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Turks in Libya
Ethnic group in Libya

The Turks in Libya, also commonly referred to as Kouloughlis are Libyans who claim partial descent from Ottoman Janissaries in Libya. Quantifiying their presence/population in Libya in the modern day is near impossible, due to them assimilating near entirely in the Libyan population over time. They mainly make up a small fraction of the populations of the cities, Misrata and Tripoli.

During Ottoman Alleigance/Alliance in Libya (1551–1912), Turkish Janissaries began to migrate to the region. A minimal number of said Turks, and Janissaries intermarried with the native population, and their offspring were referred to as Kouloughlis (Turkish: kuloğlu) due to their mixed heritage.

After the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Turks continued to migrate to Libya from the newly established modern states. However, contrary to popular belief, the large majority of said migrants were Cretan Muslims, who were often referred to as Turks by some Christian Greeks due to their religion; not their ethnic background.[citation needed]

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History

Ottoman Libya

See also: Karamanli dynasty and Ottoman Tripolitania

During Ottoman Alleigance/Alliance in Libya (1551–1912), Turkish Janissaries began to migrate to the region.5 A minimal number of said Turks, and Janissaries intermarried with the native population, and their offspring were referred to as Kouloughlis (Turkish: kuloğlu) due to their mixed heritage.67

Today there are no Libyans who record their ethnicity as Turkish, or acknowledge their descent from the Ottomans.8

Italian Libya

After Libya fell to the Italians in 1911, most Kouloughlis still remained in the region, They played no role in the Resistance itself, and remained an idle, subservient, minority of the population.

Culture

As a result of four centuries of Ottoman Presence/Alliance to and within Libya, the Libyans left some of their cultural imprints on the Turks, particularly their language, food, and costumes, which the Kouloughlis adopted from the locals.[citation needed]

Religion

The Ottoman brought with them the teaching of the Hanafi School of Islam during the Ottoman, However the large majority of the Sunni Muslim Libyan population follows the Maliki school of thought.

Notable people

  • Salah Badi, commander of the Al-Somood Front9
  • Emrullah Barkan [tr], politician
  • Husni Bey, business tycoon10
  • Wissam Bin Hamid, commander in the Libya Dawn11
  • Mukhtar al-Jahawi, commander of the Anti-Terrorism Force12
  • Abdul Rauf Kara, leader of the Special Deterrence Force13
  • Ahmed Karamanli, founded the Karamanli dynasty (1711–1835)14
    • successors:
    • Ahmed I (29 July 1711 – 4 November 1745)
    • Mehmed Pasha (4 November 1745 – 24 July 1754)
    • Ali I Pasha (24 July 1754 – 30 July 1793)
    • Ali Burghul Pasha Cezayrli (30 July 1793 – 20 January 1795)
    • Ahmed II (20 January – 11 June 1795)
    • Yusuf Karamanli (11 June 1795 – 20 August 1832)
    • Mehmed Karamanli (1817, 1826, and 1832)
    • Mehmed ibn Ali (1824 and 1835)
    • Ali II Karamanli (20 August 1832 – 26 May 1835)
  • Faruk Kenç [tr], film director and producer
  • Sadullah Koloğlu, former prime minister of Benghazi and Darnah (from 1949 to 1952)15
  • Cenap Muhittin Kozanoğlu [tr], writer
  • Suat Kuyaş [tr], soldier
  • Omar Abdullah Meheishy, former Member of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council1617
  • Muhammad Sakizli, Libyan politician
  • Galip Kemali Söylemezoğlu [tr], diplomat and ambassador to Greece
  • Ramadan al-Suwayhili, a co-founder of the short-lived Tripolitanian Republic in 191818
  • Rasim Ferit Talay [tr], politician
  • Sadettin Ferit Talay [tr], politician
  • İlhami Bekir Tez [tr], writer
  • Muzaffer Tuğsavul [tr], soldier
  • Hamida al-Unayzi, champion of women's education in Libya19

See also

  • Turkey portal
  • Libya portal

Bibliography

  • Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2009), The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance (Print), Albany, N.Y: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-1-4384-2891-8.
  • Dupree, Louis (1958), "The Non-Arab Ethnic Groups of Libya", Middle East Journal, 12 (1): 33–44
  • Ergener, Reşit (2002), About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process, ISBN 0-9710609-6-7.
  • Fuller, Graham E. (2008), The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a pivotal state in the Muslim world, US Institute of Peace Press, ISBN 978-1-60127-019-1.
  • Harzig, Christiane; Juteau, Danielle; Schmitt, Irina (2006), The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations, Berghahn Books, ISBN 1-57181-376-4.
  • Koloğlu, Orhan (2007), 500 Years in Turkish-Libyan Relations (PDF), SAM.
  • Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004), Libya, Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0-7614-1702-8.
  • Pan, Chia-Lin (1949), "The Population of Libya", Population Studies, 3 (1): 100–125, doi:10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359
  • Papademetriou, Demetrios G.; Martin, Philip L. (1991), The Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic Development, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-25463-X.
  • Sirageldin, Ismail Abdel-Hamid (2003), Human Capital: Population Economics in the Middle East, American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 977-424-711-6.
  • Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-177-9.

References

  1. Pan 1949, 103. - Pan, Chia-Lin (1949), "The Population of Libya", Population Studies, 3 (1): 100–125, doi:10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359 https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.1949.10416359 ↩

  2. Malcolm & Losleben 2004, 62. - Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004), Libya, Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0-7614-1702-8 ↩

  3. Stone 1997, p. 29. - Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-177-9 ↩

  4. Milli Gazete. "Levanten Türkler". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2012-03-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm ↩

  5. Malcolm & Losleben 2004, 62. - Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004), Libya, Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0-7614-1702-8 ↩

  6. Stone 1997, p. 29. - Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-177-9 ↩

  7. Milli Gazete. "Levanten Türkler". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2012-03-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm ↩

  8. Malcolm & Losleben 2004, 62. - Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004), Libya, Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0-7614-1702-8 ↩

  9. Tastekin, Fehim (2019). "Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 September 2019. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html ↩

  10. حسني بي: أنا من ضمن المليون تركماني في ليبيا, Alsaaa24, 2019, retrieved 2 January 2020 https://www.alsaaa24.com/2019/12/23/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84/ ↩

  11. Tastekin, Fehim (2019). "Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 September 2019. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html ↩

  12. Tastekin, Fehim (2019). "Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 September 2019. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html ↩

  13. Tastekin, Fehim (2019). "Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 September 2019. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html ↩

  14. Habib, Henry (1981), Libya: Past and Present, Edam Publishing House, p. 42 ↩

  15. Hurriyet Daily News. "Turkey's living link to Ottoman Libya: Son of former PM tells father's story". Retrieved 2016-05-15. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=a-living-link-to-ottoman-libya-son-of-former-pm-tells-father8217s-story-2011-03-04 ↩

  16. First, R. (1974), Libya: The Elusive Revolution, Africana Publishing Company, p. 115, ISBN 0841902119 0841902119 ↩

  17. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2013), Forgotten Voices: Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya, Routledge, pp. 79–80, ISBN 978-1136784439 978-1136784439 ↩

  18. Tastekin, Fehim (2019). "Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 September 2019. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html ↩

  19. Yeaw, Katrina Elizabeth Anderson (2017), Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890-1980, Georgetown University, p. 152 ↩