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Uakari
Genus of New World monkeys

Uakari is the common name for the New World monkeys from the genus Cacajao. Both the English and scientific names are believed to have originated from indigenous languages.

The uakaris are unusual among New World monkeys in that the tail length (15–18 cm) is substantially less than their head and body length (40–45 cm). Their bodies are covered with long, loose hair but their heads are bald. They have almost no subcutaneous fat, so their bald faces appear almost skull-like. Like their closest relatives the saki monkeys, they have projecting lower incisors. These monkeys have the most striking red facial skin of any primate. Females choose their mates based on how red the male's face is. Evidence suggests that the red facial coloration reflects the health of the primate.

The four species of uakari currently recognized are all found in the north-western Amazon basin. The bald uakari, remarkable for its brilliant scarlet complexion, is found north of the Amazon River, and south of the Japurá River in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. The black-headed uakari is found north of the Amazon and south of the Rio Negro. The Neblina uakari is found north of the Rio Negro, west of the Rio Marauiá and east of the Casiquiare canal. The Aracá uakari is currently known only from the Rio Curuduri basin.

They have been observed both in small groups and in larger troops of up to 100. When traveling through the forest they move in the lower branches of the trees, though when foraging they also go up to the canopy. They mostly eat fruit, and unlike other Neotropical frugivores will consume a large amount of unripe fruit for which they have specialised dentition. They also eat flowers, seeds, invertebrates, buds and leaves.

Uakari are found in neotropical Amazon flooded or riparian forests, including Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

A phylogeographic reconstruction found that the concestor of living uakari dates to 1.7 million years ago, in the Solimões River, whence they spread and diversified following intermittent river rearrangements.

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Species

Per the ASM and the IUCN, there are eight species in this genus:9

In 2014 Ferrari et al. proposed an alternative taxonomy for the C. melanocephalus group which recognizes the Aracá uakari as a subspecies of the golden-backed uakari, and also recognized Cacajao ouakary as a separate species, whereas current consensus is that C. ouakary is a junior synonym of C. melanocephalus.10 This revision is not universally accepted.11

References

  1. "uakari". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134147/https://www.lexico.com/definition/uakari ↩

  2. "uakari". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/uakari ↩

  3. Barnett, Adrian A. (December 2004). "The Meanings of Cacajao and Uacari: Folk Etymology in Neotropical Primate Taxonomy". Neotropical Primates. 12 (3): 147–152. doi:10.1896/1413-4705.12.3.147. ISSN 1413-4705. https://doi.org/10.1896%2F1413-4705.12.3.147 ↩

  4. Corso, Josmael; Bowler, Mark; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Roos, Christian; Mundy, Nicholas I. (2016-04-13). "Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari ( Cacajao calvus )". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1828): 20160067. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0067. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4843651. PMID 27053753. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843651 ↩

  5. Wolfe, A. (1997) Primates, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, p. 159 ↩

  6. Gron, K.J. (July 21, 2008). "Primate Factsheets: Uakari (Cacajao) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved July 1, 2012. https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-uakari/ ↩

  7. Gron, K.J. (July 21, 2008). "Primate Factsheets: Uakari (Cacajao) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved July 1, 2012. https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-uakari/ ↩

  8. Silva, Felipe Ennes; Luna, Leilton Willians; Batista, Romina; Röhe, Fabio; Gubili, Chrysoula; Farias, Izeni P.; Hrbek, Tomas; Valsecchi, João; Ribas, Camila C.; McDevitt, Allan D.; Dellicour, Simon; Flot, Jean-François; Boubli, Jean P. (2024-04-08). "Impact of Quaternary Amazonian river dynamics on the diversification of uakari monkeys (genus Cacajao )". Journal of Biogeography. doi:10.1111/jbi.14844. ISSN 0305-0270. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14844 ↩

  9. "Cacajao". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. Retrieved 2019-07-24. https://mammaldiversity.org/#Y2FjYWphbyZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ ↩

  10. Ferrari, Stephen F.; Guedes, Patricia G.; Figueriredo-Ready, Wilsea M.B.; Barnett, Adrian A. (2014). "Reconsidering the taxonomy of the Black-Faced Uacaris, Cacajao melanocephalus group (Mammalia: Pitheciidae), from the northern Amazon Basin". Zootaxa. 3866 (3): 353–370. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3866.3.3. PMID 25283664. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  11. "Cacajao". ITIS. Retrieved 2 September 2022. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572817#null ↩