Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Timurid dynasty
Turco-Mongol dynasty (1370–1857)

The Timurid dynasty, self-designated as Gurkani , was the ruling dynasty of the Timurid Empire (1370–1507). It was a Sunni Muslim dynasty belonging from Barlās Clan of Turco-Mongol origin descended from the warlord Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The word "Gurkani" derives from "Gurkan", a Persianized form of the Mongolian word "Kuragan" meaning "son-in-law". This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, as Timur had married Saray Mulk Khanum, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Members of the Timurid dynasty signaled the Timurid Renaissance, and they were strongly influenced by Persian culture and established two significant empires in history, the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) based in Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857) based in the Indian subcontinent.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Timurid dynasty yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Timurid dynasty yet.
We don't have any Books related to Timurid dynasty yet.
We don't have any archived web articles related to Timurid dynasty yet.

Origins

Main articles: Barlas, Turco-Mongol tradition, Turco-Persian tradition, and Persianate society

The origin of the Timurid dynasty goes back to the Mongol tribe known as Barlas which is sub-clan on Kiyat-Borjigin branches emerged and founding with Khaduli Barlas in Khamag Mongol Khanate in Northern Mongolia in early-12th Centuries,1112 later becoming remnants of the Mongol army of Genghis Khan which he giving one of Kheshig elite regiments,1314 under command of Qarachar Barlas the ancestor of Timur,1516171819202122 Genghis Khan founder of the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas clan foundations make by Qarachar who served Genghis Khan as his minister and commander (Noyan and Tumen),232425 later Genghis Khan assigned Qarachar to his second son Chagatai Khan [r. 1226–1242] which then Qarachar serving as official administrator, minister, advisor and Head of Kheshig regiments toward Chagatai Khan, Chagatai appointing Qarachar as Governor (Darughachi) of Transoxiana regions,26272829 his holding territories today most of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, then Qarachar settled himself led in what is todays Transoxiana, Samarqand, Kish regions as his tribal homes.303132 then came to be known for a time as Moghulistan – "Land of Mongols" in Persian – and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local Turkic and Turkic-speaking population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas tribe the native Mongolic speakers had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits.33343536

Additionally the Barlas were leaving Tengrism adopting Islam,373839 the Central Asian Turks and Mongols adopted Persian literary and high culture40 which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite into Perso-Islamic courtly culture.414243

List of rulers

See also: Timurid family tree

Timurid Empire

Titular namePersonal nameReign
Timur ruled over the Chagatai Khanate with Soyurghatmïsh Khan as nominal Khan followed by Sultan Mahmud Khan. He himself adopted the Muslim Arabic title of Amir. In essence the Khanate was finished and the Timurid Empire was firmly established.
Amir امیر Timur Lang تیمور لنگ Timur Beg Gurkani تیمور بیگ گورکانی 1370–1405
Amir امیر Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza پیر محمد بن جہانگیر میرزا 1405–1407
Amir امیر Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah خلیل سلطان بن میران شاہ 1405–1409
Amir امیر Shahrukh Mirza شاھرخ میرزا 1405–1447
Amir امیر Ulugh Beg الغ بیگ Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay میرزا محمد طارق 1447–1449
Division of Timurid Empire
TransoxianaKhurasan/Herat/Fars/Iraq-e-Ajam
Abdal-Latif Mirza میرزا عبداللطیف Padarkush (Father Killer) 1449–1450
Abdullah Mirza میرزا عبد اللہ 1450–1451Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza میرزا ابوالقاسم بابر بن بایسنقر 1451–1457
Mirza Shah Mahmud میرزا شاہ محمود 1457
Ibrahim Sultan ابراھیم میرزا 1457–1459
Abu Sa'id Mirza ابو سعید میرزا (Although Abu Sa'id Mirza re-united most of the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Uzbek Chief, Abul-Khayr Khan (grandfather of Muhammad Shayabani Khan), he agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turkomen under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turkomen under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id. After Abu Sa'id's death another era of fragmentation follows.) 1451–1469
**Transoxiana is dividedSultan Husayn Bayqara سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا1469 1st reign
Yadgar Muhammad Mirza میرزا یادگار محمد 1470 (6 weeks)
Sultan Husayn Bayqara سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا1470–1506 2nd reign
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan Conquer Herat
SamarkandBukharaHissarFarghanaBalkhKabul
Sultan Ahmad Mirza سلطان احمد میرزا1469–1494Umar Shaikh Mirza II عمر شیخ میرزا ثانی1469–1494Sultan Mahmud Mirza سلطان محمود میرزا 1469–1495Ulugh Beg Mirza II میرزا الغ بیگ1469 – 1502
Sultan Baysonqor Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza بایسنقر میرزا بن محمود میرزا1495–1497Sultan Ali bin Mahmud Mirza سلطان علی بن محمود میرزا1495–1500Sultan Masud Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza سلطان مسعود بن محمود میرزا1495 – ?Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ظہیر الدین محمد بابر1494–1497Khusrau Shah خسرو شاہ(Usurper)? – 1504Mukim Beg Arghun مقیم ارغون (Usurper)? – 1504
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan محمد شایبک خان ازبک1500–1501Jahangir Mirza II جہانگیر میرزا(puppet of Sultan Ahmed Tambol)1497 – 1503Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ظہیر الدین محمد بابر1504–1504
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan محمد شایبک خان ازبک1503–1504Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ظہیر الدین محمد بابر1504–1511
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ظہیر الدین محمد بابر (Never till his conquest of India were the dominions of Babur as extensive as at this period. Like his grandfather Abu Sa'id Mirza, he managed to re-unite the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Shah of Iran, Ismail I. His dominions stretched from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the farthest limits of Ghazni and comprehended Kabul and Ghazni;Kunduz and Hissar; Samarkand and Bukhara; Farghana; Tashkent and Seiram) 1511–1512
Uzbeks under Ubaydullah Sultan عبید اللہ سلطان re-conquer Transoxiana and Balkh 1512Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur ظہیر الدین محمد بابر1512–1530
Timurid Empire in Central Asia becomes extinct under the Khanate of Bukhara of the Uzbeks. However, Timurid dynasty moves on to conquer India under the leadership of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur in 1526 C.E. and established the Timurid dynasty of India.

Mughal Empire

Main article: Mughal emperors

EmperorBirthReign PeriodDeathNotes
Babur14 February 148321 April 1526 – 26 December 15301530Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother and was descendant of Timur through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the First Battle of Panipat and the Battle of Khanwa.
Humayun6 March 150826 December 1530 – 17 May 154027 January 1556Reign interrupted by Sur Empire. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than a usurper, Sher Shah Suri.
Sher Shah Suri148617 May 1540 – 22 May 154522 May 1545Deposed Humayun and led the Sur Empire.
Islam Shah Suri15071545–15541554Second and last ruler of the Sur Empire, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration.
Humayun6 March 150822 June 1555 – 27 January 155627 January 1556Restored rule was more unified and effective than the initial reign of 1530–1540; left a unified empire for his son, Akbar.
Akbar15 October 154211 February 1556 – 27 October 160527 October 1605He and Bairam Khan defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; He married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Gurjar princess who became the mother to his successor Jahangir. One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort and Agra Fort.44
Jahangir31 August 15693 November 1605 – 28 October 162728 October 1627Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company.
Shah Jahan5 January 159219 January 1628 – 31 July 165822 January 1666Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb3 November 161831 July 1658 – 3 March 17073 March 1707He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Mansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his styles of calligraphy.
Bahadur Shah I14 October 164319 June 1707–27 February 171227 February 1712First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors.
Jahandar Shah10 May 166129 March 1712 – 11 February 171311 February 1713The son of Bahadur Shah I, he was an unpopular and incompetent titular figurehead; he attained the throne after his father's death by his victory in battle over his brother, who was killed.
Farrukhsiyar20 August 168311 January 1713 – 9 April 17199 April 1719His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda. In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Company granting them duty-free trading rights in Bengal. The Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan the Mughal appointed ruler of Bengal.
Rafi Ul-Darjat1 December 169928 February – 6 June 17196 June 1719 
Rafi Ud-DaulatJune 16966 June – 17 September 171918 September 1719 
Muhammad Ibrahim9 August 170315 October – 13 November 172031 January 1746 
Muhammad Shah7 August 170227 September 1719 – 26 April26 April 1748Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Tried to counter the emergence of the Marathas but his empire disintegrated. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.45
Ahmad Shah Bahadur23 December 172529 April 1748 – 2 June 17541 January 1775
Alamgir II6 June 16993 June 1754 – 29 November 175929 November 1759He was murdered according to by the Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau.
Shah Jahan III171110 December 1759 – 10 October 17601772Was ordained to the imperial throne as a result of the intricacies in Delhi with the help of Imad-ul-Mulk. He was later deposed by Maratha Sardars.4647
Shah Alam II25 June 172810 October 1760 – 31 July 1788, 16 October 1788 – 19 November 180619 November 1806He was proclaimed as Mughal Emperor by the Marathas.48 Later, he was again recognized as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.49 1764 saw the defeat of the combined forces of Mughal Emperor, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal and Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Following this defeat, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad, ending hostilities with the Treaty of Allahabad (1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 by Mahadaji Shinde under the protection of the Marathas.50 He was a de jure emperor. During his reign in 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal marking the beginning of British reign in parts of Eastern India officially.
Akbar Shah II22 April 176019 November 1806 – 28 September 183728 September 1837He became a British pensioner after the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha war who was until then the protector of the Mughal throne. Under the East India company's protection, his imperial name was removed from official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company.
Bahadur Shah II24 October 177528 September 1837 – 21 September 18577 November 1862The last Mughal emperor was deposed in 1858 by the British East India Company and exiled to Burma following the War of 1857 after the fall of Delhi to the company troops. His death marks the end of the Mughal dynasty but not of the family.

Genealogy of House of Timur

House of Barlas

  Timurid Empire   Timurid Empire of Farghana   Timurid Empire of Kabul   Timurid Empire of Herat   Timurid Empire of Samarkand   Timurid Empire of Transoxiana   Timurid Empire of Hissar   Timurid Empire of Khurasan   Chaghatay Khanate   Mughal Empire

Timur r. 1370–1405
JahangirUmar-ShaykhMiran-ShahShah-Rukh r. 1405–1447
MuhammadPir-Muhammad r. 1405–1407BayqaraKhalil r. 1405–1409MuhammadUlugh-Beg I r. 1447–1449IbrahimBaysunghur
Muhammad-Jahangir r. 1405–1409MansurAbu Sa'id r. 1451–1459 r. 1459–1469Abdul-Latif r. 1449–1450Abdullah r. 1450–1451Ala ad-Dawla r. 1447–1448Muhammad r. 1449–1451Babur I r. 1449–1449, 1451–1457 r. 1447–1457
Husayn-Bayqara r. 1469–1470, 1470–1506Ahmad r. 1469–1494Mahmud r. 1469–1469 r. 1469–1495 r. 1494–1495Umar-Shaykh r. 1469–1494Ulugh-Beg II r. 1469–1502Ibrahim r. 1457–1459 r. 1457–1459Yadigar-Muhammad r. 1470–1470Shah-Mahmud r. 1457–1457 r. 1457–1457
Badi az-Zaman r. 1506–1507Muzafar-Husayn r. 1506–1507Mas'ud r. 1495–1497Baysunghur r. 1495–1497 r. 1497–1499Ali r. 1497–1500Babur II r. 1494–1497 r. 1497–1497, 1511–1512 r. 1504–1526 r. 1526–1530Jahangir r. 1497–1504Abdur-Razzaq r. 1502–1504
Humayun r. 1530–1540, 1555–1556
Akbar I r. 1556–1605
Jahangir r. 1605–1627
Shah-Jahan I r. 1628–1658
Aurangzeb Alamgir I r. 1658–1707
Bahadur-Shah I Shah-Alam I r. 1707–1712Azam-Shah r. 1707–1707Kam-Bakhsh
Jahandar-Shah r. 1712–1713Azim ash-ShanRafi ash-ShanJahan-ShahMuhi as-Sunnat
Alamgir II r. 1754–1759Faruqsiyar r. 1713–1719Shah-Jahan II r. 1719–1719Rafi ad-Darajat r. 1719–1719Muhammad-Shah r. 1719–1748Shah-Jahan III r. 1759–1760
Shah-Alam II r. 1760–1788, 1788–1806Ahmad-Shah r. 1748–1754
Akbar II r. 1806–1837Shah-Jahan IV r. 1788–1788
Bahadur-Shah II r. 1837–1857

See also

References and notes

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Timurid dynasty.

References

  1. Maria E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia, Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201. ↩

  2. B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 /wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam ↩

  3. Encyclopædia Britannica, "Timurid Dynasty", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic-Mongol" dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.") /wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica ↩

  4. "Timurids". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). New York City: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2006-11-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html ↩

  5. Encyclopædia Britannica article: "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", Online Edition, 2007. /wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica ↩

  6. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  7. A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community, by Vernon Egger, p. 193 ↩

  8. ""The Man Behind the Mosque"". Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2015-08-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109121301/http://www.amitavghosh.com/essays/mosque.html ↩

  9. B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 /wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam ↩

  10. Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, p. 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." p. 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." ↩

  11. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  12. Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-90-04-31199-2 ↩

  13. "Legacy of the Mongols". The Mongols. 2019. doi:10.5040/9781641899178.ch-006. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781641899178.ch-006 ↩

  14. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  15. B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 /wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam ↩

  16. "Timur". Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2005. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timur.html ↩

  17. "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 January 2024. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/Islamic-world ↩

  18. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  19. "Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 11–174, 1972-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-10 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-002 ↩

  20. Joshi, Harit (2020), "Akbarnama", Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Presses de l’Inalco, pp. 41–43, ISBN 978-2-85831-344-0, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-2-85831-344-0 ↩

  21. Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-3-11-075330-1 ↩

  22. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  23. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  24. Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-3-11-075330-1 ↩

  25. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  26. "Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 11–174, 1972-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-10 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-002 ↩

  27. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  28. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  29. Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-3-11-075330-1 ↩

  30. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  31. Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-90-04-31199-2 ↩

  32. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  33. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  34. Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-90-04-31199-2 ↩

  35. Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-3-11-075330-1 ↩

  36. Birendra Kumar1 (2024-05-31). "AKBARNAMA-- DELINEATING TERRITORIAL EXPANSION UNDER AKBAR". ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts. 5 (5). doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i5.2024.4449. ISSN 2582-7472.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i5.2024.4449 ↩

  37. Joshi, Harit (2020), "Akbarnama", Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Presses de l’Inalco, pp. 41–43, ISBN 978-2-85831-344-0, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-2-85831-344-0 ↩

  38. Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182 ↩

  39. Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-3-11-075330-1 ↩

  40. B. Spuler (2006). "Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods". Encyclopædia Iranica. Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 [...] Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-v ↩

  41. David J. Roxburgh (2005). The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press. p. 130. Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama. /wiki/Baysunghur ↩

  42. Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. 978-1-4744-2142-3 ↩

  43. Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-10 978-90-04-31199-2 ↩

  44. Klingelhofer, William G. (1988). "The Jahangiri Mahal of the Agra Fort: Expression and Experience in Early Mughal Architecture". Muqarnas. 5: 153–169. doi:10.2307/1523115. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523115. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  45. S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. pp. 11–13, 41–43. ISBN 978-81-224-1774-6. 978-81-224-1774-6 ↩

  46. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140 https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=maratha+sardar+deposed+Shah+Jahan+III&pg=PA140 ↩

  47. S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Vol. 3. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 765. ISBN 9788171568192. 9788171568192 ↩

  48. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140 https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=maratha+sardar+deposed+Shah+Jahan+III&pg=PA140 ↩

  49. S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Vol. 3. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 767. ISBN 9788171568192. 9788171568192 ↩

  50. N. G. Rathod, The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia, (Sarup & Sons, 1994), 8:[1] https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&dq=1771+scindia&pg=PA8 ↩