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Unity Temple
Church in Oak Park, Illinois

Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church building that houses the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation at 875 Lake Street in Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The structure, designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie style, is cited as an early example of modern architecture. The building consists of an auditorium to the north and a church house called Unity House to the south. The two sections, and an entrance pavilion between them, are all made of reinforced concrete.

The congregation was formed as the Unity Church of Oak Park in 1871. It originally occupied a Gothic Revival building and went through several pastors in its first two decades. Rodney Johonnot, who became the senior pastor in 1892, began planning a replacement structure in the early 1900s. After the original church burned down in 1905, the board of trustees selected a site on Lake Street and hired Wright to design a new building, Unity Temple. Wright's plans were approved in 1906 after much debate, and construction began on May 15 of that year. After various delays, Unity House opened in September 1907, and the auditorium was finished in October 1908; the church was dedicated on September 26, 1909. Over the years, the temple attracted visitors from around the U.S. and worldwide. The church was restored in the 1960s, and it gradually underwent further upgrades from the 1970s to the 2000s. Unity Temple was completely refurbished from 2015 to 2017.

The temple is decorated with abstract motifs instead of overtly religious imagery. The facade is made of Portland cement, which has been washed away to expose the gravel underneath; there are recessed clerestory windows near the top. Unlike contemporary churches, Unity Temple was designed without a spire; instead, the roof consists of multiple flat, overhanging concrete slabs. The auditorium is shaped like a Greek cross, with stair towers at each corner. It has two levels of seating surrounding a central pulpit, in addition to clerestories and skylights. Unity House has skylights and two balconies.

Unity Temple has received extensive architectural commentary over the years, and it has been the subject of many media works, including books and museum exhibits. Its design is credited with having helped inspire multiple architects. Unity Temple is designated as a National Historic Landmark and is part of The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, a World Heritage Site.

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Early history

Eleven members of the Union Church—a liberal Protestant congregation in Oak Park, a village in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois—met on January 25, 1871, to discuss the formation of a new congregation.23 E. W. Hoard hosted a meeting to raise money for a church building,45 collecting more than $5,000.67 Unity Church of Oak Park, a non-denominational church, was formed that March.89 The congregation acquired land at the southwest corner of Wisconsin Avenue (later Pleasant Street) and Marion Street, south of the Union Pacific West railroad line, from Milton C. Niles.10 The treasurer, Edwin O. Gale, provided $5,600, or nearly half of the $13,689 cost.1112 It is unknown who designed the original church, which was built in the Gothic Revival style.1314 The original church was a 40-by-80-foot (12 by 24 m) rectangle topped by a 125-foot (38 m) spire.1516 Inside was a ground-level parish hall with an auditorium above it;1718 a Chicago Tribune article from 1872 described the church as having a stone foundation and wood frame.19 Within the auditorium was a raised pulpit and rows of seats bisected by a central aisle.20

Work on the new church began in early 1871, and the basement was finished later that year.21 A consecration ceremony was held on August 11, 1872.2223 In its early years, the congregation was composed of Universalists and Unitarians.24 As such, the church went through several pastors in its first decade. In 1882, some of the congregation's Universalist members formed a sub-congregation affiliated with the Universalist Church of America; the congregation at large remained unaffiliated with any denomination.2526 After going through six pastors in fifteen years,27 the church selected Augusta Jane Chapin as its pastor in 1886.2829 During Chapin's tenure, Anna Jones Wright, the mother of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, joined the congregation.3031

Chapin left the congregation in December 1891,32 and Rodney Johonnot became the senior pastor the next year.33 During Johonnot's first four years, the congregation grew to 225 members.34 A church organ was installed in 1897.3536 The congregation had decided to build a new structure by March 1901, when members voted to establish a fund for the construction of a new temple.3738 Johonott felt that the existing building could not accommodate all of the congregation's activities.39 The congregation hired H. P. Harned to design a new structure on the existing site, south of the railroad tracks.40 By then, numerous churches were being built in Oak Park,41 and many of the newer churches were being built on Lake Street, north of the tracks.42 In December 1904, the board of trustees again asked the congregation for donations for a new temple.43 Following a meeting in May 1905,44 a committee was appointed to discuss plans for the new building.45

Temple development

The original Unity Church was destroyed on June 4, 1905, when a lightning strike started a blaze;4647 firefighters were unable to extinguish the flames because of low water pressure.4849 The fire caused about $20,000 in damage5051 and destroyed everything except for the piano, chairs, paintings, dishes, and utensils.52 Within one week, the congregation had appointed four committees to oversee fundraising, site selection, design, and construction.5354 In the meantime, the congregation temporarily met at Nakama Hall.5556 The nearby First Baptist Church also hosted some of the congregation's events.57

Selection of site and architect

Initially, it was estimated that the new building would cost $50,000.5859 The fundraising committee requested donations from various sources,60 while the site selection committee recommended that the new temple be built "in some place more central".61 At the time, two-thirds of the congregation lived south of Lake Street, but congregants favored a site near that street; only one person preferred to keep the existing site.62 The committee considered several locations throughout the village.6364 Two of these sites were located at Lake Street and Kenilworth Avenue: a private house on the southwestern corner, and a vacant lot owned by Gale on the southeastern corner.65 In early August 1905, the congregation paid Gale $10,0006667 or $11,000.6869 The tract measured 150 feet (46 m) along Kenilworth Avenue and either 100 feet (30 m)70 or 105 feet (32 m) along Lake Street.71 The site complemented the nearby First Presbyterian and Grace Episcopal churches slightly to the west.7273

When the site was selected, the congregation had raised $30,000 toward the new building,7475 and they began searching for an architect shortly afterward.76 On August 30, the planning committee met with nine architects, selecting four finalists: Frank Lloyd Wright, Dwight H. Perkins, William Augustus Otis, and Normand Smith Patton.77 At their September meeting, Unity Church's board of trustees voted to allow the planning committee to select an architect.78 This person was to draw up plans for an edifice costing no more than $30,000.7980

Wright had been selected by mid-September.818283 The engineer Charles E. Roberts, who led the church's building committee, had influenced the church's decision to select Wright.8485 According to Wright, the board had considered hosting an architectural design competition (which he would have refused to join),8687 but the historian Joseph Siry writes that there is no evidence that the board ever considered such a competition.88 Construction News reported that the temple would cost $35,000 and would be a one-story, brick-and-stone edifice.899091 Though Wright may have considered using brick, this was never recorded in his plans.9293 Wright instead proposed using concrete to save money,949596 since, at the time, the church had only $45,000 on hand.979899100 The temple was the first public building that Wright designed by himself.101

Design

Original plans

The trustees mandated that the new house of worship include a sanctuary for worship, a meeting room for secular events, and a classroom for the Sunday school.102103 Furthermore, as Lake Street was a major street, Wright had to design a monumental building that would also fit the church's budget.104 Many of the original drawings have been lost or destroyed,105 but Wright extensively documented his thought process in his autobiography.106107 Wright wrote that Johonnot had wanted a "Mission"-style building,108 and he avoided traditional church architecture, instead proposing to the planning committee a "temple to man ... in which to study man himself for his God's sake".109110 In the early plans, the temple's northern wall was aligned with the house to the east (which was set back 40 feet (12 m) from Lake Street), and the north–south axis was aligned with the house to the south.111 Wright created physical drawings only after extensively refining the plans mentally.112113 He also produced a plaster model of the temple, which he presented to the planning committee.114115

The entrance to the main sanctuary, known as the auditorium, was intentionally positioned away from the streetcar lines on Lake Street.116117118 Wright did not want to put the meeting room and Sunday school in the auditorium, as he felt that it would "spoil the simplicity of the room".119120 Accordingly, these rooms were instead placed in a separate church house called Unity House,121122123 which was linked to the auditorium by a central entrance hall.124125 Having decided upon the site layout, Wright next designed the cube-shaped auditorium.126 Some preliminary drawings for the auditorium still exist. These include Scheme A, which called for 388 seats facing a pulpit on the south wall, and the rejected Scheme B, which called for 478 seats facing the north wall.127

Design changes

In December 1905, the planning committee received Wright's plans and recommended that the board of trustees approve them.128129 The same month, Gale gave the congregation a 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) strip of land on Kenilworth Avenue.130 By the beginning of 1906, the site of the original building had been sold for $6,500.131132 The congregation decided to proceed with construction, even though it had received only one bid for the general contract, which exceeded the church's budget by $8–10 thousand.133134135 Thomas Skillin, who led the board of trustees, reported that the temple was to cost $40,000 but that there was only $31,000 available.136137138 The trustees considered modifying the plans, splitting work into two phases, or borrowing money.139 Wright offered to reduce the cost to $35,000140 by revising the plans and deferring installation of the furnishings.141142

Skillin objected that the auditorium was too small and dark.143144 At its meeting on January 18, 1906, the board asked Skillin and Johonnot to discuss possible modifications with Wright.145 Subsequently, Wright revised the auditorium's design,146 and he invited 75 members of the congregation to see the drawings and models for Unity Temple at his studio.147148 The board approved Wright's revisions on February 7,149150 on the condition that no more than $36,200 be spent.151152 Details of the design were reported in the local media on February 24,153 and a brochure describing the final plan was published on March 4.154 Wright's assistant Charles E. White Jr. said the planning process had been marked by "endless fighting".155156 Wright continued refining the design details even after the final plans were accepted and (in some cases) partially completed.157 Despite initial objections to Wright's design, Oak Park residents eventually came to like it.158

Construction

Early construction

It took weeks to find a general contractor.159 Most of the bids that church officials did receive were significantly over budget, probably because of the unconventional nature of the concrete design,160 which drove many contractors away.161 Contractors found it difficult to decipher Wright's plans, which did not resemble standard blueprints.162 Paul Mueller, who had previously built Wright's E-Z Polish Factory and Larkin Administration Building,163 was ultimately selected as the contractor.164165 Wright and Mueller began discussing the temple in January 1906,166 and Mueller was hired that April, having submitted a low bid of $32,221.167168 The trustees agreed to pay Mueller $32,661 as long as Mueller paid a $15,000 bond, which would be refunded if the temple was completed on time.169 The board also approved a $1,243.23 builder's fee for Wright.170171 A groundbreaking ceremony took place on May 15, 1906.172173 One of Wright's draftsmen, Isabel Roberts, acted as a liaison to church officials, while Arthur Tobin coordinated the construction schedules.174

The first part of the temple to be constructed was Unity House.175 Work on the foundation progressed slowly, and the building committee had to allocate another $645.60 for the foundations due to cost overruns.176177 Mueller was also busy with other projects across the United States, which further delayed the temple's construction.178 The contractors acquired large amounts of wood to create the formwork, into which the temple's concrete slabs were to be poured.179 The wooden forms were constructed to uniform dimensions of 12 by 3.5 feet (3.7 m × 1.1 m), allowing them to be reused;180181182 each timber form was made of several 2-by-4 boards.183184 Rectangular blocks of wood were used to cast the facade's 12-foot-tall (3.7 m) concrete columns, which had to be cast in multiple pieces because they were too large.185186 The various pieces of each column were bound together using grout.187

Wright contemplated embedding red granite or another material into the outer walls.188189 Twenty samples of concrete, embedded with red granite or gravel, were presented to the board of trustees for review.190 Church officials decided not to use red granite due to the expense involved;191 instead, they agreed to apply an acidic solution to roughen the facade.192 The concrete walls were poured at a rate of no more than 18 inches (460 mm) every 24 hours.193194 The walls were constructed one by one, and the wooden forms had to be disassembled and rebuilt after each wall was completed, which caused further delays.195 In addition, concrete could not be poured during the wintertime.196 Foster & Glidden Co. were hired in September 1906 to install the electrical, plumbing, and heating and ventilation systems.197 Although Mueller's contract mandated that the temple be completed by November 1906,198 the exterior was not nearly finished at that time.199200 This prompted Edwin Ehrman, the building committee's leader, to complain to Mueller.201202 Furthermore, Wright frequently modified the plans while construction was underway, then tried to force the trustees to pay for the increased costs, to which they refused.203 Mueller, who did not reject Wright's changes, lost money as a result204 and eventually went bankrupt.205206

Delays and completion

The heating system was installed in February 1907.207 Amid increasing expenses and decreasing revenue, the congregation's general fund had dwindled to $11.31 by March,208 and many former members had departed.209 Oak Leaves wrote that "the finances were in good condition", despite a shortfall in the construction fund.210 By then, Wright wrote that Unity House would be finished in May and the auditorium in September.211 The eastern wall and parts of the auditorium's stair towers had been completed by May, but the roofs had not been constructed.212 Church officials had resorted to borrowing money, despite a concerted attempt to obtain donations and other fees from the congregation.213 Unity House began hosting services on September 15, 1907,214 and the church's Ladies Social Union purchased some furniture the same week.215 The auditorium's roof had been completed, but the terraces and entrance pavilion were still under construction,216 and landscaping work was still ongoing.217 Congregants had to enter Unity House through the back door.218

Wright and the contractors continued to fine-tune the building's heating system,219 and the contractors submitted invoices for their work, which the congregation could not afford to pay.220 The project was paused in late 1907,221222 and Ehrman requested that Wright provide a timetable for Unity Temple's completion, which the architect did in January 1908.223 That February, Wright invited artists and musicians to attend a "Symposium of Art" at Unity House.224 Wright wrote to the congregation the next month, requesting that Mueller be paid $11,000.225226 Congregants pledged $5,771 for the building's completion at their annual meeting the same month,227228 which allowed the trustees to finally reimburse Mueller.229230 The plasterwork was completed in July 1908,231 after the board of trustees had threatened to fire Mueller over his failure to finish the plastering.232 The temple's mechanical contractor Foster & Glidden were completing the building's electrical systems by August,233 and the pews were under construction by that September.234235 All of the art glass had also been installed by then.236

The auditorium's opening, scheduled for October 11, 1908, was postponed due to delays in manufacturing the pews.237 The auditorium hosted its first service on October 25, 1908,238239 though Wright did not attend.240241 The building could not be formally dedicated because the organ had not been installed;242 church officials had received bids from a dozen organ manufacturers, many of whom were discouraged by Wright's abstruse drawings.243 The church did not hire a manufacturer until September 1908, when officials paid Coburn & Taylor $3,500 to install an organ in two months.244245 The heating system was also ineffective, and the boiler burst shortly after the auditorium opened,246 forcing the congregation to vacate the auditorium until February 1909.247

Construction issues notwithstanding, congregants quickly came to like the new temple.248 By 1909, the congregation's membership consisted of more than 140 families.249250 During that year, church officials largely resolved their remaining disputes with contractors, and the decorations inside were finished.251 Johonnot resigned that June, expressing frustration that he had received little encouragement from the congregation during his tenure.252253 Church members refused to accept his resignation,254255 as he was still popular among members of the congregation.256257 Johonnot ultimately agreed to remain Unity Church's pastor for one more year.258 The temple was officially dedicated on September 26, 1909,259260 and the congregation published a brochure for the occasion.261 The temple had cost $60,344.55, and the congregation borrowed some $14,500 to pay for the cost overruns.262263 Members pledged two-thirds, or nearly $32,200, of the remaining cost,264 though it would take several years before the construction cost was fully repaid.265

Temple usage

Early and mid-20th century

After Unity Temple opened, the building's architecture attracted visitors from across the U.S.266267 Johonnot ultimately resigned at the end of June 1910.268269 The next pastor, S. G. Dunham, established a weekly "social clinics class" at the temple in late 1910;270 he served as the pastor until early 1913.271 William J. Taylor became Unity Temple's pastor in November 1913272 and began giving sermons there the next month.273 During Taylor's tenure, the congregation paid back its remaining debt of $6,000, and a congregant, E. O. Gale, donated a parsonage.274 Taylor resigned in 1919 to become the pastor of First Universalist Church in Wausau, Wisconsin,275276 and he was succeeded by James W. Vallentyne.277 The congregation celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding with a weeklong party in early 1921.278 Vallentyne resigned as Unity Church's pastor in 1924,279 though he remained in Oak Park for several months.280 D. T. Denman, who had served various congregations in Oak Park for two decades,281 merged his congregation with that of Unity Church in 1925, becoming the combined congregation's pastor.282

Denman served until 1932283 and was replaced that year with Frank D. Adams.284 In 1935, the congregation of the Church of the Redeemer in Chicago also merged with Unity Church's congregation.285286 The congregation had 200 members by the mid-1940s, who met every Sunday from September to June; by then, the church was called the Unity Universalist Church.287 John Q. Parkhurst was elected as the church's pastor in early 1945,288 just after Adams resigned.289 The next year, Unity House was lent to a local youth club, and its interior was redecorated to resemble a ship's lounge;290 the club operated there for three months.291 At the time, the congregation's membership included many of Oak Park's longtime families, in addition to congregants from neighboring towns and villages.292 Oak Leaves reported that the building was depicted in a wide range of architectural publications and that it attracted visitors from around the world,293 though local residents largely ignored it.294

Parkhurst left the congregation in 1952, and Robert M. Rice became the church's new minister.295 By then, the congregation had 325 members who met every Sunday except in August, and the church's youth fellowship met every other Sunday.296 The church was known simply as the Universalist Church by the late 1950s.297 The temple also hosted visiting architects, including Wright himself, as well as several groups of students each year.298 Rice left the building largely intact during his tenure, converting Unity House's two balconies to classrooms and adding a chapel for children.299 In addition, in 1959, workers filled in cracks and covered up exposed rods, and they applied a stucco-like paste to the exterior.300

Late 20th century

1960s

By the 1960s, the concrete had begun to spall and leak; the congregation ruled out the idea of using stucco to patch the facade, and there were discussions about potentially demolishing the temple.301 Instead, Wright's son-in-law William Wesley Peters, a principal in Taliesin Associated Architects, oversaw a restoration of the building,302303 which was completed in 1961 for $22,000.304305306 Workers patched the cracks by sandblasting the concrete, placing a cement aggregate into the cracks, and applying another mixture to wear away the facade's topmost layer.307 A sealant was then applied onto the facade,308309 and the building was repainted in its original color scheme.310311 The temple was rededicated in 1962. By then, the congregation had a religious school and a youth club, in addition to its typical Sunday services.312 The building still attracted international visitors,313314 while the congregation had become known as the Unitarian Universalist Church.315316

John Michiels renovated the temple's lower level in 1966 for $20,000,317 though these modifications did not follow Wright's original design.318 The work involved refurbishing a bathroom and three classrooms.319320 Church officials formed a committee in 1967 to raise funds for a further renovation of Unity Temple.321 That May, the congregation decided to open the temple for public tours five days a week322 to raise money for the renovations.323324 It cost $1,000 to launch the tour program, which did not make a net profit until its second year. The skylights were subsequently replaced in 1968; since the tours had not raised sufficient funds, the women's auxiliary at Unity Temple helped fund part of the project.325 The next year, the Edgar J. Kaufmann Foundation pledged $75,000 in matching funds toward the temple's renovation326327328 after Edgar Kaufmann Jr., a former Wright acolyte, heard about the initiative.329330 Bill Fyfe and Michiels jointly designed a restoration plan.331 According to Michiels, the wiring, doors, stairs, windows, and sidewalks needed repairs the most urgently.332

1970s

By 1970, the church had raised $25,000 from tours, subscriptions, and donations.333 The restoration also received funds from the congregation itself, the National Park Service, four anonymous donors, and Alden B. Dow, in addition to tour revenue and insurance payments.334 After Rice retired in 1970,335 he was replaced by Gerald Krick the following March.336 In addition, a committee was formed to oversee the restoration,337 which was prioritized after a fire had damaged Unity House in January 1971.338339 A local firm, Sturr-Young Associates, was hired to repaint the auditorium in its original colors, restore the skylights, and redecorate the interior, while Frank's son Lloyd Wright was retained as a consultant.340 The congregation was unable to raise the funds for the temple's upkeep by itself.341342 As such, congregants directed the board of trustees to establish a foundation to oversee the temple's restoration in December 1972.343 The Unity Temple Restoration Corporation was formed the next year344 as a secular entity, separate from the congregation.345346 The restoration group raised $500 per month from small donors and tour revenue, and it received additional funding from large donors, the federal and local governments, and the congregation.347

A restoration of the facade commenced in 1973348349 and ultimately cost $200,000.350 Workers removed the cladding that had been added in the 1960s,351 and they sprayed shotcrete, a type of concrete, onto the facade.352353 The interior was also repainted and partially rewired,354 That year, the Kaufmann Foundation increased their grant to $250,000, at which point the church had raised $230,000.355356 The temple could also receive federal restoration funds because it was on the National Register of Historic Places, so the Illinois Department of Conservation requested $114,850 for interior restoration in late 1973.357 The temple began hosting concerts later that year,358 and it launched a concert series that helped raise money for the renovation.359360 To raise further money, the church sponsored field trips to Taliesin, Wright's studio in Wisconsin.361362 By 1975, church officials had spent more than $250,000 over the preceding eight years, but the project needed at least another $250,000.363364 In addition, the Restoration Foundation had gone into debt.365

The Restoration Foundation had nearly matched the Kaufmann grant by 1976,366 and it wanted to create a $500,000 financial endowment for Unity Temple's continued upkeep.367 The Kaufmann Foundation offered a grant to establish the restoration fund in April 1978, provided the Restoration Foundation raise $50,000 in eight weeks.368369 The next year, the Kaufmann Foundation offered another $50,000 matching grant.370371 Work on the foyer's renovation began in May 1979372373 and was nearly completed by the end of the year.374 The foyer was restored to its original appearance, and later modifications, such as ceiling tiles and shelves, were removed.375 The Restoration Foundation also planned to repair the leaky roof,376 a project that ultimately cost $85,000.377 A company from Washington, D.C., was hired to determine the original paint colors.378

1980s and 1990s

Charles Scot Giles became Unity Temple's pastor in 1981 following a year-long search.379 The next year, the Restoration Foundation established a subcommittee to organize events at the temple.380 By then, the temple received 10,000 to 15,000 annual visitors, and the Restoration Foundation was planning to spend $500,000 on the interior.381 The auditorium was subsequently repainted gray, green-gray, yellow, and ivory, and magnesite carpets were added.382 This work was completed in 1984, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of the temple's dedication.383384 The temple received a $20,000 matching grant from Domino's cofounder Thomas Monaghan in 1987,385 which was to be used restore the temple's skylights.386 By then, the predicted cost of the renovation had increased to $750,000.387 In addition, the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois and the congregation signed an agreement to preserve the temple in January 1988.388389 The council received a preservation easement that limited changes to the temple.390 The auditorium's skylights were repaired that year,391 and a firm from Wisconsin restored the panels and replaced 40% of the glass.392

Despite large donations from Kaufmann, Domino's and Steelcase, officials at the Restoration Foundation reported decreasing revenue in the 1980s.393 Foundation officials commissioned a report in 1989, which found that the roof was in very poor condition; foundation officials estimated that the roof would cost $280,000 to repair.394395 Though the foundation wanted to dismantle part of the roof for inspection, congregation members disputed the report's findings396 and considered severing their relationship with the foundation.397 Ultimately, the congregation decided to continue working with the foundation, and it ordered additional inspections of the roof.398 During the 1990s, the temple continued to host tours for a fee,399 along with services every Sunday.400 Shirley Ann Ranck was named as Unity Temple's interim minister in 1991, becoming the first woman to lead the congregation in a century.401 F. Jay Deacon became the permanent minister of the congregation in 1993,402 and the clerestory windows were repaired that year.403

The congregation merged with the Beacon Unitarian Church in 1994, becoming the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation.404 That year, the Restoration Foundation established a volunteer program to raise further money;405 it sought to raise $600,000 over seven years.406 The temple started hosting avant-garde music concerts in 1996 to raise more money.407408 The Oak Park village government allocated $32,500 in 1999 for a study of the temple's exterior. By then, $1.5 million had been spent on restoration.409 Simultaneously, the Restoration Foundation was raising $1.5 million in advance of the temple's centennial.410 Unlike other state governments, Illinois did not provide historic-preservation loans at the time,411 although it subsequently began distributing such loans.412 State representative Angelo Saviano negotiated to secure state funding for Unity Temple after seeing the poor condition of the exterior.413

21st century

2000s

Unity Temple still had serious mechanical and structural issues in the 21st century.414415 The building had no air-conditioning system, leading to significant temperature fluctuations;416 the temperature sometimes reached 125 °F (52 °C) during the summer.417 The temple's roof sagged significantly, while the interiors were damaged by carbon-dioxide buildups and humidity.418419 The art glass, which had cracked due to repeated freezing and thawing over the years, needed to be repaired.420 The concrete facade had become cracked and spalled,421422 and condensation had built up within the walls, causing it to rain inside.423 There were also leaks from the drains inside the building.424 Workers began removing concrete samples from the facade in January 2000 in preparation for a wider-ranging renovation.425 After the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois labeled the building among Illinois's most endangered structures that March,426427 the state government gave Unity Temple $1 million for restoration.428429

By late 2000, workers were about to restore the concrete.430 This work was part of a larger, three-phase project431432 which would cost up to $5 million.433 Holes were cut into the facade, and the underlying rebar was replaced.434 Fern C. Stanley was appointed as interim pastor in August 2002.435 After her death in May 2003,436437 Alan Taylor became Unity Temple's pastor the same year.438 At that point, there were 359 congregants,439 though Taylor helped double the congregation's size during his 18-year tenure.440 The Landmarks Preservation Council provided $100,000 for a geothermal heating upgrade in 2004,441442 which was part of the first phase of a $12–15 million renovation.443444445 The Restoration Foundation planned to patch the concrete446 and add a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.447448 The third and final phase would entail restoration of the interior.449450 Gunny Harboe, a restoration architect based in nearby Chicago, was hired to design a restoration of the temple.451 A test well for the heating system was installed in late 2005.452453 The congregation continued to host tours,454 and it sold off furniture and furnishings to raise money.455456

By the mid-2000s, the temple attracted 25–30 thousand annual visitors, many of them from outside the U.S.457 Because parts of the temple were still being used as offices and classrooms, they could not be renovated until the congregation obtained additional space.458 Part of the ceiling collapsed around 2008;459 the water damage was attributed to the lack of expansion joints and a flat roof.460 A huge piece of the left wall had cracked open,461 and there were cracks in the facade and leaks throughout the building.462 Unity Temple received a $200,000 matching funds grant in December 2008 through the Save America's Treasures program,463464 contingent on the congregation raising an equivalent amount for the temple's restoration.465 The next year, the National Trust for Historic Preservation added Unity Temple to its America's Most Endangered Places list,466467 and the temple received more than $82,000 for visitor services such as tours and brochures.468 By then, the renovation was scheduled to cost $20–25 million,469470 and the Restoration Foundation hoped to raise more money for restoration if the building were designated as a World Heritage Site.471

2010s to present

Most of the letters from the sign above Unity Temple's main entrance were stolen in 2010, shortly after the roof was replaced for $500,000.472 After the congregation raised $3,000 to replace the letters,473 a local preservation firm installed a new sign above the entrance.474 The Alphawood Foundation pledged $10 million toward the temple's restoration in 2013.475476 The congregation also considered transferring ownership of the temple to Alphawood so that organization could help maintain the building.477478 By early 2015, the Restoration Foundation had about $11.5 million479 or $12.5 million on hand.480 Restorers drew up detailed plans to repaint the building, restore the original architectural features, and repair mechanical systems; the plans needed approval from three agencies before renovations could start.481

A full restoration began in 2015,482483 at which point the project was to cost $23 million484 or $25 million.485 The congregation relocated that June;486487 services were hosted in the nearby United Lutheran Church, while church officials also used an administrative office on South Boulevard and another office nearby.488 The first phase of the project involved replacing the skylights, roof, and shotcrete facade. A second phase included the geothermal and HVAC system, new art glass, and new light fixtures.489 The windows were restored in California, and new electric wiring, glass, and wood finishes were added.490 The project was supposed to be completed in late 2016491 but was postponed by several months because of restorers' focus on architectural details.492 The congregation bought the nearby Oak Park Billiards building at South Boulevard in 2016, which was also renovated.493494

Following a preview event in May 2017 to mark the renovation's completion,495496 the temple formally reopened on June 17, 2017,497 and tours resumed that July.498499 About half of the construction cost had been raised at the time.500 After a developer proposed a 28-story tower nearby in 2018, the church's board of trustees expressed concerns that the tower would cast shadows on the temple;501 the tower was eventually canceled.502 Alan Taylor resigned as Unity Temple's senior minister in 2021.503 Roger Bertschausen became the senior minister in 2023,504 and the Unity Temple Restoration Foundation was dissolved that year.505

Building

Unity Temple is located at 875 Lake Street in Oak Park, Illinois, United States.506 Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie style,507 the structure is T-shaped in plan, measuring 142 feet (43 m)508 or 144 feet (44 m) long from north to south.509510 On the same city block to the east is Scoville Square. The Calvary Memorial Church is nearby to the west, across Kenilworth Avenue, while the Oak Park Public Library and Scoville Park are directly to the north, across Lake Street. In addition, the Oak Park station of the Chicago "L"'s Green Line is two blocks to the southeast.511

Unity Temple is one of 24512513 or 25 buildings that Wright designed in Oak Park,514 as well as Wright's only significant remaining Prairie-style structure that was designed as a public building.515 Wright used abstract motifs instead of overtly religious imagery,516517 and he described the building as a "temple" because its simple motifs resembled those of old temples.518 Unity Temple is arranged around a grid of cubic "units" measuring 6+5⁄6 feet (2.1 m) on each side.519 The building is made of four types of concrete,520 which were poured in place521 and used because of the material's low cost.522523 Concrete and crushed limestone are used in the 3-foot-thick (0.91 m) foundation walls at the perimeter of the building, as well as underneath the columns.524 Interior and exterior walls are made of a concrete-and-gravel aggregate with embedded steel rods.525 The concrete was poured in place.526 The Temple Art Glass Company manufactured Unity Temple's multicolored art glass panes, which are bound together by strips of zinc.527

Several elements of the design are shared with the now-demolished Larkin Building, which was completed shortly before Unity Temple was.528529 For example, both structures included two rectangular spaces linked by an entrance pavilion,530531 a layout also used in Wright's Oak Park studio.532 The Larkin Building and Unity Temple were both centered on a large communal room;533 in both structures, visitors had to make several turns to access the room, and there were balconies around the space itself.534 Other decorative elements, such as contrasting vertical and horizontal lines, were also visible in both structures.535 However, the two buildings also differed in key respects, such as their functions and shapes.536537 Unity Temple also bears similarities to the Prairie style houses that Wright designed in Chicagoland;538 for instance, both Unity Temple and Wright's Prairie-style houses have windows with geometric patterns.539

Exterior

The temple is composed of two main structures—the auditorium to the north and Unity House to the south—connected by a low, central entrance hall.540541542 The arrangement allowed religious and secular activities to be kept separate.543544 The exterior of the auditorium section is a square measuring 64 feet (20 m) across and 47 feet (14 m) high, while Unity House measures about 90 by 50 feet (27 by 15 m) across.545546547 The two-story entrance building measures 30 by 24 feet (9.1 by 7.3 m) across.548 The facade is recessed 3 feet (0.91 m) from the southern edge of the site, 18 feet (5.5 m) from the western and eastern edges, and 23 feet (7.0 m) from the northern edge.549550

Facade

The facade uses Portland cement.551 To give the facade some texture, the top layer of cement was washed away, exposing bits of gravel underneath.552553554 The wooden formwork created markings, which remained in place after the concrete had been poured. Joseph Siry described Unity Temple's exterior as a predecessor to the béton brut ("raw concrete") facades that became popular in the 1960s.555 There are stair towers at each corner of the auditorium building, which measure 24.5 feet (7.5 m) high and 11+2⁄3 by 11+2⁄3 feet (3.6 by 3.6 m) across.556 On each elevation of the facade, narrow slit windows separate the central portions of the facade from the staircase towers.557558

The base of the facade, directly above the foundation walls, is thicker than the rest of the facade559 and is decorated with square and rectangular moldings.560 Above the base, the facade takes two small steps inward. On each elevation of the facade, the central portions ascend without interruption to a protruding window sill,561 situated 22 feet (6.7 m) above ground.562563 There is no entrance on Lake Street; instead, there is a low wall on Kenilworth Avenue, behind which a set of stairs ascends to the entrance pavilion.564 The words "For the worship of God / and the service of man" are inscribed in bronze letters above the entrance pavilion's doors.565566 There are Japanese–inspired square lanterns on the exterior, next to the entrance.567 Next to the Kenilworth Avenue facade, there is a pier with colonnades and rectangular flower boxes.568

The centers of all four elevations of the auditorium are decorated with clerestory windows, which are recessed569570 and measure 38 by 63 inches (970 by 1,600 mm) across.571 The clerestory windows have geometric patterns572 and are largely made of plain glass, except for white and green panes at the tops of the windows.573 Each set of clerestory windows is flanked by six exterior columns.574575 Additionally, Unity House has four columns on two of its elevations.576 All of the columns were designed by Richard Bock577578 and measure 12 feet (3.7 m) tall.579 The columns are spaced 7 feet (2.1 m) apart, aligning with the interior grid.580 The tops of the columns are decorated with hollyhock motifs.581 The lowest 7 feet of each column is unornamented and was cast in one piece, while the ornate 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) upper sections were cast in four pieces.582583 The bases of the columns are stepped inward, while the capitals are stepped outward, supporting the cantilevered roofs above.584 The juxtaposition of the columns, and the roofs above them, may have been an allusion to older classical-style and religious buildings with pillars.585 The facade is topped by square and rectangular copings.586 In the 2010s, lighting was installed on the ground outside the building.587

Roofs

Unlike contemporary churches, Unity Temple was designed without a spire,588589 nor did it include typical church features such as a tower or an arched roof.590591 At the time of construction, church spires were increasingly outdated and were vulnerable to lightning strikes.592 The temple is instead topped by 14,593 16,594 or 17 flat roofs.595 These are made of cinder concrete, topped with lightweight cinder-concrete tiles.596 Each roof is composed of slabs measuring 40+2⁄3 feet (12.4 m) wide.597 The auditorium roof's eaves extend 5 feet (1.5 m) outward from the facade's columns,598 overhanging the adjacent lawns and paths.599 The writer Neil Levine wrote that the cantilevered roofs created the impression that the interiors were being directed outward.600 The edges of each roof are twice as thick as the rest of the roof, creating a low parapet wall,601 while the eaves contrast with the facade's thick base.602

Interior

Ground floor plan, showing the foyer and Unity House's lower levelAuditorium-level floor plan, showing the auditorium's lower seating level and Unity House's upper levelBalcony-level floor plan

Wright described Unity Temple's interior as reflecting "the reality of the building—the space in which we live and not the walls and the roof".603 The foundations and columns are made of conventional concrete;604 the floor slabs are made of cinder concrete,605606 in which coal cinders are embedded into the cement.607 The superstructure also uses steel beams, which are entirely covered with concrete.608 The interior was more colorful than the gray exterior, in part because of the windows.609 The walls are made of plaster, which is covered with an aggregate of sand, cement, and putty; a sealant was added to this aggregate, and the sealant was painted.610 The interiors are also decorated with wooden boards, which not only articulate (or stylize) the interiors,611612 but also conceal electrical wires.613 Joseph Siry described the decorations as "a poetic invention that sprang from Wright's own imagination",614 while Neil Levine wrote that the decorations highlighted "space and depth, rather than mass and volume".615 Wright also included high ceilings 'for the contemplation for the soul", as Oak Leaves described it.616

Entrance pavilion

An entrance pavilion, measuring 24 by 32 feet (7.3 by 9.8 m) across,617 connects the auditorium and Unity House.618 On the first floor, there is a foyer with a low ceiling.619620 an example of the compression-and-release principle that Wright espoused.621622 The foyer measures about 27 feet (8.2 m) wide623 and adjoins a cloak room and a bathroom.624 To the north, visitors make two 90-degree turns before reaching the auditorium's perimeter,625626 as Wright wanted visitors to go on a "path of discovery" to reach the auditorium.627628629 The north wall of the foyer is decorated with wooden slats and was initially designed as a hidden exit from the auditorium, without any doorknobs or visible hinges.630

The foyer's west and east walls each contain a bank of six doors measuring 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, with art-glass panes; the west doors form the main entrance.631 The south wall has a glass partition,632 behind which Unity House's fireplace can be seen.633 A pastor's study is located within the second floor of the pavilion and is directly connected to both the auditorium and Unity House.634

Auditorium

Layout

Wright wrote that he had "let the room inside be the architecture outside" by designing the rest of the temple around the auditorium.635636 The auditorium at the north end of the temple has either 380637 or 400 seats.638639640 It is shaped like a Greek cross,641642 with a freestanding pier at each corner.643644645 This contrasted with other churches in Oak Park, which had naves that were significantly longer than their width.646 Wright wanted congregants to circulate around the auditorium's perimeter, rather than entering it from a central aisle,647 and he wanted the piers to draw visitors' attention inward.648 The piers are connected by "cloisters", hallways 4 feet (1.2 m) beneath the auditorium's main floor.649650651 According to Wright, this preserved the auditorium's "quiet and dignity" by allowing people to circulate around the room unnoticed.652 The bases of the piers contain small anterooms,653 and staircases ascend to the main floor and balcony level.654655 The piers also include pipes and ducts for heating and ventilation.656657 The piers are decorated with wooden strips that meet at right angles.658

At the center of the cross is a square measuring 33 feet (10 m) on each side,659 with a pulpit at the center.660 The pulpit is arranged so it is no farther than 45 feet (14 m)661662 or 75 feet (23 m) from any seat.663 In front of the pulpit is a railing with wooden boards across its surface and a wooden coping at its top. The center of the railing, in front of the pulpit's lectern, is slightly raised. There is a bench behind the railing, as well as lamps to either side.664 The southern wall contains a choir loft directly above the auditorium's entrance, which extends to the balcony level.665 The choir screen consists of a series of vertical slits and interlocking geometric planes.666667 The screen protrudes from the south wall, providing space for the organ pipes behind them.668 There is a door to the pastor's study behind the choir screen.669

The pews in the auditorium are variants of a mass-produced model of pews manufactured by the American Seating Company.670 On three sides of the main floor are raised pews, which seat 54 people each;671 they are raked, sloping down toward the pulpit.672 The layout also allows audience members to face each other.673674675 Exits from either side of the pulpit lead directly to the entrance pavilion.676677678 This eliminated the need for congregants to turn away from the pulpit to leave, as was customary in older churches,679680681 and it allowed congregants to mingle with the pastor or other speakers at the pulpit.682 According to architectural critic Blair Kamin, the layout makes it so that "one enters as an individual and leaves as a member of a community".683 The exit doors are normally closed during services.684 Since 2017, there has been a video screen behind the pulpit.685

The balcony is about 13.5 feet (4.1 m) or two units above the ground686 and also surrounds the auditorium on three sides.687688 The balcony has 153 seats in total,689 which are more steeply raked than those on the main level.690 The balcony is illuminated by spherical lamps, and there are wooden bands on the balcony's railings and on the soffit along the balcony's underside.691 The architectural historian Robert Twombly wrote that the balconies gave the auditorium an intimate feel while allowing visitors to feel like they were part of a larger "majestic whole".692

Decorations

The decorations in the auditorium, such as the windows and chandeliers, are generally designed with cruciform motifs, recalling its overall shape.693 Generally, the lower part of the room is painted in darker shades of yellow and green, while the upper part is painted in lighter shades. The baseboards and the piers' pedestals were left unpainted, since Wright anticipated that this would give the room a more somber ambiance.694 Natural light is provided through ceiling skylights and clerestories,695696 as well as the narrow slit windows.697698 According to Wright, the windows were intended "to get a sense of a happy cloudless day into the room".699700701 Other than the slit windows and the door to the foyer, the lower part of the auditorium has no openings.702 Wright had designed planters or urns for the auditorium, but church officials refused to accept them.703 The auditorium also has several hardwood chairs, built in 2003 to replace the original Wright–designed chairs.704

The auditorium's ceiling is 27 feet (8.2 m) high.705 The center of the ceiling is topped by amber skylights,706 which are surrounded by bands of wood.707 The roof is supported by solid concrete beams oriented east–west, while the north–south beams are of hollow concrete.708 Inset within this grid of beams are 25 square skylight panels.709710711 Each panel measures 4+5⁄6 feet (1.5 m) across, with 83 pieces of glass,712 and is decorated with a fork-shaped motif pointing in one of the four cardinal directions.713 A New York Times article likened the skylights' designs to Piet Mondrian's artwork.714 The space is also illuminated by overhanging spherical chandeliers flanked by cubic lamps,715716 and the perimeter of the ceiling is made of oak boards.717

Unity House

The interior of Unity House is painted in various shades of green, yellow, and brown.718 Unity House's primary interior space measures about 82+5⁄6 by 27+1⁄6 feet (25.2 by 8.3 m) across, corresponding to approximately 12 by 4 units.719 There is a square hall at the center, measuring about 30 feet (9.1 m)720 or 33+5⁄6 feet (10.3 m) on each side.721 There are balconies to the west and east of the central hall, on the same story as the auditorium's lower seating level.722723 The balconies are supported by I-beams and contain small columns with wooden sconces,724 in addition to railings with wood strips.725 The columns have vertical wood strips along their shafts and horizontal wood strips at their capitals.726 The spaces under each balcony are illuminated by spherical lamps.727 The balconies and the spaces beneath them were originally used as classrooms.728

There are square closets at each corner of Unity House's main room, measuring about 1 unit wide.729 On the southern wall of the central hall is a recess with a fireplace measuring about 13+1⁄6 feet (4.0 m) wide;730 this feature recalled many of Wright's residential designs, which also had central fireplaces.731 On the northern wall, there are three casement windows facing the pastor's study.732

Unity House primarily receives natural light from skylights in the ceiling.733 The roof trusses are supported by eight columns arranged in a 2×4 grid.734 The ceiling is divided into rectangular coffers measuring 15 by 4.5 feet (4.6 by 1.4 m) across. Each coffer has a skylight with four glass panes, which are either opaque or tinted in various shades of yellow, green, and brown.735 There are seven skylights in total, all of which are surrounded by wood strips.736737 Rectangular and square motifs, reminiscent of the floor plans, are used in the skylights.738

Mechanical features

Unity Temple originally had a coal-fired steam boiler, in addition to concrete ducts that were supposed to distribute heat.739740741 The ducts proved ineffective at carrying air,742 and as such, steam radiators were installed shortly after the temple was finished.743744745 A hot-water system was also installed within half a year of the temple's completion; it remained in use through the 21st century.746 The coal-fired boiler was replaced with an oil-fired boiler in the early 20th century, and a gas generator was added later in the century.747 Since the 2010s, the church has been heated by a geothermal heating system,748 which consists of nine 500-foot-deep (150 m) wells on the lawn just north of the church.749 This system includes ice-storage space and a set of geothermal wells.750751

Clergy, services, and programs

Clergy

As of 2024[update], Roger Bertschausen is the senior minister at Unity Temple,752 having joined as a "developmental minister" in 2023.753 The associate minister is Emily Gage,754 who joined as the minister of faith development in 2008.755 The church hosts services every Sunday at 9:00 a.m. and 10:45 a.m.756 In addition, it hosted an annual meeting every May.757 Senior pastors and senior ministers over the years have included:

Senior pastor/ministerStart yearEnd yearRefs.
A. H. Sweetser18711872758
J. O. M. Hewitt18721875759
John W. Hinds18751878760
LeGrand Powers18781879761
N. S. Sage76218791881763
H. D. L. Webster18821883764
Augusta Jane Chapin18861891765
Rodney F. Johonnot18921910766767
S. G. Dunhamc. 19101913768769
William J. Taylor19131919770
James W. Vallentyne19191924771
Daniel T. Denman19251932772
Frank D. Adams19321945773774
John Q. Parkhurst19451952775776
Robert M. Rice19521970777778
Gerald Krick1971c. 1980779
Charles Scot Giles19811990780781
Shirley Ann Ranck1991c. 1992782
F. Jay Deacon1993c. 2002783
Fern C. Stanley20022003784
Alan Taylor20032021785786
Roger Bertschausen2023present787

Events and tours

Over the years, Unity Temple has been included in tours of Wright's Oak Park buildings,788 such as tours provided by the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio Foundation (later the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust).789 Unity Temple is also part of the annual "Wright Plus" walking tour, which includes visits to several buildings designed by Wright.790791 By 2017, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust hosted tours of Unity Temple six days a week, in addition to more detailed tours once a week.792 During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual tours of the temple were also hosted.793 Since 2018, Unity Temple has been part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, a collection of 13 buildings designed by Wright in Illinois.794

The church began hosting concerts in late 1973.795 Musicians frequently requested permission to perform there,796797 prompting the church to launch a regular concert series in 1974.798 The series, which included music from a variety of genres, raised over $50,000 for the temple in its first quarter-century.799 The temple also hosted theatrical, ballet, and opera performances.800 In addition, in 1996, the church started hosting avant-garde music performances as part of its Creative and Improvised Music program,801802 which was hosted there for two years.803

Over the years, Unity Temple has hosted meetings for the local community,804 such as meetings for other Universalist congregations,805 conventions of the National Young People's Christian Union,806 and dinners.807 The church hosted a program called "Ways of Mankind" during 1954, in which members of the public were invited to listen to, and discuss, radio broadcasts about selected topics.808 The church has also invited guest speakers, such as in 1964 when four liberal pastors gave speeches there.809 Other programs at the church have included "Constructive Kids", an architectural program for primary-school children.810 Over the years, Unity Temple has hosted public exhibits, such as a 1963 exhibit about Wright's architecture811 and a 1978 exhibit of Wright's architectural drawings.812

Impact

When Unity Temple was completed, it differed significantly from other local churches' designs.813 Wright considered Unity Temple to be his first completed concrete-building design,814815 and it was reportedly the first major reinforced-concrete building constructed in the U.S.816817818 The temple is also an early example of a building with an exposed-concrete facade,819820 contrasting with earlier concrete structures in Europe, whose surfaces were typically concealed behind cladding.821 Paul Gapp of the Chicago Tribune wrote retrospectively that Wright's use of concrete was "a daring risk at the time".822

Unity Temple has been cited as an early example of modern architecture,823 with Wright citing it as his first modern-style building.824 The Oak Park Wednesday Journal wrote in 2017 that Unity Temple was "considered by many to be the world's first 'modern' building".825 According to Wright's wife Olgivanna, after the temple was finished, foreign architects copied elements of its design.826 Unity Temple's design has been credited with having helped inspire the European architects Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Peter Behrens.827 In addition, Unity Temple has inspired the design of structures such as the Maisonneuve Fire Station in Montreal,828 the Emerson Unitarian Church in Houston,829 and the Kunstmuseum Den Haag building in The Hague.830 The emphasis of materials and light in Unity Temple's design helped inspire later buildings such as Notre-Dame du Haut and the First Unitarian Church of Rochester.831

Reception

Upon the temple's completion, images of the auditorium were published in Inland Architect and News Record magazine.832 Local newspaper Oak Leaves called it "the most radical departure in traditional church architecture ever attempted",833 and the same newspaper said the "severe simplicity of the exterior of the building [...] gives one little hint of the beauty of the interior".834 A writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune said Unity Temple's modern design represented "the present, the twentieth century, the modern spirit, thought, faith, the modern freedom, the modern ideal".835 Architectural Record praised the acoustics as "not sonorous and [...] only slightly reverberant".836 Conversely, Winthrop Kendall regarded the building as unattractive, "without a vine or a tree to relieve its massive monotony",837 and disappointed congregants likened the temple to a Mayan handball court.838

In 1928, a writer for The Baltimore Sun described Unity Temple as one of a few buildings that expressed Wright's "idea of the thing—made to sing to heaven",839 while the Wausau Daily Herald said the design "gave rise to the cubical monolith".840 A writer for the Manchester Guardian, in 1939, described Unity Temple as one of Wright's "pedigree buildings".841 A St. Louis Post-Dispatch article in 1961 said Unity Temple still "looks quite fresh and contemporary today",842 and The Buffalo News likened the building to a "visiting spaceship" in 1981,843 and architectural historian Vincent Scully called it "small, yet large" and one of the nation's most beautiful buildings.844 After the auditorium's interior restoration was completed in the 1980s, a Boston Globe editor said the auditorium was "almost as shocking as the restoration of the Sistine Chapel".845 The architectural critic Paul Goldberger perceived Unity Temple as representing "a kind of symbolic gathering and communal presence, monumental dignity in a public place",846 calling it one of "the greatest religious structures" of the 20th century.847

A writer for The Chronicle of Higher Education in 1996 contrasted Unity Temple's "blocky" massing with the low-roofed design of Robie House on Chicago's South Side.848 David M. Sokol, in his 2008 book The Noble Room, wrote that the temple's "majesty and importance" was partially derived from the fact that it was not arranged as typical church buildings had been.849 A writer for The Washington Post wrote that the building may have been one of Wright's favorite designs because it was "imposing yet elegant".850 After the temple's renovation was finished in 2017, a Curbed writer said the building's imposing concrete facade "belies what's inside",851 while a Chicago Tribune writer called the auditorium "magnificent sanctuary noted for its high skylights of amber-tinted leaded glass".852 Blair Kamin wrote for The Wall Street Journal in 2025 that the temple's exterior was "monolithic, not monotonous" because of its use of textured concrete and geometric motifs, while "the sanctuary is as serene as architecture gets".853

Unity Temple has also received architectural accolades. In 1959, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) deemed Unity Temple as one of 17 buildings designed by Wright that merited the highest levels of architectural preservation.854855 A 1991 poll in Architectural Record magazine ranked Unity Temple as one of the 10 most significant buildings in the United States from the previous century.856 The temple's 2017 restoration received several awards, including the American Institute of Architects' Crombie Taylor Award,857 the World Monuments Fund's Modernism Prize,858 the Urban Land Institute's Vision Award,859 and the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation's Preservation Award.860

Media

Wright's building has been the subject of several books. Unity Temple was detailed in Ernst Wasmuth's 1910 Wasmuth Portfolio.861862 The historian Joseph Siry wrote a book about the church's architecture in 1996,863 while Robert McCarter published another book the following year with photographs of the temple.864 Patrick F. Cannon published a book about the temple through the Unity Temple Restoration Foundation in 2009,865 which received an accolade from the Independent Publisher Book Awards in 2023.866

The Library of Congress acquired photographs and documents about Unity Temple in 1967.867 Additionally, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York displayed images of the temple in 1965868 and 1988.869 Local photographer Redd Griffin created a slideshow with images of Unity Temple in the 1970s,870 and drawings of the temple have also been displayed at the Phoenix Art Museum in Arizona871 and at the Oak Park Library.872 The temple was detailed in the Scottish filmmaker Murray Grigor 's 1982 documentary about Wright's Oak Park buildings.873 In addition, the 2020 documentary Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright's Modern Masterpiece, produced by Lauren Levine and narrated by Brad Pitt, details the temple's renovation.874875

Landmark designations

Unity Temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in April 1970;876 such a designation allowed properties to receive federal funds for restoration.877878 The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970,879 and was re-added to the NRHP at that time.880 A plaque commemorating the National Historic Landmark designation was installed in June 1971.881 Oak Park officials considered including Unity Temple as part of a municipal historic district in 1971.882 When the district was created the next year, however, it excluded the temple.883

The United States Department of the Interior nominated Unity Temple and nine other Wright–designed buildings to the World Heritage List in 2015;884885 the buildings had previously been nominated in 2008.886 UNESCO added eight properties, including Unity Temple, to the World Heritage List in July 2019 under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".887

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

Inflation figures

Citations

Sources

References

  1. "The American "Pioneer" Architect". The Manchester Guardian. May 9, 1939. p. 10. ProQuest 484618839. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  2. Sokol 2008, p. 6. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  3. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 100. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  4. Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). History of Cook County, Illinois: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. A.T. Andreas. Retrieved January 27, 2025. https://books.google.com/books?id=V_A1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA785 ↩

  5. Sokol 2008, p. 7. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  6. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 100. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  7. Sokol 2008, p. 7. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  8. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 100. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  9. Sokol 2008, p. 7. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  10. Sokol 2008, p. 7. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  11. Sokol 2008, pp. 7–8. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  12. The total cost is equivalent to $311,000, of which Gale provided $127,000.[a] ↩

  13. Sokol 2008, pp. 7–8. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  14. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  15. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  16. "A Suburban Sanctuary". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1872. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-a-suburban-sanctuary/164106972/ ↩

  17. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  18. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  19. "A Suburban Sanctuary". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1872. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-a-suburban-sanctuary/164106972/ ↩

  20. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  21. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 100. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  22. Sokol 2008, pp. 7–8. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  23. "A Suburban Sanctuary". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1872. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-a-suburban-sanctuary/164106972/ ↩

  24. Sokol 2008, p. 9. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  25. Sokol 2008, p. 9. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  26. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  27. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  28. Sokol 2008, p. 9. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  29. "Suburban Matters". The Inter Ocean. May 2, 1886. p. 14. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-suburban-matters/164112363/ ↩

  30. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  31. Sokol 2008, pp. 10–11. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  32. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  33. Siry 1996, p. 52; Sokol 2008, p. 12. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  34. Sokol 2008, p. 12. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  35. Siry 1996, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  36. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  37. Siry 1996, p. 59. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  38. Sokol 2008, pp. 13–14. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  39. Sokol 2008, pp. 13–14. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  40. "Churches". The Construction News. Vol. 12, no. 14. April 6, 1901. p. 228. ProQuest 128400600. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  41. Siry 1996, p. 59. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  42. Siry 1996, p. 64. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  43. Siry 1996, pp. 7–8; Sokol 2008, pp. 14–15. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  44. Siry 1996, p. 70; Sokol 2008, pp. 15–16. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  45. Siry 1996, p. 70; Sokol 2008, p. 18. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  46. "Lightning Destroys Churches". The Pittsburgh Post. June 5, 1905. p. 5. Retrieved January 29, 2025 – via newspapers.com; "Three Churches Struck by Bolts". Chicago Tribune. June 5, 1905. p. 5. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-post-lightning-destroys-c/164189020/ ↩

  47. "Lightning Causes Destructive Fires". The Inter Ocean. June 5, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-lightning-causes-destruc/164114411/ ↩

  48. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  49. Siry 1996, p. 70; Sokol 2008, p. 18. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  50. "Lightning Causes Destructive Fires". The Inter Ocean. June 5, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved January 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-lightning-causes-destruc/164114411/ ↩

  51. Equivalent to $526,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  52. Sokol 2008, p. 19. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  53. Siry 1996, pp. 70–71; Sokol 2008, pp. 20–21. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  54. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, pp. 101–102. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  55. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  56. Sokol 2008, p. 25. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  57. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  58. "Building Notes of the Week". The Inter Ocean. June 25, 1905. p. 22. Retrieved January 30, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-building-notes-of-the-we/164301867/ ↩

  59. Equivalent to $1,315,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  60. Sokol 2008, p. 22. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  61. Siry 1996, pp. 70–71; Sokol 2008, pp. 20–21. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  62. Sokol 2008, pp. 23–24. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  63. Sokol 2008, pp. 23–24. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  64. Siry 1996, p. 71. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  65. Siry 1996, p. 71. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  66. Siry 1996, p. 71. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  67. Sokol 2008, p. 24. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  68. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, pp. 101–102. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  69. Equivalent to between $263,000 and $289,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  70. Siry 1996, p. 71. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  71. Sokol 2008, p. 24. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  72. Siry 1996, p. 71. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  73. Sokol 2008, p. 25. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  74. Sokol 2008, p. 25. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  75. Equivalent to $789,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  76. Siry 1996, p. 71; Sokol 2008, p. 26. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  77. Siry 1996, pp. 71–72; Sokol 2008, p. 28. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  78. Sokol 2008, p. 37. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  79. Sokol 2008, p. 37. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  80. Siry 1996, p. 74. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  81. Siry 1996, p. 73. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  82. Sokol 2008, p. 39. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  83. "Chicago". The Construction News. Vol. 20, no. 13. September 23, 1905. p. 235. ProQuest 128406218. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  84. Siry 1996, p. 73. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  85. "The Frank Lloyd Wright Legend". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. pp. 30, 31. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_30&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  86. "The Frank Lloyd Wright Legend". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. pp. 30, 31. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_30&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  87. Wright 2005, p. 152. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  88. Sokol 2008, p. 38. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  89. "Chicago". The Construction News. Vol. 20, no. 13. September 23, 1905. p. 235. ProQuest 128406218. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  90. Siry 1996, p. 108. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  91. Equivalent to $920,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  92. Siry 1996, p. 108. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  93. Sokol 2008, p. 61. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  94. Siry 1996, p. 108. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  95. Wright 2005, p. 154. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  96. Saint 2003, p. 162. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  97. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  98. Siry 1996, p. 108. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  99. "Unity Church Draws Architects to Village". Oak Leaves. June 25, 1964. p. 7. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011963-12311966&e=unity%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19640625_english_7&df=1&dt=9 ↩

  100. Equivalent to $1,183,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  101. Jeffrey, Laura Stassi (May 3, 2009). "Oak Park, Ill.: A Village Two American Icons Called Home". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/travel/2009/05/03/oak-park-ill-a-village-two-american-icons-called-home/66de3e9c-9759-43f0-9308-c0dc2a136782/ ↩

  102. Siry 1996, p. 74. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  103. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  104. "The Frank Lloyd Wright Legend". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. pp. 30, 31. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_30&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  105. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  106. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  107. Hansen, Harry (April 6, 1932). "The First Reader". The Virginian-Pilot. p. 6. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-the-first-readerhar/164619262/ ↩

  108. Sokol 2008, p. 40; Wright 2005, p. 153. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  109. Siry 1996, p. 74; Sokol 2008, p. 40; Wright 2005, pp. 153–154. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  110. Sawyers, June (August 16, 1991). "The Wright Oak Park Legacy". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/08/16/the-wright-oak-park-legacy/ ↩

  111. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  112. Wright 2005, p. 158. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  113. Siry 1996, p. 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  114. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  115. Sokol 2008, pp. 41–43. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  116. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  117. Wright 2005, pp. 154–155. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  118. "Frank Lloyd Wright in Surprise Visit to Village". Oak Leaves. November 21, 1957. p. 6. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19571121_english_6&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  119. Wright 2005, pp. 154–155. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  120. Sokol 2008, p. 59. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  121. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  122. Wright 2005, pp. 154–155. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  123. Sokol 2008, p. 59. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  124. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  125. National Park Service 1970, p. 4. - Unity Church (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 1970. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/073834ab-4688-4f03-b81a-d7ab1929c253 ↩

  126. Siry 1996, pp. 96–97. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  127. Siry 1996, pp. 101–103. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  128. Siry 1996, p. 74. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  129. Sokol 2008, p. 39. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  130. Siry 1996, p. 80. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  131. Sokol 2008, p. 45. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  132. Equivalent to $171,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  133. Sokol 2008, p. 45. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  134. Siry 1996, p. 127. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  135. Equivalent to $210–263 thousand in 2023[a] ↩

  136. Sokol 2008, p. 47. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  137. Siry 1996, pp. 127–128. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  138. The cost was equivalent to $1,052,000, while the money on hand was equivalent to $815,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  139. Sokol 2008, p. 47. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  140. Equivalent to $920,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  141. Siry 1996, p. 128. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  142. Sokol 2008, p. 51. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  143. Cypret, Randy (July 24, 1975). "Unity designed to solve problems". News Journal. p. 33. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-designed-to-solve-pro/164860702/ ↩

  144. Siry 1996, p. 128; Sokol 2008, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  145. Siry 1996, p. 128; Sokol 2008, p. 52. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  146. Siry 1996, pp. 129–130; Sokol 2008, pp. 52–54. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  147. Siry 1996, p. 128. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  148. Guarino, Jean (August 7, 1991). "Wright community never materialized". Oak Leaves. p. 81. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011991-12311992&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19910807_english_81&df=11&dt=20 ↩

  149. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  150. Siry 1996, pp. 129–130; Sokol 2008, pp. 52–54. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  151. Siry 1996, pp. 129–130; Sokol 2008, pp. 52–54. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  152. Equivalent to $952,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  153. Siry 1996, p. 130; Sokol 2008, p. 55. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  154. Sokol 2008, p. 56. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  155. Siry 1996, p. 130. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  156. Schrenk 2021, p. 151. - Schrenk, Lisa D. (2021). The Oak Park Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31913-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=7KIkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ↩

  157. Siry 1996, p. 137. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  158. Guarino, Jean (August 7, 1991). "Wright community never materialized". Oak Leaves. p. 81. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011991-12311992&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19910807_english_81&df=11&dt=20 ↩

  159. Siry 1996, p. 138; Sokol 2008, p. 75.; Wright 2005, p. 159. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  160. Siry 1996, p. 138. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  161. "Unity Church Draws Architects to Village". Oak Leaves. June 25, 1964. p. 7. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011963-12311966&e=unity%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19640625_english_7&df=1&dt=9 ↩

  162. Siry 1996, p. 138. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  163. Siry 1996, p. 138; Sokol 2008, p. 76. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  164. Siry 1996, p. 139; Sokol 2008, p. 77. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  165. Saint 2003, p. 163. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  166. Siry 1996, p. 138. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  167. Siry 1996, p. 139; Sokol 2008, p. 77. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  168. Equivalent to $819,056.48 in 2023[a] ↩

  169. Sokol 2008, p. 78. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  170. Sokol 2008, p. 79. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  171. Equivalent to $31,603 in 2023[a] ↩

  172. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 102. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  173. Siry 1996, p. 139. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  174. Schrenk 2021, pp. 151, 154. - Schrenk, Lisa D. (2021). The Oak Park Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31913-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=7KIkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ↩

  175. Siry 1996, p. 157. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  176. Sokol 2008, pp. 81–82. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  177. Equivalent to $16,411 in 2023[a] ↩

  178. Sokol 2008, pp. 81–82. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  179. Sokol 2008, p. 80. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  180. Sokol 2008, p. 80. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  181. Siry 1996, pp. 140–141. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  182. Levine 1996, p. 40. - Levine, Neil (1996). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03371-6. ↩

  183. Siry 1996, p. 140. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  184. Ferry 1907, p. 98. - Ferry, A. M. (September 1, 1907). "A Reinforced Concrete Church". Concrete Engineering. p. 97. ProQuest 128382186. https://www.proquest.com/docview/128382186 ↩

  185. Ferry 1907, p. 98. - Ferry, A. M. (September 1, 1907). "A Reinforced Concrete Church". Concrete Engineering. p. 97. ProQuest 128382186. https://www.proquest.com/docview/128382186 ↩

  186. Siry 1996, p. 152. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  187. Ferry 1907, p. 99. - Ferry, A. M. (September 1, 1907). "A Reinforced Concrete Church". Concrete Engineering. p. 97. ProQuest 128382186. https://www.proquest.com/docview/128382186 ↩

  188. Siry 1996, pp. 143–144. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  189. Sokol 2008, p. 83. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  190. Siry 1996, p. 144; Sokol 2008, pp. 84–85. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  191. Sokol 2008, p. 83. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  192. Siry 1996, p. 145. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  193. Sokol 2008, pp. 81–82. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  194. Siry 1996, p. 146. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  195. Sokol 2008, p. 85. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  196. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 102. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  197. Sokol 2008, p. 86. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  198. Siry 1996, p. 139. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  199. Siry 1996, p. 157. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  200. Sokol 2008, p. 86. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  201. Siry 1996, p. 157. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  202. Sokol 2008, p. 87. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  203. Sokol 2008, pp. 122–123. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  204. Sokol 2008, pp. 122–123. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  205. Schrenk 2021, p. 154. - Schrenk, Lisa D. (2021). The Oak Park Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31913-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=7KIkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ↩

  206. Sokol 2008, p. 156. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  207. Sokol 2008, p. 89. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  208. Equivalent to $382 in 2024[b] ↩

  209. Sokol 2008, p. 89. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  210. Sokol 2008, p. 95. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  211. Sokol 2008, p. 92. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  212. Siry 1996, p. 142. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  213. Sokol 2008, pp. 96–97. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  214. Sokol 2008, p. 99. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  215. Sokol 2008, p. 100. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  216. Siry 1996, pp. 169–170. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  217. Sokol 2008, p. 103. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  218. Sokol 2008, p. 149. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  219. Sokol 2008, p. 103. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  220. Sokol 2008, pp. 105–107. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  221. Siry 1996, p. 171. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  222. Sokol 2008, p. 108. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  223. Sokol 2008, pp. 101–102. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  224. Siry 1996, p. 168. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  225. Siry 1996, p. 171. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  226. Equivalent to $263,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  227. Sokol 2008, p. 111. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  228. Equivalent to $138,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  229. Sokol 2008, p. 111. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  230. Siry 1996, p. 171. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  231. Siry 1996, p. 146. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  232. Sokol 2008, p. 115. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  233. Sokol 2008, p. 116. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  234. Siry 1996, p. 171. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  235. Sokol 2008, pp. 119–120. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  236. Sokol 2008, pp. 120–121. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  237. Sokol 2008, pp. 119–120. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  238. Schrenk 2021, p. 154. - Schrenk, Lisa D. (2021). The Oak Park Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31913-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=7KIkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ↩

  239. "Church Built of One Piece: Unity Temple at Oak Park Opens Structure Which is Like No Other Shrine in the World". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 26, 1908. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173399990. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  240. Cypret, Randy (July 24, 1975). "Unity designed to solve problems". News Journal. p. 33. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-designed-to-solve-pro/164860702/ ↩

  241. Siry 1996, pp. 192–193. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  242. "Church Built of One Piece: Unity Temple at Oak Park Opens Structure Which is Like No Other Shrine in the World". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 26, 1908. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173399990. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  243. Sokol 2008, pp. 124–125. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  244. Sokol 2008, p. 131. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  245. Equivalent to $84,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  246. Sokol 2008, pp. 138–139. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  247. Sokol 2008, pp. 143–144. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  248. Siry 1996, pp. 192–193. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  249. Sokol 2008, p. 149. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  250. Siry 1996, p. 103. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  251. Sokol 2008, p. 153. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  252. "Rebukes Church; Pastor Resigns". Chicago Tribune. June 7, 1909. p. 8. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 2, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-rebukes-church-pastor-r/164532483/ ↩

  253. Sokol 2008, pp. 150–151. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  254. "Force Pastor to Think Again". Chicago Tribune. June 12, 1909. p. 3. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-force-pastor-to-think-ag/164606912/ ↩

  255. Sokol 2008, p. 152. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  256. Sokol 2008, p. 152. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  257. "Members of Church Differ as to Pastor's Resignation". Chicago Tribune. June 8, 1909. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-members-of-church-differ/164532255/ ↩

  258. "Asks Favor for Successor". Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1910. p. 7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-asks-favor-for-successor/164608046/ ↩

  259. McCarter et al 1997, p. 10. - McCarter, Robert; Cook, Peter; Blatter, Robert; Sharp, Karen (1997). Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1908. London: Phaidon. OCLC 1336474456. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336474456 ↩

  260. "Unity Church Is Dedicated". Chicago Tribune. September 27, 1909. p. 14. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 2, 2025 – via newspapers.com; "Temperance Theme of Many Sermons". The Inter Ocean. September 27, 1909. p. 4. Retrieved February 2, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-unity-church-is-dedicate/164532299/ ↩

  261. Sokol 2008, p. 155. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  262. Siry 1996, p. 193. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  263. The final cost is equivalent to $1,464,000 in 2023. The congregation borrowed the equivalent of $352,000.[a] ↩

  264. Equivalent to $781,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  265. Siry 1996, p. 193. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  266. Siry 1996, pp. 192–193. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  267. "Getting Ready for New C. C. Church". The Zion City Independent. April 9, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-zion-city-independent-getting-ready/164611800/ ↩

  268. Sokol 2008, p. 152. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  269. "Asks Favor for Successor". Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1910. p. 7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-asks-favor-for-successor/164608046/ ↩

  270. "Hold 'Social Clinics' Class". Chicago Tribune. November 27, 1910. p. 8. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-hold-social-clinics-cl/164611630/ ↩

  271. "Armour Buys Eastern Site; Plans New Packing Plant?". Chicago Tribune. March 16, 1913. p. 5. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-armour-buys-eastern-site/164610988/ ↩

  272. "New Pastor Is Installed". The Inter Ocean. November 17, 1913. p. 3. Retrieved February 2, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-new-pastor-is-installed/164558836/ ↩

  273. "New Pastor Takes Unity Church Pulpit". The Inter Ocean. December 15, 1913. p. 9. Retrieved February 2, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-inter-ocean-new-pastor-takes-unity-c/164558921/ ↩

  274. "Rev. William J. Taylor". Wausau Pilot. January 14, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/wausau-pilot-rev-william-j-taylor/164612418/ ↩

  275. "Rev. William J. Taylor". Wausau Pilot. January 14, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/wausau-pilot-rev-william-j-taylor/164612418/ ↩

  276. "Restrictions on Egg Coal Are Now Removed". Sun-Journal. December 30, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/sun-journal-restrictions-on-egg-coal-are/164613706/ ↩

  277. "Dr. James W. Vallentyne Will Come to Portland After Fine Record in West". Portland Press Herald. December 30, 1924. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/portland-press-herald-dr-james-w-valle/164616792/ ↩

  278. "Unity Church Is Fifty". Oak Leaves. February 26, 1921. p. 38. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20church%22&i=f&d=01011920-12311921&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19210226_english_42&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  279. "Dr. James W. Vallentyne Will Come to Portland After Fine Record in West". Portland Press Herald. December 30, 1924. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/portland-press-herald-dr-james-w-valle/164616792/ ↩

  280. "Rev. James Vallentyne Assumes Duties Here". Portland Press Herald. March 2, 1925. p. 19. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/portland-press-herald-rev-james-vallent/164617011/ ↩

  281. "Call of Farm Penetrates to Oak Park Pulpit: Dr. Denman to Retire After 45 Years". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 24, 1932. p. F6. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 181316732. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-call-of-farm-penetrates/164619012/ ↩

  282. "Unity Church Resumes Services on Sunday". Oak Leaves. September 5, 1946. p. 46. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&by=1946&bdd=1940&d=01011946-12311946&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19460905_english_46&df=21&dt=27 ↩

  283. "Call of Farm Penetrates to Oak Park Pulpit: Dr. Denman to Retire After 45 Years". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 24, 1932. p. F6. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 181316732. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-call-of-farm-penetrates/164619012/ ↩

  284. "Dr. F. D. Adams Accepts Call to Oak Pk. Church". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. November 22, 1932. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com; "Parish Banquets Departing Pastor". Detroit Free Press. December 10, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-dr-f-d-adams-accepts/164623449/ ↩

  285. "Unity Church Resumes Services on Sunday". Oak Leaves. September 5, 1946. p. 46. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&by=1946&bdd=1940&d=01011946-12311946&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19460905_english_46&df=21&dt=27 ↩

  286. "Dr. Lewis Fisher Dies; Pastor and Ex-College Head". Chicago Tribune. March 23, 1936. p. 14. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-dr-lewis-fisher-dies-p/164623730/ ↩

  287. "Unity Universalist Church". Oak Leaves. March 9, 1944. p. 57. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311949&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19440309_english_57&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  288. "Unity". Oak Leaves. March 1, 1945. p. 47. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20church%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311946&e=parkhurst&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19450301_english_47&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  289. "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. March 8, 1945. p. 77. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20church%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311945&e=adams&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19450308_english_77&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  290. "Youths to Open Suburb Center With Ship Motif". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 23, 1946. p. W12. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 177208330. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  291. "Suburban Group on Search for Anchor Inn Site". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1946. p. 14. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-suburban-group-on-search/164626175/ ↩

  292. "Unity Church Resumes Services on Sunday". Oak Leaves. September 5, 1946. p. 46. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&by=1946&bdd=1940&d=01011946-12311946&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19460905_english_46&df=21&dt=27 ↩

  293. "Unity Universalist Church Opens for 78th Year". Oak Leaves. September 9, 1948. p. 30. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311949&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19480909_english_30&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  294. "Unity Temple a masterpiece in concrete". Oak Leaves. June 25, 1969. p. 12. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011967-12311969&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19690625_english_12&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  295. "Rev. Parkhurst Accepts Call to Church in Joliet". Oak Leaves. January 10, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011950-12311959&e=parkhurst&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19520110_english_9&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  296. "Unity Universalist". Oak Leaves. June 21, 1951. p. 82. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011950-12311959&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19510621_english_82&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  297. "Universalist Church". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. p. 42. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=unity%20universalist&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_42&df=1&dt=5 ↩

  298. "Frank Lloyd Wright in Surprise Visit to Village". Oak Leaves. November 21, 1957. p. 6. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19571121_english_6&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  299. "The Frank Lloyd Wright Legend". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. pp. 30, 31. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_30&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  300. Cypret, Randy (August 3, 1975). "Unity Temple restoration incomplete". News Journal. p. 6. Retrieved February 4, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-temple-restoration-in/164649380/ ↩

  301. McCue, George (November 26, 1961). "New Life for Two Historic Buildings". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 36. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-new-life-for-two/164373268/ ↩

  302. McCue, George (November 26, 1961). "New Life for Two Historic Buildings". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 36. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-new-life-for-two/164373268/ ↩

  303. "Universalists Hold Annual Holiday Bazaar". Oak Leaves. November 16, 1961. p. 33. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011960-12311962&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19611116_english_33&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  304. McCue, George (November 26, 1961). "New Life for Two Historic Buildings". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 36. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-new-life-for-two/164373268/ ↩

  305. Nicholas, Dorothea (October 4, 1962). "Frank Lloyd Wright Church Is Architectural Shrine: Heritage Unit to Pay Tribute to Sanctuary". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 7.1, 7.4. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 182864285 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-frank-lloyd-wright-churc/164635823/ ↩

  306. Equivalent to $172,000 in 2023[a] ↩

  307. Nicholas, Dorothea (October 4, 1962). "Frank Lloyd Wright Church Is Architectural Shrine: Heritage Unit to Pay Tribute to Sanctuary". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 7.1, 7.4. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 182864285 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-frank-lloyd-wright-churc/164635823/ ↩

  308. McCue, George (November 26, 1961). "New Life for Two Historic Buildings". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 36. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-new-life-for-two/164373268/ ↩

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  317. Equivalent to $134,000 in 2023[a] ↩

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  320. Conner, Gerald (March 21, 1971). "Members Make Plans to Save Unity Temple". Chicago Tribune. p. 19. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-members-make-plans-to-sa/164801223/ ↩

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  341. Dillard, Barbara (April 13, 1983). "Japan fair to support Wright church legacy". Chicago Tribune. p. 94. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 7, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-japan-fair-to-support-wr/164869331/ ↩

  342. Idoux, Jerry (May 9, 1979). "Temple restoration is Jacobsen's dream". Oak Leaves. p. 36. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011977-12311979&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19790509_english_36&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  345. Gapp, Paul (April 13, 1978). "Group seeks $50,000 to restore Unity Temple". Chicago Tribune. p. 48. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-group-seeks-50000-to-r/164862341/ ↩

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  347. Van Wyk, Betty (June 19, 1974). "'Angels' needed for temple". Oak Leaves. pp. 4, 11. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19740619_english_4&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  348. "Unity Temple is getting a face lift". Oak Leaves. October 17, 1973. p. 60. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19731017_english_60&df=11&dt=20 ↩

  349. Kamin, Blair (May 20, 2017). "Delayed restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple is triumphant". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/05/20/delayed-restoration-of-frank-lloyd-wrights-unity-temple-is-triumphant/ ↩

  350. Cooper, Charlotte (October 19, 1983). "$500,000 restoration tab for Unity Temple". Oak Leaves. p. 23. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011983-12311984&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19831019_english_23&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  352. Gauer, James (May 25, 2017). "Restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple Unveiled". Architectural Record. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/12773-restoration-of-frank-lloyd-wrights-unity-temple-unveiled ↩

  353. "Unity Temple is getting a face lift". Oak Leaves. October 17, 1973. p. 60. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19731017_english_60&df=11&dt=20 ↩

  354. Devine, Kay (June 30, 1976). "Unity Temple plans fund-raiser tour to aid restoration efforts". News Journal. p. 111. Retrieved February 1, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-temple-plans-fund-rai/164474114/ ↩

  355. Van Wyk, Betty (June 19, 1974). "'Angels' needed for temple". Oak Leaves. pp. 4, 11. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19740619_english_4&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  356. "Matching fund needed for Unity Temple grant". News Journal. August 11, 1974. p. 4. Retrieved February 4, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-matching-fund-needed-for-un/164645097/ ↩

  357. "Funds for Unity Temple landmark are sought". Chicago Tribune. September 13, 1973. p. 155. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com; "State requests funds to restore temple". News Journal. September 16, 1973. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-funds-for-unity-temple-l/164851367/ ↩

  358. "Great architecture and music meet Feb. 23". Oak Leaves. February 20, 1974. p. 22. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19740220_english_22&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  359. "Unity concert series mingles the arts". News Journal. October 6, 1974. p. 3. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-concert-series-mingle/164850202/ ↩

  360. "Baroque concert at Unity Temple". Oak Leaves. October 30, 1974. p. 51. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19741030_english_51&df=11&dt=20 ↩

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  362. "Tours set at Wright buildings". Chicago Tribune. July 15, 1976. p. 44. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-tours-set-at-wright-buil/164861736/ ↩

  363. Cypret, Randy (July 23, 1975). "Unity Temple: struggle to save a landmark". News Journal. p. 1. Retrieved February 1, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-temple-struggle-to-s/164472280/ ↩

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  366. Devine, Kay (June 30, 1976). "Unity Temple plans fund-raiser tour to aid restoration efforts". News Journal. p. 111. Retrieved February 1, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-temple-plans-fund-rai/164474114/ ↩

  367. Gapp, Paul (April 13, 1978). "Group seeks $50,000 to restore Unity Temple". Chicago Tribune. p. 48. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-group-seeks-50000-to-r/164862341/ ↩

  368. Gapp, Paul (April 13, 1978). "Group seeks $50,000 to restore Unity Temple". Chicago Tribune. p. 48. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-group-seeks-50000-to-r/164862341/ ↩

  369. "Unity Temple drive reaches half-way mark". Oak Leaves. April 5, 1978. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011977-12311979&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19780405_english_6&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  370. Idoux, Jerry (May 9, 1979). "Temple restoration is Jacobsen's dream". Oak Leaves. p. 36. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011977-12311979&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19790509_english_36&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  380. "Unity Temple auxiliary is started". Oak Leaves. November 24, 1982. p. 62. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011980-12311982&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19821124_english_62&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  427. Blaser, Randy (March 29, 2000). "How Unity Temple won $1 million". Forest Leaves. pp. 7, 14. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01012000-12312002&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20000329_english_7&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  428. Donato, Marla (May 2, 2000). "State to Give $1 Million to Unity Temple to Restore Wright's Design". Chicago Tribune. p. 2C3. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419106688. Retrieved January 30, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/05/02/state-to-give-1-million-to-unity-temple-to-restore-wrights-design/ ↩

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  438. Bentrup, Cheri (September 10, 2003). "Taylor at helm of Unity congregation". Forest Leaves. p. 65. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=taylor&i=f&d=01012000-12312009&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20030910_english_63&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  439. Bentrup, Cheri (September 10, 2003). "Taylor at helm of Unity congregation". Forest Leaves. p. 65. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=taylor&i=f&d=01012000-12312009&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20030910_english_63&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  442. Bentrup, Cheri (October 27, 2004). "Unity Temple gets preservation grant". Forest Leaves. p. 8. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01012003-12312004&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20041027_english_8&df=1&dt=10 ↩

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  444. Stuart, Laura (November 8, 2005). "The greening of Unity Temple". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2005/11/08/the-greening-of-unity-temple/ ↩

  445. Bowen, Ted Smalley (February 2006). "Unity Temple will use geothermal energy after its first major restoration" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 194, no. 2. pp. 139–140. ProQuest 222131743. https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf ↩

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  459. Johnson, Steve (July 29, 2015). "Fixing Frank: Unity Temple gets a sorely needed $23 million restoration". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/07/29/fixing-frank-unity-temple-gets-a-sorely-needed-23-million-restoration/ ↩

  460. Stempniak, Marty (April 28, 2009). "Unity Temple lands on national endangered list". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2009/04/28/unity-temple-lands-on-national-endangered-list/ ↩

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  462. Working, Russell (December 17, 2008). "Unity Temple captures $200,000 federal grant". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.30. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 30, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-unity-temple-captures-2/164304954/ ↩

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  465. Stempniak, Marty (April 28, 2009). "Unity Temple lands on national endangered list". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2009/04/28/unity-temple-lands-on-national-endangered-list/ ↩

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  467. Lacayo, Richard (April 27, 2009). "The Eleven Most Endangered Historic Sites". Time. Retrieved January 29, 2025; Pogrebin, Robin (April 27, 2009). "Preservation Group Lists Most Endangered Places". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://entertainment.time.com/2009/04/27/the-eleven-most-endangered-historic-sites/ ↩

  468. Vassolo, Elizabeth (September 10, 2009). "Unity Temple awarded improvement grant". Chicago Tribune. p. 0.1. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-unity-temple-awarded-imp/165012651/ ↩

  469. Dechter, Felicia (September 24, 2009). "Gala to celebrate 100 years of Unity Temple". Forest Leaves. pp. 12, 15. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01012007-12312009&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20090924_english_12&df=11&dt=20 ↩

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  472. "Century-Old Bronze Letters Stolen off Unity Temple". NBC Chicago. October 4, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2025; "Thieves Steal Bronze Lettering Off Historic Temple". CBS Chicago. October 4, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.nbcchicago.com/local/landmark-unity-temple-oak-park-stolen-letters/2088849/ ↩

  473. Jaworski, Jim (October 27, 2011). "Stolen Unity letters expected to be replaced". Chicago Tribune. p. 0.3. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-stolen-unity-letters-exp/165015637/ ↩

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  475. Lothson, Anna (May 15, 2013). "Chicago foundation pledges $10 million toward Unity Temple restoration". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 8, 2025; "Deal reached to restore Frank Lloyd Wright temple in Oak Park". The Taylorville Daily Breeze Courier. Associated Press. May 16, 2013. p. 5. Retrieved February 8, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.oakpark.com/2013/05/15/chicago-foundation-pledges-0-million-toward-unity-temple-restoration/ ↩

  476. Bentley, Chris (May 16, 2013). "Unity Temple Congregation May Yield Ownership in Costly Restoration Campaign". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.archpaper.com/2013/05/unity-temple-congregation-may-yield-ownership-in-costly-restoration-campaign/ ↩

  477. Bentley, Chris (May 16, 2013). "Unity Temple Congregation May Yield Ownership in Costly Restoration Campaign". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.archpaper.com/2013/05/unity-temple-congregation-may-yield-ownership-in-costly-restoration-campaign/ ↩

  478. "Unity Temple ownership could change hands". Chicago Tribune. May 24, 2013. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025; Bey, Lee (May 15, 2013). "Congregation mulls yielding ownership of Frank Lloyd Wright-designed church". WBEZ. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/05/24/unity-temple-ownership-could-change-hands/ ↩

  479. Mullen, Caitlin (August 3, 2015). "Dust flying as Unity Temple restoration gets fully underway". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/08/03/dust-flying-as-unity-temple-restoration-gets-fully-underway/ ↩

  480. Hernandez, Alex V. (March 23, 2015). "Unity Temple congregation finds new home as renovation nears". Chicago Tribune. p. TAB-16. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/03/23/unity-temple-congregation-finds-new-home-as-renovation-nears/ ↩

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  482. Johnson, Steve (July 29, 2015). "Fixing Frank: Unity Temple gets a sorely needed $23 million restoration". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/07/29/fixing-frank-unity-temple-gets-a-sorely-needed-23-million-restoration/ ↩

  483. Inklebarger, Timothy (June 23, 2015). "Unity Temple under wraps as restoration begins". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2015/06/23/unity-temple-under-wraps-as-restoration-begins/ ↩

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  486. Johnson, Steve (July 29, 2015). "Fixing Frank: Unity Temple gets a sorely needed $23 million restoration". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/07/29/fixing-frank-unity-temple-gets-a-sorely-needed-23-million-restoration/ ↩

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  488. Hernandez, Alex V. (March 23, 2015). "Unity Temple congregation finds new home as renovation nears". Chicago Tribune. p. TAB-16. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/03/23/unity-temple-congregation-finds-new-home-as-renovation-nears/ ↩

  489. Inklebarger, Timothy (June 23, 2015). "Unity Temple under wraps as restoration begins". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2015/06/23/unity-temple-under-wraps-as-restoration-begins/ ↩

  490. "Unity Temple Reopens After Multi-Million Dollar Renovations". CBS Chicago. May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/unity-temple-renovations-frank-lloyd-wright/ ↩

  491. Mullen, Caitlin (August 3, 2015). "Dust flying as Unity Temple restoration gets fully underway". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/08/03/dust-flying-as-unity-temple-restoration-gets-fully-underway/ ↩

  492. Mullen, Caitlin (November 29, 2016). "Unity Temple restoration now expected to be complete in March". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2016/11/29/unity-temple-restoration-now-expected-to-be-complete-in-march/ ↩

  493. Mullen, Caitlin (November 29, 2016). "Unity Temple restoration now expected to be complete in March". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2016/11/29/unity-temple-restoration-now-expected-to-be-complete-in-march/ ↩

  494. "Oak Park Church to Sell Iconic Billiards Tables". WTTW News. September 28, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2025; Inklebarger, Timothy (October 4, 2016). "Unity Temple to open offices, classrooms in old pool hall". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://news.wttw.com/2016/09/28/oak-park-church-sell-iconic-billiards-tables ↩

  495. Gauer, James (May 25, 2017). "Restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple Unveiled". Architectural Record. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/12773-restoration-of-frank-lloyd-wrights-unity-temple-unveiled ↩

  496. "Unity Temple Reopens After Multi-Million Dollar Renovations". CBS Chicago. May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/unity-temple-renovations-frank-lloyd-wright/ ↩

  497. Lewis, Sean (June 18, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's newly-restored Unity Temple reopens its doors". WGN-TV. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://wgntv.com/news/frank-lloyd-wrights-newly-restored-unity-temple-reopens-its-doors/ ↩

  498. Koziarz, Jay (June 29, 2017). "Tour Frank Lloyd Wright's restored Unity Temple starting this weekend". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/6/29/15881910/frank-lloyd-wright-unity-temple-tours ↩

  499. Dechter, Felicia (July 2, 2017). "Column: Unity Temple tours to showcase renovation work". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/07/02/column-unity-temple-tours-to-showcase-renovation-work/ ↩

  500. Hindery, Rachel K. (May 26, 2017). "Unity Temple officials on restoration of 'internationally iconic' Frank Lloyd Wright building". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/05/26/unity-temple-officials-on-restoration-of-internationally-iconic-frank-lloyd-wright-building/ ↩

  501. Inklebarger, Timothy (December 19, 2018). "Unity Temple congregation opposes Golub tower". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2025; Schering, Steve (December 18, 2018). "Expressing 'serious concerns,' Unity Temple board announces opposition to proposed 28-story development". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2018/12/19/unity-temple-congregation-opposes-golub-tower/ ↩

  502. Inklebarger, Timothy (March 22, 2019). "Golub pulls plans for 28-story high-rise". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2019/03/22/golub-pulls-plans-for-28-story-high-rise/ ↩

  503. Holmes, Tom (April 9, 2021). "Unity Temple's minister, Alan Taylor, leaving after 18 years". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2021/04/09/unity-temples-minister-alan-taylor-leaving-after-18-years/ ↩

  504. Holmes, Tom (September 19, 2023). "Unity Temple welcomes a 'temporary/long term' leader". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2023/09/19/unity-temple-welcomes-a-temporary-long-term-leader/ ↩

  505. Sheridan, Stacey (October 10, 2023). "The foundation designed to restore Unity Temple is dissolving". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 3, 2025; Pride, Ray (September 25, 2023). "Today In Culture, September 25, 2023: Unity Temple Foundation Closing". Newcity. Retrieved February 3, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2023/10/10/the-foundation-designed-to-restore-unity-temple-is-dissolving/ ↩

  506. Hoglund, Joel (2014). Wright Sites: A Guide to Frank Lloyd Wright Public Places. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-61689-590-7. Retrieved January 31, 2025. 978-1-61689-590-7 ↩

  507. Gibson, Eleanor (June 12, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple was the "first expression" of modern architecture". Dezeen. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/12/unity-temple-frank-lloyd-wright-chicago-oak-park-modern-architecture-150th-birthday/ ↩

  508. National Park Service 1970, p. 2. - Unity Church (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 1970. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/073834ab-4688-4f03-b81a-d7ab1929c253 ↩

  509. Siry 1996, p. 139. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  510. Sokol 2008, p. 79. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  511. "Oak Park Map Viewer". GIS Consortium – Local Governments That Work Collectively. Retrieved February 15, 2025. https://communitymapviewer.gisconsortium.org/OakParkIL ↩

  512. Jeffrey, Laura Stassi (May 3, 2009). "Oak Park, Ill.: A Village Two American Icons Called Home". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/travel/2009/05/03/oak-park-ill-a-village-two-american-icons-called-home/66de3e9c-9759-43f0-9308-c0dc2a136782/ ↩

  513. Zak, Victor (March 18, 2001). "Something so right in Oak Park". The Central New Jersey Home News. pp. F1, F5. Retrieved January 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-somethi/164072115/ ↩

  514. Dorman, John L. (November 18, 2015). "Tracing Frank Lloyd Wright in Oak Park, Illinois". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 8, 2025; Nelson, Marcia Z. (September 27, 2000). "Past residents attract tourists". Chicago Tribune. p. 138. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/travel/frank-lloyd-wright-oak-park-illinois.html ↩

  515. Pierre, Robert E. (January 21, 2003). "Saving the Wright Stuff Is A Mission for Illinois Church". The Washington Post. p. A3. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 2267542368. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/01/21/saving-the-wright-stuff-is-a-mission-for-illinois-church/21c86a71-6496-4127-95a5-90247e35a491/ ↩

  516. Posner, Ellen (May 10, 1992). "An American Dreamer". The Independent. pp. 80, 82. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-an-american-dreamerelle/164387051/ ↩

  517. Siry 1996, p. 189. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  518. Guarino, Jean (June 1, 1980). "Visiting the 'Prairie Style' Homes of Frank Lloyd Wright in Oak Park, Ill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/01/archives/visiting-the-prairie-style-homes-of-frank-lloyd-wright-in-oak-park.html ↩

  519. Siry 1996, p. 121. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  520. Knecht 2001, p. 173. - Knecht, Barbara (April 2001). "Innovative approach leads to solution for Unity Temple's crumbling exterior: Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple receives a face-lift" (PDF). Tech Briefs. Architectural Record. Vol. 189, no. 4. pp. 173–174. ProQuest 222131430. https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2001-04-RH.pdf ↩

  521. "Unity Temple a masterpiece in concrete". Oak Leaves. June 25, 1969. p. 12. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011967-12311969&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19690625_english_12&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  522. Wright 2005, p. 154. - Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005). An autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7649-3243-4. OCLC 64590957. https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000wrig_l0f0 ↩

  523. Saint 2003, p. 162. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  524. Siry 1996, p. 140. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  525. Siry 1996, p. 145. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  526. "Our Illustrations". The Inland Architect and News Record. Vol. LII, no. 6. December 1906. p. 77. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via HathiTrust. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.e0000762930&seq=671 ↩

  527. Siry 1996, pp. 166–167. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  528. Levine 1996, p. 40. - Levine, Neil (1996). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03371-6. ↩

  529. Siry 1996, p. 189. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  530. Levine 1996, p. 40. - Levine, Neil (1996). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03371-6. ↩

  531. Siry 1996, pp. 189–190. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  532. Siry 1996, p. 86. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  533. Lubow, Arthur (May 31, 2009). "The Triumph of Frank Lloyd Wright". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-triumph-of-frank-lloyd-wright-132535844/ ↩

  534. Siry 1996, pp. 189–190. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  535. Siry 1996, pp. 189–190. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  536. Siry 1996, p. 191. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  537. Levine 1996, p. 41. - Levine, Neil (1996). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03371-6. ↩

  538. "Meeting of the Titans". Newsday. April 20, 1957. pp. 1M, 2M, 3M, 4M. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-meeting-of-the/164631034/ ↩

  539. Wenneker, Lu B (Fall 1965). "Ornamentation and the Organic Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". Art Journal. Vol. 25, no. 1. p. 5. ProQuest 1290043466. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  540. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  541. Sawyers, June (August 16, 1991). "The Wright Oak Park Legacy". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/08/16/the-wright-oak-park-legacy/ ↩

  542. Levine 1996, p. 40. - Levine, Neil (1996). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03371-6. ↩

  543. Siry 1996, pp. 81, 83. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  544. "Our Illustrations". The Inland Architect and News Record. Vol. LII, no. 6. December 1906. p. 77. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via HathiTrust. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.e0000762930&seq=671 ↩

  545. National Park Service 1970, p. 2. - Unity Church (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 1970. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/073834ab-4688-4f03-b81a-d7ab1929c253 ↩

  546. Ferry 1907, p. 97. - Ferry, A. M. (September 1, 1907). "A Reinforced Concrete Church". Concrete Engineering. p. 97. ProQuest 128382186. https://www.proquest.com/docview/128382186 ↩

  547. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 102, cites a significantly different dimension of 90 by 40 feet (27 by 12 m) for Unity House. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  548. National Park Service 1970, p. 2. - Unity Church (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 1970. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/073834ab-4688-4f03-b81a-d7ab1929c253 ↩

  549. Siry 1996, p. 139. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  550. Sokol 2008, p. 79. - Sokol, David M. (2008). The Noble Room: The Inspired Conception and Tumultuous Creation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple. Top Five Books. ISBN 978-0-9789270-7-3. https://archive.org/details/nobleroominspire0000soko ↩

  551. Knecht 2001, p. 173. - Knecht, Barbara (April 2001). "Innovative approach leads to solution for Unity Temple's crumbling exterior: Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple receives a face-lift" (PDF). Tech Briefs. Architectural Record. Vol. 189, no. 4. pp. 173–174. ProQuest 222131430. https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2001-04-RH.pdf ↩

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  749. Johnson, Steve (July 29, 2015). "Fixing Frank: Unity Temple gets a sorely needed $23 million restoration". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/07/29/fixing-frank-unity-temple-gets-a-sorely-needed-23-million-restoration/ ↩

  750. Van Hampton, Tudor (November 25, 2009). "As More Buildings Go Geothermal, Project Teams Are Thinking Outside the Borehole". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved January 27, 2025. https://www.enr.com/articles/58-as-more-buildings-go-geothermal-project-teams-are-thinking-outside-the-borehole?page=3 ↩

  751. Bowen, Ted Smalley (February 2006). "Unity Temple will use geothermal energy after its first major restoration" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 194, no. 2. pp. 139–140. ProQuest 222131743. https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf ↩

  752. "Ministers". Unity Temple. March 6, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://unitytemple.org/ministers/ ↩

  753. Holmes, Tom (September 19, 2023). "Unity Temple welcomes a 'temporary/long term' leader". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2023/09/19/unity-temple-welcomes-a-temporary-long-term-leader/ ↩

  754. "Ministers". Unity Temple. March 6, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://unitytemple.org/ministers/ ↩

  755. Holmes, Tom (October 7, 2008). "Called to faith". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2008/10/07/called-to-faith/ ↩

  756. "Sunday Service". Unity Temple. September 17, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2025. https://unitytemple.org/sunday-service/ ↩

  757. "The Unitarian Universalist Church". Oak Leaves. June 21, 1962. p. 27. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011960-12311962&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19620621_english_27&df=11&dt=20 ↩

  758. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  759. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  760. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  761. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  762. There was no official pastor from 1879 to 1881, though Sage appeared the most frequently. ↩

  763. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  764. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  765. Oak Leaves April 27, 1907, p. 101. - "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. April 27, 1907. pp. 100–102 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20temple%22&i=f&d=01011906-12311907&m=between&ord=k1&fn=oak_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19070427_english_109&df=1&dt=2 ↩

  766. Siry 1996, p. 52; Sokol 2008, p. 12. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  767. "Asks Favor for Successor". Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1910. p. 7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-asks-favor-for-successor/164608046/ ↩

  768. "Hold 'Social Clinics' Class". Chicago Tribune. November 27, 1910. p. 8. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-hold-social-clinics-cl/164611630/ ↩

  769. "Armour Buys Eastern Site; Plans New Packing Plant?". Chicago Tribune. March 16, 1913. p. 5. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-armour-buys-eastern-site/164610988/ ↩

  770. "Rev. William J. Taylor". Wausau Pilot. January 14, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/wausau-pilot-rev-william-j-taylor/164612418/ ↩

  771. "Dr. James W. Vallentyne Will Come to Portland After Fine Record in West". Portland Press Herald. December 30, 1924. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/portland-press-herald-dr-james-w-valle/164616792/ ↩

  772. "Call of Farm Penetrates to Oak Park Pulpit: Dr. Denman to Retire After 45 Years". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 24, 1932. p. F6. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 181316732. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-call-of-farm-penetrates/164619012/ ↩

  773. "Dr. F. D. Adams Accepts Call to Oak Pk. Church". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. November 22, 1932. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com; "Parish Banquets Departing Pastor". Detroit Free Press. December 10, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-dr-f-d-adams-accepts/164623449/ ↩

  774. "Unity Church". Oak Leaves. March 8, 1945. p. 77. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20church%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311945&e=adams&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19450308_english_77&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  775. "Unity". Oak Leaves. March 1, 1945. p. 47. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20church%22&i=f&d=01011940-12311946&e=parkhurst&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19450301_english_47&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  776. "Rev. Parkhurst Accepts Call to Church in Joliet". Oak Leaves. January 10, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011950-12311959&e=parkhurst&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19520110_english_9&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  777. "Rev. Parkhurst Accepts Call to Church in Joliet". Oak Leaves. January 10, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011950-12311959&e=parkhurst&m=between&ord=k1,e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19520110_english_9&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  778. Patterson, Mary Margaret (March 3, 1971). "Unitarians to hold centennial service". Oak Leaves. p. 8. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011970-12311972&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19710303_english_8&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  779. Patterson, Mary Margaret (March 3, 1971). "Unitarians to hold centennial service". Oak Leaves. p. 8. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011970-12311972&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19710303_english_8&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  780. "New minister finds 'creative challenge'". Oak Leaves. August 26, 1981. p. 67. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=giles&i=f&d=01011980-12311984&e=unity%20temple&o=minister%20pastor&m=between&ord=e1,k1,o1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19810826_english_67&df=1&dt=6 ↩

  781. "New minister at Unity Temple". Forest Leaves. September 1, 1993. p. 94. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=deacon&i=f&d=01011992-12311994&e=unity%20temple&o=pastor%20minister&m=between&ord=e1,o1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_19930901_english_94&df=1&dt=4 ↩

  782. "Interim named at Unity Temple". Forest Leaves. September 4, 1991. p. 93. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=ranck&i=f&d=01011991-12311999&e=universalist%20church&o=minister%20pastor&m=between&ord=e1,k1,o1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19910904_english_93&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  783. "New minister at Unity Temple". Forest Leaves. September 1, 1993. p. 94. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=deacon&i=f&d=01011992-12311994&e=unity%20temple&o=pastor%20minister&m=between&ord=e1,o1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_19930901_english_94&df=1&dt=4 ↩

  784. Kates, Joan Giangrasse (May 25, 2003). "Oak Park cleric helped Oklahoma after bombing". Chicago Tribune. p. 4.11. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 8, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-oak-park-cleric-helped-o/164978324/ ↩

  785. Bentrup, Cheri (September 10, 2003). "Taylor at helm of Unity congregation". Forest Leaves. p. 65. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=taylor&i=f&d=01012000-12312009&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_20030910_english_63&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  786. Holmes, Tom (April 9, 2021). "Unity Temple's minister, Alan Taylor, leaving after 18 years". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2021/04/09/unity-temples-minister-alan-taylor-leaving-after-18-years/ ↩

  787. Holmes, Tom (September 19, 2023). "Unity Temple welcomes a 'temporary/long term' leader". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2023/09/19/unity-temple-welcomes-a-temporary-long-term-leader/ ↩

  788. See, for example: "Special Wright bus tour slated for Nov. 9". Oak Leaves. October 16, 1974. p. 4. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library; "Mining Oak Park's treasures... in a 9-day showcase of arts, architecture, history". Chicago Tribune. July 14, 1978. pp. 4.3, 4.5. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19741016_english_4&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  789. See, for example: Guarino, Jean (March 30, 1975). "Wright tour center is architectural hub". News Journal. p. 10. Retrieved February 7, 2025 – via newspapers.com; McLane, Daisann (June 27, 1999). "Frugal Traveler; City of Skyscrapers and Sister Carrie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-wright-tour-center-is-archi/164905961/ ↩

  790. Zak, Victor (March 18, 2001). "Something so right in Oak Park". The Central New Jersey Home News. pp. F1, F5. Retrieved January 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-somethi/164072115/ ↩

  791. Megan, Graydon (January 24, 2025). "Lineup set for Oak Park's Wright Plus house tour, including some featured for first time". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/24/lineup-set-for-frank-lloyd-wright-house-tour-including-some-featured-for-first-time/ ↩

  792. Dechter, Felicia (July 2, 2017). "Column: Unity Temple tours to showcase renovation work". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/07/02/column-unity-temple-tours-to-showcase-renovation-work/ ↩

  793. Koziarz, Jay (April 3, 2020). "Take virtual tours of 12 Frank Lloyd Wright masterpieces each week". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://chicago.curbed.com/2020/4/3/21204455/frank-lloyd-wright-virtual-tours-coronavirus-unity-temple ↩

  794. Malone, David (May 8, 2018). "Illinois Office of Tourism unveils new Frank Lloyd Wright Trail". Building Design+Construction. Retrieved February 9, 2025; "13 Wright sites on Illinois trail". Los Angeles Times. May 4, 2018. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.bdcnetwork.com/home/news/55161732/illinois-office-of-tourism-unveils-new-frank-lloyd-wright-trail ↩

  795. "Great architecture and music meet Feb. 23". Oak Leaves. February 20, 1974. p. 22. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011973-12311974&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19740220_english_22&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  796. "Unity concert series mingles the arts". News Journal. October 6, 1974. p. 3. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-journal-unity-concert-series-mingle/164850202/ ↩

  797. Niedert, Kathy (January 28, 1976). "'Music's sound is perfect here'". Oak Leaves. p. 47. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011975-12311976&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19760128_english_47&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  798. "Concerts to aid restoration". Oak Leaves. February 26, 1975. p. 39. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011975-12311976&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19750226_english_39&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  799. Mauro, Lucia (May 6, 1998). "Unity Temple concert celebrates 25th". Oak Leaves. pp. B3, B6. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011997-12311999&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_19980506_english_37&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  800. Gapp, Paul (April 13, 1978). "Group seeks $50,000 to restore Unity Temple". Chicago Tribune. p. 48. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-group-seeks-50000-to-r/164862341/ ↩

  801. Reich, Howard (March 23, 1997). "Temple of Music". Chicago Tribune. p. 7.9. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-temple-of-musichoward-r/164372825/ ↩

  802. Shields, Todd (February 26, 1997). "All that jazz at Unity Temple". Forest Leaves. pp. 25, 28. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011991-12311999&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_river_forest_19970226_english_25&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  803. Reger, Rick (July 4, 1998). "Improvising trio embarks on search for ideas". Chicago Tribune. p. 173. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-improvising-trio-embarks/164373022/ ↩

  804. Siry 1996, p. 103. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  805. See, for instance: "Universalists Plan Merger of Two Churches: St. Paul's and Woodlawn Congregations May Be Consolidated". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 31, 1916. p. 11. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 174129264. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  806. See, for example: "Church Youth to Take Stand Opposing War". Chicago Tribune. July 8, 1941. p. 9. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-church-youth-to-take-sta/164624365/ ↩

  807. "Universalist Church". Oak Leaves. June 27, 1957. p. 42. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=unity%20universalist&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19570627_english_42&df=1&dt=5 ↩

  808. "A Place By the Open Fire". Oak Leaves. April 8, 1954. p. 49. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&d=01011950-12311959&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19540408_english_59&df=31&dt=40 ↩

  809. "Rev. Box to Be 2nd Speaker in Church Series". The Austin News. July 8, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-austin-news-rev-box-to-be-2nd-speak/164640859/ ↩

  810. "Wright Foundation has series for kids". Oak Leaves. February 26, 1992. p. 78. Retrieved February 7, 2025. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=restoration&i=f&d=01011991-12311994&e=unity%20temple&m=between&ord=e1,k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19920226_english_78&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  811. "Tour to See Legacy Left by Wright". Chicago Tribune. September 29, 1963. p. S1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 176402046. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  812. "Wright drawings displayed". Cardunal Free Press. September 26, 1978. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via newspapers.com; Teclaw, Nancy (September 6, 1978). "Sixty Onward". Oak Leaves. p. 27. Retrieved February 6, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://www.newspapers.com/article/cardunal-free-press-wright-drawings-disp/164862212/ ↩

  813. Siry 1996, p. 130. - Siry, Joseph M. (1996). Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright and Architecture for Liberal Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62991-1. https://archive.org/details/unitytemplefrank0000siry ↩

  814. Saint 2003, p. 162. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  815. "Frank Lloyd Wright and His Art". The New York Times. October 4, 1953. pp. SM26. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 112564807; Del Campo, Santiago (April 1954). "An Afternoon With Frank Lloyd Wright". Americas. Vol. 6, no. 4. p. 11. ProQuest 1797186012. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

  816. "Frank Lloyd Wright in Surprise Visit to Village". Oak Leaves. November 21, 1957. p. 6. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011955-12311959&e=universalist%20church&m=between&ord=e1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19571121_english_6&df=1&dt=10 ↩

  817. Posner, Ellen (May 10, 1992). "An American Dreamer". The Independent. pp. 80, 82. Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-an-american-dreamerelle/164387051/ ↩

  818. Gapp, Paul (March 13, 1992). "Deity of U.S. Design". Sun Sentinel. p. 3E. ProQuest 388948852. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  819. Saint 2003, p. 163. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  820. "Unity Church Resumes Services on Sunday". Oak Leaves. September 5, 1946. p. 46. Retrieved February 3, 2025 – via River Forest Public Library. https://riverforest.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22unity%20universalist%22&i=f&by=1946&bdd=1940&d=01011946-12311946&m=between&ord=k1&fn=forest_leaves_usa_illinois_oak_park_19460905_english_46&df=21&dt=27 ↩

  821. Saint 2003, p. 163. - Saint, Andrew (2003). "Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: The Architect and His Builder of Choice". Architectural Research Quarterly. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 157–167. doi:10.1017/S1359135503002112. ISSN 1359-1355. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1689173465ec3840e435230d4c22c6de5ced72be ↩

  822. Gapp, Paul (March 13, 1992). "Deity of U.S. Design". Sun Sentinel. p. 3E. ProQuest 388948852. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  823. "The American "Pioneer" Architect". The Manchester Guardian. May 9, 1939. p. 10. ProQuest 484618839. /wiki/ProQuest ↩

  824. Gibson, Eleanor (June 12, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple was the "first expression" of modern architecture". Dezeen. Retrieved January 31, 2025. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/12/unity-temple-frank-lloyd-wright-chicago-oak-park-modern-architecture-150th-birthday/ ↩

  825. Sikora, Lacey (June 6, 2017). "Wright in time". Wednesday Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2025. https://www.oakpark.com/2017/06/06/wright-in-time/ ↩

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  827. Wallach, Amei (February 13, 1994). "Architect of the American Dream Frank Lloyd Wright Imposed His Visions on Our Environment – Leaky Roofs and All". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278723044; Coletti, Paul (February 21, 1969). "Frank Lloyd Wright: 'The Early Years'". Boston Globe. p. 29. ProQuest 366725724. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

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