas_(France) ↩

  48. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  49. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  50. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  51. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  52. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  53. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  54. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  55. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩

  56. Délégation générale à l'outre-mer. "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114459/http://observatoire-outre-mer.interieur.gouv.fr/site/content/download/166/1067/version/15/file/Tdb_TAAF_Nov2012.pdf ↩