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Thallide
Class of chemical compounds

Thallides are compounds containing anions composed of thallium. Thallium may occur as a monatomic ion (Tl5− in LiMg2Tl), as a cluster of several atoms (e.g. Tl48−), or as a polyatomic structure Tlnn− in thallides. They are a subclass of trielides, which also includes gallides and indides. A more general classification is polar intermetallics, as clusters contain delocalized multicentre bonds. Thallides were discovered by Eduard Zintl in 1932.

Mixed anion compounds with thallides include halides (bromides and chlorides), oxides, and tetrelates (silicate, germanate).

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Production

Thallide compounds can be produced by melting metals together in a tantalum crucible under an inert argon atmosphere.11 However if arsenic is included in the mix, it can react with the crucible wall.12

A low temperature production route, is to dissolve an alkali metal in liquid ammonia, and use that to reduce a thallium salt, like thallium iodide.13

Properties

Thallide compounds are dense, dense to X-rays and usually metallic grey or black in appearance.

Thallide clusters mostly do not follow Wade-Mingos rules or the Zintl–Klemm concept, as they have too small a negative charge. They can be called "hypoelectronic".14

Reactions

In liquid ammonia, oxidation occurs yielding metal amides, and thallium metal.15

Thallides react with water and air.16

List

formulasystemspace groupunit cellvolumedensitycommentref
LiTlcubicPm3ma=3.43melts at 508 °C17
Li2TlorthorhombicCmcma=4.741 b=10.023 c=4.786decomposes at 381 °C1819
Li5Tl2R3ma=4.716 c=20.399melts at 448 °C2021
Li3TlcubicFm3ma=6.67melts at 447 °C2223
Li22Tl5 (Li4Tl)cubicF43ma=20.0032425
NaTlcubicFd3m3D diamond structure mesh for Tl; melts at 305 °C262728
NaTltetragonalI41/amda=5.2341 c=7.5290 Z=4206.26grey;2930
Na2TlorthorhombicC2221a=13.9350 b=8.8797 c=11.6927[Tl4]8– tetrahedra; melts at 154 °C3132
NaTl2decomposes at 154 °C33
Na6TlcubicF43ma=24.154melts at 77.434
KTlorthorhombicCmcaa=15.239 b=15.069 c=8.137[Tl6]6– Compressed octahedra; melts incongruently at 268 °C3536
K5Tl8melts at 273 °C37
K10Tl7monoclinicP21/ca = 10.132 b = 22.323 c = 13.376 β = 93.14° Z=4[Tl7]7– pentagonal bipyramid38
K10Tl6O2[Tl6]6–39
K8Tl11rhombohedralR3ca=9.991 c=5.084[Tl11]7– pentacapped trigonal prism; melts at 320 °C4041
K49Tl108Pm3a = 17.28.7 Z=142
K5Tl17orthorhombicCccm43
K6Tl17orthorhombicCccma = 16.625 b = 23.594 c = 15.369 Z = 860288.173@22 °C; metallic; ρ270 = 22.6 μΩ·cm, α = 0.0023 K−144
K10Tl6O2orthorhombicCmcma=8.3755 b=32.102 c=8.8634 Z=42383.14.597dark grey45
Na7KTl4orthorhombicPbama=16.2860 c=11.2771 Z=82991.14.519[Tr4]8−46
Na9K16Tl~2547
[Et4N]2[{Tl(Fe(CO)4)2}2]48
[(PPh2)2N]2[Tl2Fe6(CO)24]monoclinicP21/ca=17.120 b=50.71 c=16.785 β=116.90°49
[Et4N]4[Tl4Fe8(CO)30]50
[Et4N]6[Tl6Fe10(CO)36]51
K8ZnTl10band gap 0.17 eV52
K8GaTl10tetragonalP4/nnca=10.1858 c=13.6371 Z=21414.95.69553
K49Ga2Tl10854
Rb8Tl11[Tl11]7– pentacapped trigonal prism55
Rb15Tl27P62m56
Rb17Tl41hexagonalFd3ma = 10.3248 c = 17.55857
Rb10Tl6O2orthorhombicCmcma=8.7176 b=33.2934 = 9.12422648.195.300dark grey; [Tl6]6–5859
Na7RbTl4orthorhombicPbama=16.3584 b=16.3581 c=11.3345 Z=83033.04.660@123K [Tl4]8− tetrahedra60
K4Rb4Tl11Cl0.1rhombohedralR3ca=10.0948 c=51.027 Z=64503.36.08761
Rb8GaTl10tetragonalP4/nnca=10.4714 c=14.0007 Z=21535.26.05162
Rb49Ga2Tl10863
Sr3Tl5orthorhombicCmcma = 10.604 b = 8.675 c = 10.985 Z = 41010.58.445silvery, brittle; [Tl5]6– square pyramidal clusters64
YMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.505 c=4.5985 Z=37.05metallic; black powder65
Pd3TltetragonalI4/mmma=4.10659 c=15.3028 Z = 4258.07Palladothallite66
SrPdTl2orthorhombicCmcma = 4.486 b = 10.991 c = 8.154 Z = 467
Na13(Cd~0.70Tl~0.30)27cubicIm3a ≃ 15.92 Z = 4Tl from 0.24 to 0.3368
K14Cd9Tl21hexagonalP2ma = 9.884 c =17.173 Z = 269
Na9K16Tl18Cd3hexagonalP63/mmca = 11.136 c = 29.352 Z=270
Rb5Cd2Tl11orthorhombicAmm2a = 5.5999 b = 17.603 c = 12.896 Z = 271
Na12K18In53Tl7R3ma=16.846 c=43.339 Z=472
Na6TlSb4monoclinicC2/c15.154 b = 10.401 c = 17.413 β = 113.57° Z = 8metallic73
K6Tl2Sb3monoclinicC2/ca = 9.951 b = 17.137 c = 19.640 β = 104.26° Z = 87475
CsTlorthorhombicFddd[Tl6]6–76
Cs3.45K3.55Tl7tetragonalI41/aa = 13.6177 c = 25.5573 Z = 84739.35.681[Tl7]7−77
Cs7.29K5.71Tl13monoclinicC2/ca = 30.7792 b = 11.000 c = 14.0291 β = 112.676° Z = 44382.75.835[Tl7]7− and [Tl6]6–78
K3.826Cs4.174Tl1179
Cs8Tl11[Tl11]7– pentacapped trigonal prism80
Cs15Tl27hexagonalP62m8182
Cs4Tl2OtrigonalR3ma = 11.986 c = 20.370 Z = 92534.35.640silvery black; stable to 523 °C; decomposes in air83
Cs18Tl8O684
Cs10Tl6SiO4monoclinicP21/ca=18.9121 b=11.4386 c=14.8081 β=90.029°[Tl6]6–8586
Cs10Tl6GeO4monoclinicP21/ca=19.034 b=11.4883 c=14.8633 β=90.033°[Tl6]6–8788
Cs10Tl6SnO3orthorhombicPnmaa=14.8908Å b=19.052 c=11.5855[Tl6]6–8990
Rb14CsTl27hexagonal91
Cs8GaTl10tetragonalP4/nnca=10.777 c=14.354 Z=21667.36.32892
Cs5Cd2Tl11orthorhombicAmm2a = 5.6107 b = 18.090 c = 13.203 Z = 293
Cs8Tl11Pd0.84rhombohedralR3ca = 10.6l0 c = 54.683 Z = 694
Cs8Tl11Cl0.8rhombohedralR3ca=10.4691 c=53.297 Z = 65058.86.57895
Cs8Tl11Br0.9rhombohedralR3ca=10.5608 c=53.401 Z = 65157.96.53996
Cs5Rb3Tl11Cl0.5rhombohedralR3ca=10.3791 c=52.437 Z = 64892.06.50297
Cs5.7K2.3Tl11Cl0.6rhombohedralR3ca=10.3291 c=51.909 Z = 64796.36.46998
BaTl2hexagonalP63/mmc99
BaTl4monoclinicC2/ma = 12.408 b = 5.351 c = 10.383 β = 116.00° Z = 4519.6silvery100
LaMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.813 c=4.7784 Z=37.25metallic; black powder101
CeMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.741 c=4.7375 Z=37.47metallic; black powder102
PrMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.702 c=4.7150 Z=3242.97.60metallic; black powder103
NdMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.666 c=4.6945 Z=3242.97.74metallic; black powder104
SmMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.603 c=4.6593 Z=38.10metallic; black powder105
EuTl2106
EuPdTl2orthorhombicCmcma=4.466 b=10.767 c=8.120 Z=4390511.35silvery metallic107
GdMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.556 c=4.6312 Z=3229.97.74metallic; black powder108
TbMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.518 c=4.6088 Z=3226.78.52metallic; black powder109
DyMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.495 c=4.5932 Z=3224.18.69metallic; black powder110
HoMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.471 c=4.5835 Z=3metallic; black powder111
ErMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.449 c=4.5715 Z=3metallic; black powder112
TmMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.432 c=4.5541 Z=3metallic; black powder113
LuMgTlhexagonalP62ma=7.402 c=4.5400 Z=3metallic; black powder114
K5TaAs4Tl2orthorhombicPnma115
Rb5TaAs4Tl2orthorhombicPnmaa = 19.196 b = 11.104 c = 7.894 Z = 4spiro at Ta116
SrPtTl2orthorhombicCmcma = 4.491 b = 10.990 c = 8.140 Z = 4117
Na12K38Tl48Au2Tl7 and Tl9 cluster + auride118
K3Au5TlorthorhombicImmaa = 5.595 b =19.706 c =8.430 Z = 4119
Rb2Au3TlorthorhombicPmmaa = 5.660 b = 6.741 c = 9.045 Z = 4120
BaAuTl3tetragonalI4/mmma = 4.8604 c = 12.180 Z = 2121
Ba2AuTl7orthorhombicPmmaa=21.919 b=5.193 c=10.447122
BaAu0.40Tl1.60orthorhombicImmaa = 5.140 b = 8.317 c = 8.809 Z = 4123
BaHg0.80Tl3.20monoclinicC2/ma=12.230 b=5.234 c=10.379 β = 115.272600.310.523silvery124

References

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  16. Schwinghammer, Vanessa F.; Gärtner, Stefanie (28 February 2024). "[Tl 7 ] 7– Clusters in Mixed Alkali Metal Thallides Cs 7.29 K 5.71 Tl 13 and Cs 3.45 K 3.55 Tl 7". Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04034. PMC 11523231. PMID 38416695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523231 ↩

  17. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  18. Gärtner, Stefanie (2020-11-07). "Spotlight on Alkali Metals: The Structural Chemistry of Alkali Metal Thallides". Crystals. 10 (11): 1013. doi:10.3390/cryst10111013. ISSN 2073-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcryst10111013 ↩

  19. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  20. Gärtner, Stefanie (2020-11-07). "Spotlight on Alkali Metals: The Structural Chemistry of Alkali Metal Thallides". Crystals. 10 (11): 1013. doi:10.3390/cryst10111013. ISSN 2073-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcryst10111013 ↩

  21. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  22. Gärtner, Stefanie (2020-11-07). "Spotlight on Alkali Metals: The Structural Chemistry of Alkali Metal Thallides". Crystals. 10 (11): 1013. doi:10.3390/cryst10111013. ISSN 2073-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcryst10111013 ↩

  23. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  24. Gärtner, Stefanie (2020-11-07). "Spotlight on Alkali Metals: The Structural Chemistry of Alkali Metal Thallides". Crystals. 10 (11): 1013. doi:10.3390/cryst10111013. ISSN 2073-4352. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcryst10111013 ↩

  25. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  26. Schwinghammer, Vanessa F.; Gärtner, Stefanie (28 February 2024). "[Tl 7 ] 7– Clusters in Mixed Alkali Metal Thallides Cs 7.29 K 5.71 Tl 13 and Cs 3.45 K 3.55 Tl 7". Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04034. PMC 11523231. PMID 38416695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523231 ↩

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  28. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  29. Tiefenthaler, Susanne; Korber, Nikolaus; Gärtner, Stefanie (2019-04-25). "Synthesis of the Tetragonal Phase of Zintl's NaTl and Its Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data". Materials. 12 (8): 1356. Bibcode:2019Mate...12.1356T. doi:10.3390/ma12081356. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 6515420. PMID 31027267. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515420 ↩

  30. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  31. Schwinghammer, Vanessa F.; Gärtner, Stefanie (28 February 2024). "[Tl 7 ] 7– Clusters in Mixed Alkali Metal Thallides Cs 7.29 K 5.71 Tl 13 and Cs 3.45 K 3.55 Tl 7". Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04034. PMC 11523231. PMID 38416695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523231 ↩

  32. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  33. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  34. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  35. Schwinghammer, Vanessa F.; Gärtner, Stefanie (28 February 2024). "[Tl 7 ] 7– Clusters in Mixed Alkali Metal Thallides Cs 7.29 K 5.71 Tl 13 and Cs 3.45 K 3.55 Tl 7". Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04034. PMC 11523231. PMID 38416695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523231 ↩

  36. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  37. Sangster, James (February 2018). "The Systems Li-Tl, Na-Tl and K-Tl". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 39 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9. ISSN 1547-7037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11669-017-0609-9 ↩

  38. Schwinghammer, Vanessa F.; Gärtner, Stefanie (28 February 2024). "[Tl 7 ] 7– Clusters in Mixed Alkali Metal Thallides Cs 7.29 K 5.71 Tl 13 and Cs 3.45 K 3.55 Tl 7". Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04034. PMC 11523231. PMID 38416695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523231 ↩

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