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Vilmos Zsigmond ASC (1930–2016) was a renowned Hungarian-American cinematographer influential in the American New Wave. He collaborated with esteemed directors like Steven Spielberg, Robert Altman, and Woody Allen. Zsigmond is celebrated for his work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind and The Deer Hunter, earning the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and BAFTA Award respectively. His work was recognized by the ASC with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998, and in 2003, he was named one of the ten most influential cinematographers by the International Cinematographers Guild.

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Life and career

Zsigmond was born in Szeged, Hungary, the son of Bozena (née Illichman), an administrator, and Vilmos Zsigmond, a soccer player and coach.212223 He became interested in photography at age 17 after an uncle had given him The Art of Light, a book of black-and-white photographs taken by Hungarian photographer Eugene Dulovits,242526 but under the Soviet-imposed government of the Hungarian People's Republic he was not allowed to study the subject because his family was considered bourgeois.272829 Instead, Zsigmond worked in a factory, bought a camera and taught himself how to take pictures, going on to organize a camera club for the workers.303132 As a result he won the respect of local commissars and was allowed to study cinema at the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest and received an MA in cinematography.333435 He worked for five years in a Budapest feature film studio becoming director of photography.36

Zsigmond, along with his friend and fellow student László Kovács, borrowed a 35-millimeter camera from their school and chronicled the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution in Budapest by hiding the camera in a shopping bag and shooting footage through a hole they had cut in the bag.373839 The two men shot thirty thousand feet of film and escaped to Austria shortly afterwards.404142 In 1958 Zsigmond and Kovács arrived in the United States as political refugees and sold the footage to CBS for a network documentary on the revolution narrated by Walter Cronkite.434445

In 1962, Zsigmond became a naturalized citizen of the United States.46 He settled in Los Angeles and worked in photo labs as a technician and photographer.47 The first film he worked on in the United States was the 1963 black-and-white exploitation film The Sadist, starring Arch Hall Jr.4849 Throughout the 1960s, he worked on many low-budget independent and educational films as he attempted to break into the film industry.5051 Some of the films that he worked on during this period credited him as "William Zsigmond", including The Sadist, the classic horror B movie The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies,5253 and the Second City satirical science fiction movie The Monitors.54

Kovács, who shot the 1969 film Easy Rider for Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper, recommended Zsigmond to Fonda for his 1971 Western film The Hired Hand.5556 Later that same year Zsigmond was hired by Robert Altman for his revisionist western film McCabe & Mrs. Miller, which became Zsigmond's breakthrough film and marked his first time working on a major Hollywood production.5758

Over the following decade, Zsigmond became one of the most in-demand cinematographers in Hollywood.5960 Some of the major films he shot in the 1970s include John Boorman's Deliverance, Altman's The Long Goodbye and Brian De Palma's Obsession, as well as Steven Spielberg's The Sugarland Express and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the latter of which won him the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 50th Academy Awards.6162

In 1978, Zsigmond worked on Michael Cimino's drama The Deer Hunter, starring Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep and Christopher Walken.636465 Zsigmond's visual work on the film earned him the 1980 BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography and another Academy Award nomination.666768 Zsigmond again worked with Cimino on his 1980 epic Western Heaven's Gate.6970

Zsigmond continued to be in demand in the years that followed, working multiple times with several directors. He again worked with De Palma on his films Blow Out, The Bonfire of the Vanities, and The Black Dahlia.71 He worked with Mark Rydell on Cinderella Liberty, The Rose, The River, and Intersection.7273 He worked with George Miller on The Witches of Eastwick74 and with Kevin Smith on Jersey Girl.75 He also worked with Woody Allen on Melinda and Melinda, Cassandra's Dream, and You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger.76

Zsigmond's television work includes the HBO miniseries Stalin, for which he won the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special.7778 He was nominated for an Emmy for his work on 2001 miniseries The Mists of Avalon.79 Zsigmond also shot 24 episodes of The Mindy Project between 2012 and 2014.808182

Vilmos' life and career was featured in No Subtitles Necessary: Laszlo & Vilmos, a bio-documentary that aired on PBS's Independent Lens in 2009.8384

In 2011 Zsigmond co-founded the Global Cinematography Institute in Los Angeles, along with fellow cinematographer Yuri Neyman.858687 The Institute provides an advanced cinematography educational program for postgraduate students and veteran filmmakers.88

He was a longtime user and endorser of Tiffen filters, and is associated with the technique known as flashing or pre-fogging, which involves carefully exposing the film negative to a small, controlled amount of light in order to create a muted color palette.8990

Death

On January 1, 2016, Zsigmond died at his home in Big Sur, California, at the age of 85.9192

Filmography

Short film

YearTitleDirectorNotes
1953A FöldJózsef Zsuffa
1955Hajnal elött
19671999 A.D.Lee Madden
1968PreludeJohn Astin
1971ThresholdJ. Maynard LovinsStan Wells
1975Iron and HorseKarl Bardosh
1997Fantasy for a New AgeRichard Caesar
1999The ArgumentDonald CammellFilmed in 1971
2004Medicine ChestDouglas BusbyVideo short
2012Kickstart TheftFred Goodich

Feature film

Director

  • The Long Shadow (1992)

Cinematographer

YearTitleDirectorNotes
1963The SadistJames Landis
Living Between Two WorldsBobby JohnsonWith Lee Strosnider
1964What's Up Front!Bob Wehling
The Time TravelersIb Melchior
The Nasty RabbitJames Landis
1965Deadwood '76With Lew Guinn
Tales of a SalesmanDon RussellUncredited
Summer ChildrenJames Bruner
Rat FinkJames Landis
Psycho A-Go-GoAl Adamson
1967The Road to NashvilleWill ZensWith Leif Rise
Blood of Ghastly HorrorAl AdamsonWith Louis Horvath
1968The Name of the Game Is Kill!Gunnar Hellström
Jennie: Wife/ChildRobert Carl Cohen (Uncredited)James Landis (Uncredited)
1969Satan's SadistsAl AdamsonUncredited
The MonitorsJack Shea
FutzTom O'Horgan
Five Bloody GravesAl Adamson
The Picasso SummerSerge BourguignonRobert Sallin (Uncredited)
1970Horror of the Blood MonstersAl AdamsonWith William G. Troiano
1971Red Sky at MorningJames Goldstone
McCabe & Mrs. MillerRobert Altman
The Hired HandPeter Fonda
The Ski BumBruce D. Clark
1972ImagesRobert Altman
DeliveranceJohn Boorman
Country MusicRobert HinkleWith Gary Galbraith
1973The Long GoodbyeRobert Altman
ScarecrowJerry Schatzberg
Cinderella LibertyMark Rydell
1974The Sugarland ExpressSteven Spielberg
The Girl from PetrovkaRobert Ellis Miller
1975Funny LadyHerbert RossUncredited
1976Sweet RevengeJerry Schatzberg
ObsessionBrian De Palma
1977Close Encounters of the Third KindSteven Spielberg
1978The Deer HunterMichael Cimino
1979Winter KillsWilliam Richert
The RoseMark Rydell
1980Heaven's GateMichael Cimino
1981Blow OutBrian De Palma
1982Jinxed!Don Siegel
1983Table for FiveRobert Lieberman
1984No Small AffairJerry Schatzberg
The RiverMark Rydell
1985Real GeniusMartha Coolidge
1987The Witches of EastwickGeorge Miller
1989Fat Man and Little Boy Roland Joffé
1990Journey to Spirit IslandLászló Pal
The Two JakesJack Nicholson
The Bonfire of the VanitiesBrian De Palma
1993SliverPhillip Noyce
1994IntersectionMark Rydell
MaverickRichard DonnerAlso made a cameo as Albert Bierstadt
1995The Crossing GuardSean Penn
AssassinsRichard Donner
1996The Ghost and the DarknessStephen Hopkins
1998Playing by HeartWillard Carroll
Illegal MusicZane Zidel
2001The BodyJonas McCord
Life as a HouseIrwin Winkler
2002Bánk bánCsaba Káel
2004Jersey GirlKevin Smith
Melinda and MelindaWoody Allen
2006The Black DahliaBrian De Palma
2007Cassandra's DreamWoody Allen
2010You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger
LouisDan PritzkerAlso made a cameo as "Hungarian Photographer"
2011The Maiden Danced to DeathEndre HulesWith Zoltan Honti
2013CompulsionEgidio Coccimiglio
2014Six Dance Lessons in Six WeeksArthur Allan Seidelman

Television

YearTitleDirectorNotes
1969The Bold Ones: The ProtectorsRobert DayEpisode "A Case of Good Whiskey at Christmas Time"
2001The Mists of AvalonUli EdelMiniseries
2012–14The Mindy ProjectCharles McDougallMichael WeaverMichael SpillerEpisodes "Pilot", "Girl Next Door" and "Danny and Mindy"

TV movies

YearTitleDirector
1969Baja Marimba BandBill Edwards
1979Flesh & BloodJud Taylor
1992StalinIvan Passer
2006Surrender, DorothyCharles McDougall

Documentary works

Film

YearTitleDirectorNotes
1957Ungarn in FlammenStefan ErdélyiWith László Kovács and Franz Vass (as Ferencz Vass)
1967Mondo ModPeter Perry Jr.With László Kovács (as Leslie Kovacks)
1969Hot Rod ActionGene McCabeWith Vilis Lapenieks and Mario Tosi
1976Death RidersJim WilsonWith Jim Wison
2000Ljuset håller mig sällskapCarl-Gustav Nykvist
2007Torn from the FlagEndre HulesKlaudia KovacsWith Zoltan Honti, László Kovács and Justin Schein;Also credited as executive producer
2014God the FatherSimon Fellows

Short film

YearTitleDirector
1963Story of the Wholesale Produce MarketLeonard Greenberg

TV movies

YearTitleDirectorNotes
1965The MarketJack Shepard
1968The World of Animals: Big Cats, Little CatsBud WiserWith John A. Alonzo, David Blewitt, Robert Grant,J. Barry Herron and Fred Kaplan
1980Making Xanadu: The Musical Fantasy MovieAlan MetterWith László Kovács

Awards and honors

Academy Awards

YearTitleCategoryResult
1977Close Encounters of the Third KindBest CinematographyWon
1978The Deer HunterNominated
1984The RiverNominated
2006The Black DahliaNominated

BAFTA Awards

YearTitleCategoryResult
1971McCabe & Mrs. MillerBest CinematographyNominated
1972ImagesNominated
DeliveranceNominated
1977Close Encounters of the Third KindNominated
1978The Deer HunterWon

American Society of Cinematographers

YearTitleCategoryResult
1996The Ghost and the DarknessOutstanding Achievement in CinematographyNominated
2006The Black DahliaNominated

Satellite Awards

YearTitleCategoryResult
2006The Black DahliaBest CinematographyNominated

National Society of Film Critics

YearTitleCategoryResult
1973The Long GoodbyeBest CinematographyWon

Primetime Emmy Awards

YearTitleCategoryResult
1992StalinOutstanding CinematographyWon
2001The Mists of AvalonNominated

Lifetime Achievement Awards

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vilmos Zsigmond.

References

  1. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Zsigmond, who won an Oscar for his work on Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), was responsible for the distinctive look of many of the best Hollywood movies of the 1970s, starting with Altman's McCabe & Mrs Miller (1971). https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  2. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Vilmos Zsigmond, who has died aged 85, was a Hungarian cinematographer celebrated for his work during the 1970s and 1980s with directors such as Steven Spielberg, Robert Altman and Woody Allen...His camera skills were used to great effect in seminal 1970s works such as Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter (1978) and John Boorman's Deliverance (1972). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  3. "Vilmos Zsigmond, Close Encounters cinematographer, dies at 85". BBC News. London. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. [Zsigmond] was also revered as an architect of the American New Wave in the 1970s. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35220714 ↩

  4. Patterson, John (January 6, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond: the cinematographer who transformed how films look". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. We think of Zsigmond, who died on New Year's Day aged 85, as one of the leading photographic lights of the Hollywood New Wave. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/06/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer-film-hollywood-easy-rider ↩

  5. Anderson, Tre'vell (January 3, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dead at 85". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Oscar-winning cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, revered as one of the most influential cinematographers in film history for his work on several classic films, including "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "The Deer Hunter," died Friday. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-winning-director-dead-20160103-story.html ↩

  6. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  7. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  8. Weber, Bruce (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Cinematographer, Dies at 85; Gave Hollywood Films a New Look". New York Times. New York City. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/movies/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer-who-gave-hollywood-films-a-new-look-dies-at-85.html ↩

  9. Anderson, Tre'vell (January 3, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dead at 85". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Oscar-winning cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, revered as one of the most influential cinematographers in film history for his work on several classic films, including "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "The Deer Hunter," died Friday. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-winning-director-dead-20160103-story.html ↩

  10. Weber, Bruce (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Cinematographer, Dies at 85; Gave Hollywood Films a New Look". New York Times. New York City. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/movies/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer-who-gave-hollywood-films-a-new-look-dies-at-85.html ↩

  11. "Vilmos Zsigmond, Close Encounters cinematographer, dies at 85". BBC News. London. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35220714 ↩

  12. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  13. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  14. Anderson, Tre'vell (January 3, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dead at 85". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Oscar-winning cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, revered as one of the most influential cinematographers in film history for his work on several classic films, including "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "The Deer Hunter," died Friday. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-winning-director-dead-20160103-story.html ↩

  15. "American Cinematographer's list of the top 50 best-shot films from 1950–97". theasc.com. American Society of Cinematographers. 1999. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://theasc.com/magazine/mar99/best/set2.htm ↩

  16. Leopold, Todd (January 4, 2016). "'Close Encounters' cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond dies at 85". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/04/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-close-encounters-dies-obit-feat/index.html ↩

  17. Leopold, Todd (January 4, 2016). "'Close Encounters' cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond dies at 85". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/04/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-close-encounters-dies-obit-feat/index.html ↩

  18. "ASC Awards: Past Nominees and Winners". theasc.com. American Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://theasc.com/asc/awards/past-nominees-winners ↩

  19. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  20. Anderson, Tre'vell (October 17, 2003). "Cinematographers pick their Top 11". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-17-et-e16filler17-story.html ↩

  21. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  22. Weber, Bruce (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Cinematographer, Dies at 85; Gave Hollywood Films a New Look". New York Times. New York City. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/movies/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer-who-gave-hollywood-films-a-new-look-dies-at-85.html ↩

  23. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

  24. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  25. Sragow, Michael (August 26, 2010). "Vilmos Zsigmond, the image-master". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/08/26/vilmos-zsigmond-the-image-master/ ↩

  26. Lacher, Irene (June 16, 2013). "The Sunday Conversation: Vilmos Zsigmond's technique comes into focus". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-jun-16-la-et-cm-ca-vilmos-zsigmond-conversation-20130616-story.html ↩

  27. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  28. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  29. Sragow, Michael (August 26, 2010). "Vilmos Zsigmond, the image-master". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/08/26/vilmos-zsigmond-the-image-master/ ↩

  30. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  31. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

  32. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  33. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  34. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

  35. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  36. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

  37. Anderson, Tre'vell (January 3, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dead at 85". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Oscar-winning cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, revered as one of the most influential cinematographers in film history for his work on several classic films, including "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "The Deer Hunter," died Friday. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-winning-director-dead-20160103-story.html ↩

  38. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  39. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  40. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  41. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  42. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

  43. Anderson, Tre'vell (January 3, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dead at 85". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Oscar-winning cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, revered as one of the most influential cinematographers in film history for his work on several classic films, including "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "The Deer Hunter," died Friday. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-winning-director-dead-20160103-story.html ↩

  44. Bergan, Ronald (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/04/vilmos-zsigmond ↩

  45. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  46. "Vilmos Zsigmond, Oscar-winning cinematographer, dies aged 85". The Guardian. London. January 3, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/03/vilmos-zsigmond-oscar-cinematographer-dies-close-encounters ↩

  47. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  48. "Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 30, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/05/30/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer--obituary/ ↩

  49. "Vilmos Zsigmond, the lighting wizard behind 'Close Encounters,' dies at 85". The Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia, United States. January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/vilmos-zsigmond-the-lighting-wizard-behind-close-encounters-dies-at-85/2016/01/04/92d22d26-b2fd-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html ↩

  50. Weber, Bruce (January 4, 2016). "Vilmos Zsigmond, Cinematographer, Dies at 85; Gave Hollywood Films a New Look". New York Times. New York City. Retrieved November 1, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/movies/vilmos-zsigmond-cinematographer-who-gave-hollywood-films-a-new-look-dies-at-85.html ↩

  51. Schaefer, Dennis; Larry Salvato (1985). "Vilmos Zsigmond". Masters of Light: Conversations with Contemporary Cinematographers. University of California Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-520-05336-6. 978-0-520-05336-6 ↩

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