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Sócrates Brasileiro (1954–2011) was a celebrated Brazilian footballer and qualified physician, known as "Doctor Socrates" for his intellect and playing style as a midfielder. Renowned for his beard and headband, he was named South American Footballer of the Year in 1983 and included by Pelé in the FIFA 100. Sócrates captained Brazil in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, part of a legendary midfield alongside Zico and Falcão. At club level, he starred for Botafogo-SP and Corinthians, before playing abroad with Fiorentina. His brother Raí won the 1994 World Cup and was notable at São Paulo and Paris Saint-Germain.

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Playing career

Club career

Sócrates was born in Belém do Pará.12 He began playing football professionally in 1974 for Botafogo-SP in Ribeirão Preto, but spent the majority of his career (1978 to 1984) with Corinthians, scoring 41 goals in 59 Brazilian Série A games, and 172 goals in 297 matches in total.13

In 1984–85, aged 30, Sócrates had his first experience abroad, playing in Italian Serie A with Fiorentina. He returned to his country after that sole season, representing Flamengo, Santos and former club Botafogo-SP, and retiring in 1989.14 During his period in Flamengo, he played 20 games, scoring 5 goals and won Campeonato Carioca: 1986. In 2004, more than a decade after retiring, 50-year-old Sócrates agreed to a one-month player-coaching deal with Garforth Town of the Northern Counties East Football League in England.15 He made his only appearance for the club on 20 November, against Tadcaster Albion, coming on as a substitute twelve minutes from time.1617

International career

Sócrates was capped 60 times for Brazil between May 1979 and June 1986, scoring 22 goals.18 He captained the national team at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, and also appeared in the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.19 In the latter edition, he scored twice, starting with the game's only goal against Spain in the group stage.20 he added another in the round-of-16 4–0 win over Poland, shooting his penalty kick without running; in the following game, against France, he tried to convert it in the same fashion, but had his shootout attempt saved by goalkeeper Joël Bats; France ultimately progressed to the semi-finals.21 Sócrates also represented his country at the 1979 and 1983 Copa América tournaments. In the latter he appeared in only one game, the second leg of the final against Uruguay (1–1 home draw, 3-1 aggregate loss).22

Style of play

A former centre-forward, who later made a name for himself as a midfielder, playing in either an attacking or central midfield role, Sócrates was an elegant, talented, and technical playmaker, known for his great through passes, precise long balls, link-up play, and his vision on the field, as well as his physical strength; he was also a two-footed player. While he was mainly known for his ability to orchestrate attacking plays, he was a prolific goal scorer himself, courtesy of his powerful and accurate shot with his right foot, and his ability to make attacking runs into the area from behind. He was also an accurate penalty taker, while his height, heading ability, and elevation allowed him to excel in the air. He was also known, however, for often not taking part in his teammates' celebrations whenever he scored a goal. Although he was not the quickest of players, and preferred to play the game at a slower tempo, he possessed good acceleration. His intelligence and ability to read the game were also highly valued, and his signature move was the blind or "no-look" back-heel pass.23242526272829

Sócrates was a key member of the Brazil national team of the early to mid-1980s; Jonathan Wilson said that "Socrates was the brain of Brazil. He might not quite have had the flair of Zico, but he was the central intelligence".30 Former coach at Fiorentina, Giancarlo De Sisti, said: "Socrates was a very intelligent man, he had great class."31 In addition to his playing ability and intelligence, he was known for his correct behaviour and charismatic presence on the pitch, as well as his leadership in the dressing room, which made him a respected figure among his teammates, while his height, headband, hairstyle, and beard made him a highly recognisable figure on the pitch. He also often stood out for his outspokenness, humour, eccentric personality, his strong, rebellious character, and his left-wing political views, often speaking out against political issues in his home-country. He was equally notorious for not being particularly hard-working or disciplined in his personal life, as he smoked and drank large quantities of beer, once commenting: "I am an anti-athlete. I cannot deny myself certain lapses from the strict regime of a sportsman. You have to take me as I am."32333435

Personal life

Sócrates was the firstborn child of Raimundo and Guiomar Vieira. He was born in Belém, Pará, and relocated with his family to Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, in January 1960 after his father Raimundo earned an important position as revenue supervisor. This job earned Sócrates' father the status of a small-town hero in Igarapé-Açu, where the family lived at the time. His father's new salary allowed Sócrates to attend the best school in Ribeirão Preto, Colégio Marista. In a biography written by the journalist Tom Cardoso, it is revealed that the small library Sócrates' father had built in his home, containing philosophy books and other works, came under threat as of the 1964 Brazialian coup d'état. Sócrates watched his father rid himself of books that he so loved. He recalled: "In 1964, I saw my father tear many books, because of the coup d'état. I thought that was absurd, because the library was the thing he liked best. That was when I felt that something was not right. But I only understood much later, in college." At age 10, Sócrates was exposed to the repercussions of the military dictatorship's censorship. His childhood was marked by this event which he came to comprehend as an adult later in life.3637

Sócrates married four times, divorced three times, and died in his fourth marriage. He had six children. He was a columnist for a number of newspapers and magazines, writing not only about sports, but also politics and economics. He frequently appeared on Brazilian TV programmes as a football pundit. At the time of his death, Sócrates was writing a fictional book about the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.38 Sócrates was a physician, a rare achievement for a professional footballer (he held a bachelor's degree in medicine from the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, the medical school of the University of São Paulo).39 Even rarer is the fact that he earned the degree while concurrently playing professional football. After retiring as a player, he practised medicine in Ribeirão Preto.40 He was also noted for being an intellectual, a heavy drinker and a smoker.41

Politics

During his time at Corinthians, Sócrates co-founded the Corinthians Democracy movement, in opposition to the then-ruling Brazilian military government.42 Sócrates and his teammates protested against the regime's treatment of footballers, and showed support to the wider movement for democratisation by wearing shirts with "Democracia" written on them during games.43 Corinthians Democracy was meant to be the voice of Brazilian sport in the struggle to re-democratize the country. Sócrates and his teammates believed they could model how society was supposed to function by making all of the club's decisions through voting. It was believed that debate, swapping ideas, and voting could function as an example for the general public.44

On 16 April 1984, Sócrates spoke out in support of Diretas Já (Free Elections Now), a popular movement that called for direct presidential elections.45 In Socrates and the Corinthians' Democracy,46 Juca Kfouri, a Brazilian journalist, recalls how "Socrates took the risk of saying, in front of two million people gathered on the cathedral square, that if direct presidential elections weren't accepted by the regime, he'd go play in Italy."47 By hinging his transfer abroad on the outcome of a constitutional amendment, Socrates' political legacy began to form. His denunciation of the military dictatorship and fight to redemocratize Brazil extended his legacy beyond the football field. Sócrates stated that three of his childhood heroes were Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and John Lennon.48 He was also a member of the Brazil Workers' Party,49 and said that "Lula was good" but that he had "earned a mere seven or so out of ten" for his way of governing Brazil.50

Death and tributes

In 2011, Sócrates' health started to deteriorate. His use of alcohol has been linked to this.5152 On 19 August 2011, he was admitted to the intensive care unit of the Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo with gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension and was discharged nine days later.53 The following month he spent 17 days in hospital with a liver ailment.54 On 1 December 2011, he was hospitalised with food poisoning which developed into septic shock and he was put on life support.55 He died on 4 December 2011 at the age of 57.56 He was survived by his wife and six children.57 Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff paid tribute, saying Brazil had lost "one of its most cherished sons". She added: "On the field, with his talent and sophisticated touches, he was a genius. Off the pitch [...] he was active politically, concerned with his people and his country."58

Corinthians fans held up signs in tribute and there was a moment of silence before the team's match against Palmeiras (a 0–0 draw which secured Corinthians their first Brazilian title for six years).59 The result matched a professed desire of Sócrates, who had once stated his wish "to die on a Sunday when Corinthians won a trophy".60 Fiorentina held a minute's silence before their league match against Roma, and the players wore black armbands in tribute.61 Former Brazil striker Ronaldo tweeted: "Sad start to the day. Rest in peace Dr. Socrates."62 Zico called him "unique".63 Italy's Paolo Rossi described the death as "a piece of our history that's broken off and gone away".64 Garforth chairman Simon Clifford paid tribute to the "great grace" of Sócrates.65

Legacy

Pelé named Sócrates in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players in March 2004 and World Soccer named him one of 100 best footballers in history. In October 2008, he was inducted into the Pacaembu Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame. In 2022, France Football gave out the first edition of the Sócrates Award.

Career statistics

Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition6667
ClubSeasonLeagueCup68Other69ContinentalTotal
DivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoals
Botafogo-SP1973—––30–30
1974—––244–244
1975—––157–157
1976Série A195–2514–4419
1977169–4218–5827
19782210–00–2210
Total5724—109430016667
Corinthians1978Série A00–4723–4723
1979—––2910–2910
1980Série A1613–2915–4528
198111–3622–3723
198295–3718–4623
19832015–3221–5236
1984137–00–137
Total5941—21010900269150
Fiorentina1984–85Serie A25641–42339
Flamengo1986Série A113–10–123
198700–10–10
Total113—2000133
Santos1988Série A52–00–52
198900–205–205
Total52—20500257
Botafogo-SP1989Série B60–00–60
Garforth Town2004–05NCEFL100000–10
Career total164764134115742513236

International

Appearances and goals by national team and year70
National teamYearAppsGoals
Brazil197965
198082
1981156
198294
198382
198400
198551
198692
Total6022
Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sócrates goal. List of international goals scored by Sócrates
No.DateVenueOpponentScoreResultCompetitionRef.
131 May 1979Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Uruguay–5–1Friendly71
2–
323 August 1979Estadio Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Argentina1–02–21979 Copa América72
42–1
531 October 1979Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Paraguay2–12–21979 Copa América73
630 October 1980Estádio Serra Dourada, Goiânia, Brazil Paraguay–6–0Friendly74
721 December 1980Verdão, Cuiabá, Brazil  Switzerland1–02–0Friendly75
810 January 1981Estadio Centenario, Montevideo, Uruguay Uruguay1–11–21980 World Champions' Gold Cup76
914 February 1981Quito, Ecuador Ecuador–6–0Friendly77
10–
1122 February 1981Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia Bolivia1–02–11982 FIFA World Cup qualification78
1229 March 1981Estádio Serra Dourada, Goiânia, Brazil Venezuela2–05–01982 FIFA World Cup qualification79
1315 May 1981Parc des Princes, Paris, France France3–03–1Friendly80
1427 May 1982Parque do Sabiá, Uberlândia, Brazil Republic of Ireland2–07–0Friendly81
155–0
1614 June 1982Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium, Seville, Spain Soviet Union1–12–11982 FIFA World Cup82
175 July 1982Sarrià Stadium, Barcelona, Spain Italy1–12–31982 FIFA World Cup83
188 June 1983Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Portugal3–04–0Friendly84
1917 June 1983St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland  Switzerland1–12–1Friendly85
2023 June 1985Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Paraguay1–01–11986 FIFA World Cup qualification86
211 June 1986Estadio Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico Spain1–01–01986 FIFA World Cup87
2216 June 1986Estadio Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico Poland1–04–01986 FIFA World Cup88

Honours

Botafogo-SP

  • Torneio Vicente Feola: 197689

Corinthians

Flamengo

Brazil

Individual

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References

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