Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Disney Interactive Studios
Defunct American video game developer

Disney Interactive Studios, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher owned by The Walt Disney Company through Disney Interactive. Prior to its closure in 2016, it developed and distributed multi-platform video games and interactive entertainment worldwide.

Most of the games released by Disney Interactive Studios were typically tie-in products to existing character franchises. On May 10, 2016, as a result of the discontinuation of its Disney Infinity series, Disney shut down Disney Interactive Studios, and exited the first-party home console game development business in order to focus on third-party development of home console video games through other developers. However, it continues to release games for iOS and Android mobile devices under its own label, Disney Mobile. Disney Electronic Content is a spiritual successor to the company.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Disney Interactive Studios yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Disney Interactive Studios yet.
We don't have any Books related to Disney Interactive Studios yet.

History

1988–1994: Walt Disney Computer Software

Disney established its own in house gaming unit,2 Walt Disney Computer Software, Inc. (WDCS), and it was incorporated on September 15, 1988.3 WDCS generally used third-party development studios to design spin-off games using its existing portfolio of characters. WDCS failed to meet the high expectations that came with the Disney name, although three of its self-published computer titles – Mickey's Runaway Zoo, Donald's Alphabet Chase and Who Framed Roger Rabbit – sold more than 100,000 copies, the industry equivalent of earning a Gold Record.4 The underlying issues were later attributed by senior Disney executives as being due to low product quality and lack of understanding of the differences between film and games.5

WDCS also published a series of Nintendo (NES) and Gameboy platform game titles with Japanese video game company Capcom. Of these titles, 1989's DuckTales received the most commercial and critical success, selling approximately 1.67 million and 1.43 million copies worldwide respectively, each becoming Capcom's highest-selling titles for their respective platforms.6 Produced by founding WDCS producer Darlene Waddington, DuckTales' Gameboy version was named "Gameboy Game of the Year" by PC Player Magazine.7 DuckTales continues to be considered a game with high nostalgic interest8 and was remade in 2013 as DuckTales: Remastered.9

Following DuckTales, WDCS developed and published another NES platform game with Capcom, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers. Rescue Rangers proved to be a commercial success, selling approximately 1.2 million copies worldwide, becoming Capcom's fourth highest-selling game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.10 Continuing with the success of these titles, Disney continued to find success with another Capcom developed title, Aladdin and The Lion King (developed by Westwood Studios) in 1993 and 1994 respectively. This led to a move from self-developed and self-published to funding and development management of games with third parties published the game.11

1994–2002: Disney Interactive

Using the film studio style formula, WDCS was reorganized into Disney Interactive, Inc. (DI)12 on December 5, 1994 with the merging of WDCS and Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications.1314151617 On April 15, 1997, Disney Interactive reduced its staff by 20%, effectively ending all in-house video game production.18 This increased the requests for licensing from third-party games companies. Under this plan, development and production cost risks were transferred to the game companies but reduced the per-unit revenue generated to Disney and effectively yielded a near 100% margin of licensed game sales.19 A thirteen-game agreement was made between Nintendo of America and Disney Interactive in 1999 for both the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color.20

In May 2001, the company signed a deal with Sony Computer Entertainment to allow the latter to publish titles based on Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Monsters, Inc., Treasure Planet, Lilo & Stitch, and Peter Pan: Return to Never Land on the PlayStation and PlayStation 2.21

In European territories, Infogrames formerly distributed several of Disney Interactive's PC titles, however, this agreement was later replaced with several separate distribution deals, including JoWooD Productions in Germany.22

2003–2007: Buena Vista Games

In 2003, Disney announced in their 2003 strategic review that they would re-enter the core publishing market and rebranded Disney Interactive, Inc. as Buena Vista Games, Inc. (BVG) The Disney Interactive and Buena Vista Interactive brands were retained as publishing labels for children's and core titles respectively.23

On April 19, 2005, Buena Vista Games announced that they had entered the game development market. The company formed Propaganda Games, based in Vancouver, British Columbia; which was made up of former employees at EA Canada, and purchased Avalanche Software in Salt Lake City, Utah for an undisclosed amount.24 On May 13, 2005, the company announced they had acquired the video game rights to the Turok franchise from owners Classic Media; which had been previously held by Acclaim Entertainment.25

On April 27, 2006, Buena Vista Games entered into a publishing agreement with Japanese developer Q Entertainment where the company would publish four of the developer's titles globally except in Asia; including a Disney-themed version of Meteos.26 In September, Buena Vista expanded their developer cycle by purchasing Climax Racing from the Climax Group27 and formed Fall Line Studios in November to create casual titles for the Nintendo DS and the Wii consoles.28

2007–2014: Disney Interactive Studios

On February 8, 2007, The Walt Disney Company renamed Buena Vista Games to Disney Interactive Studios as part of a larger company initiative to phase out the Buena Vista brand that year.2930 The studio publishes both Disney and non-Disney branded video games for all platforms worldwide, with titles that feature its consumer brands including Disney, ABC, ESPN, and Touchstone (which is used as a label for Disney). In July 2007, the studio acquired Junction Point Studios.31

On June 5, 2008, Disney Interactive Studios and the Walt Disney Internet Group, merged into a single business unit now known as the Disney Interactive Media Group,32 and it merged its subsidiary Fall Line Studios with its sister studio, Avalanche Software, in January 2009.33 In February 2009, Disney Interactive acquired Gamestar, a Chinese game development company.34 On September 8, 2009, Disney Interactive announced that it had acquired Wideload Games.35

In November 2010, the executive Graham Hopper left the company.36 He announced his departure via an internal e-mail saying "the time has come for me to move on from the company and set my sights on new horizons."37

DIS in October 2012 announced "Toy Box", a cross platform gaming initiative where Pixar and Disney characters will interact from a console game to multiple mobile and online applications.38 The first Toy Box cross platform game is Disney Infinity based on the Toy Story 3 game's Toy Box mode crossed with a toy line.39

After the purchase of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, Disney Interactive assumed the role of developing Star Wars games for the casual gaming market, while Electronic Arts would develop Star Wars games for the core gaming market through an exclusive license (although LucasArts did retain the ability to license Star Wars games to other developers for the casual gaming market).4041

At E3 2013, Disney and Square Enix released a teaser trailer for Kingdom Hearts III, after going seven years of not declaring any console Kingdom Hearts game since Kingdom Hearts II. The game would release nearly six years later in January 2019.

Disney Interactive Studios has lost more than $200 million per year from 2008 to 201242 during a period in which it shut down Propaganda Games,43 Black Rock Studio44 and Junction Point Studios45 and its co-president John Pleasants stepped down in November 2013 after the launch of Disney Infinity.46

2014–2016: Decline and dissolution

On March 6, 2014, 700 employees were laid off.47 After the cancellation of Disney Infinity, Disney Interactive Studios closed in 2016.48

List of games

Main article: List of Disney Interactive Studios games

The company also publishes games from Q Entertainment worldwide except Asia: Lumines II, the sequel to the puzzle game for the PSP system; Lumines Plus, a new version of Lumines for the PlayStation 2;49 Every Extend Extra, a puzzle shooter;50 and a Disney Interactive Studios's Meteos: Disney Edition, the popular Meteos game for the Nintendo DS with Disney characters.5152

The company revealed a lineup of games at E3 2006, which include DIE's Turok, a re-imagining of the video game series of the same name and Desperate Housewives: The Game, based on the hit television show.

Disney Interactive Studios is credited in all entries to the Kingdom Hearts franchise, with the original release box art of each entry to the series having different logos and name of the company seeing as coincidentally, the company is re-branded in between the releases. Notably however, the company is not credited to actually developing the game.53

Studios

Moved to Disney Interactive

Former/defunct

References

  1. Kohler, Chris (October 16, 2012). "How Videogames Are Changing Disney". Wired.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2012/10/disney-videogames/ ↩

  2. Kohler, Chris (October 16, 2012). "How Videogames Are Changing Disney". Wired.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2012/10/disney-videogames/ ↩

  3. "Articles of Incorporation: Walt Disney Computer Software". Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203065313/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=01622825-4076736 ↩

  4. Apodaca, Patrice (May 29, 1993). "Is Disney Mousing Around?". The Los Angeles Times. pp. 55–56. Retrieved October 9, 2023. https://www.newspapers.com/image/712142460/?terms=%22walt%20disney%20computer%20software%22 ↩

  5. Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). "Disney assault on games market: acquisitions and restructuring underpin rapid growth". Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811225737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194279934.html ↩

  6. Bramwell, Tom (May 27, 2008). "SFII SNES is Capcom's best-selling game". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved October 9, 2023. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/sfii-snes-is-capcoms-best-selling-game ↩

  7. Lacey, Darlene (March 8, 2020). "My Adventures in the Computer Games Industry". Retrieved October 9, 2023. https://darlenelacey.com/blog/my-adventures-in-the-computer-game-industry ↩

  8. Tieryas, Peter (February 2, 2021). "The Story Behind DuckTales on NES". https://kotaku.com/the-story-behind-ducktales-on-nes-1846174912 ↩

  9. "Disney DuckTales: Remastered". Metacritic. Retrieved October 9, 2023. https://www.metacritic.com/game/disney-ducktales-remastered/ ↩

  10. "Capcom IR (Investor Relationss)". September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20080116224723/http://ir.capcom.co.jp/english/data/million.html ↩

  11. Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). "Disney assault on games market: acquisitions and restructuring underpin rapid growth". Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811225737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194279934.html ↩

  12. Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). "Disney assault on games market: acquisitions and restructuring underpin rapid growth". Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811225737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194279934.html ↩

  13. Polsson, Ken. "July to December 1994". Chronology of the Walt Disney Company. Ken Polsson. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012. http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1994jul.htm ↩

  14. Fisher, Maxine (1988). Walt Disney. F. Watts. pp. A8. ISBN 978-0-531-10493-4. 978-0-531-10493-4 ↩

  15. "The New York Times". The New York Times. December 6, 1994. pp. D5. ↩

  16. "CD-ROM Today". CD-ROM Today. 3 (2): 26. February 19, 1995. ↩

  17. "Windows Magazine". Windows Magazine. 6 (3): 42. March 1995. ↩

  18. "Disney software cuts jobs". CNET. April 17, 1997. Retrieved February 26, 2025. https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/disney-software-cuts-jobs/ ↩

  19. Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). "Disney assault on games market: acquisitions and restructuring underpin rapid growth". Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811225737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194279934.html ↩

  20. Page 114. Volume 121 (June 1999) Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Nintendo Power. Accessed April 18, 2016. http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1999.htm ↩

  21. "Sony and Disney Align To Produce Games For PlayStation 2 and PSOne Consoles Based On Disney Feature Animated Content". SPOnG. Retrieved April 29, 2024. http://spong.com/press_release/1676/Sony-and-Disney-Align-To-Produce-Games-For-PlayStation-2-and-PSOne-Consoles-Based-On-Disney-Feature-Animated-Content ↩

  22. "JoWooD Prod. Software english - dgap.de". https://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/adhoc/jowood-prod-software-english/?companyID=296&newsID=20652 ↩

  23. Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). "Disney assault on games market: acquisitions and restructuring underpin rapid growth". Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811225737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194279934.html ↩

  24. Kawamoto, Dawn (April 19, 2005). "Disney scoops up Avalanche, founds new studio". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/disney-scoops-up-avalanche-founds-new-studio/1100-6122500/ ↩

  25. "Disney digs up Turok". gamespot.com. May 13, 2005. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2012. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/disney-digs-up-turok/1100-6124379/ ↩

  26. "Buena Vista Games partners with Q Entertainment". April 27, 2006. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/buena-vista-games-partners-with-q-entertainment ↩

  27. Sinclair, Brendan (September 28, 2006). "Buena Vista Games to acquire Climax Racing". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. http://www.gamespot.com/news/buena-vista-games-to-acquire-climax-racing-6158970 ↩

  28. "Disney to make Nintendo games". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-08-fi-disney8-story.html ↩

  29. Seff, Micah (February 8, 2007). "Buena Vista Games No Longer". IGN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20070212013200/http://pc.ign.com/articles/762/762776p1.html ↩

  30. Fixmer, Andy (April 25, 2007). "Disney to Drop Buena Vista Brand Name, People Say". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a0MG17nO.PG8&refer=home ↩

  31. "Disney buys game developer Junction Point". Los Angeles Times. Bloomberg News. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-13-fi-disney13-story.html ↩

  32. "Disney's games and internet divisions merging" Archived 2008-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Joystiq.com, 2008. http://www.joystiq.com/2008/06/05/disneys-games-and-internet-divisions-merging/ ↩

  33. Sinclair, Brendan (January 29, 2009). "Disney layoffs hit Turok, Bolt studios". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120307205045/http://www.gamespot.com/news/disney-layoffs-hit-turok-bolt-studios-6203898 ↩

  34. "Disney Interactive Studios Buys Chinese Gaming Studio Gamestar". CBS News.com. Pearl Research. February 11, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2012. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/disney-interactive-studios-buys-chinese-gaming-studio-gamestar/ ↩

  35. "Disney Interactive Studios to Buy Wideload Games". Entertainment Close-up. September 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140611044210/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-208350009.html ↩

  36. Orland, Kyle (November 22, 2010). "Disney Interactive Exec Graham Hopper Leaving Company". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/disney-interactive-exec-graham-hopper-leaving-company ↩

  37. Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Fritz, Ben (November 22, 2010). "Longtime Disney video game chief Graham Hopper latest to exit interactive group". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/11/long-time-disney-video-game-chief-graham-hopper-latest-to-exit-interactive-group.html ↩

  38. Barnes, Brooks (October 21, 2012). "Disney, Struggling to Find Its Digital Footing, Overhauls Disney.com". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/business/media/disney-struggling-to-find-its-digital-footing-overhauls-disneycom.html?_r=0 ↩

  39. Lang, Derrik J. (January 15, 2013). "Disney unveils own 'Skylanders'-like franchise". Business Week. AP. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130225175820/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-01-15/disney-unveils-own-skylanders-like-franchise ↩

  40. "ELECTRONIC ARTS SELECTED FOR MULTI-YEAR AGREEMENT FOR THE FUTURE OF STAR WARS GAMING". Lucasfilm. Star Wars.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. While EA studios will develop for the core Star Wars gaming audience, Disney Interactive will focus on delivering new Star Wars games for casual audiences on mobile, social, tablet, and online gaming platforms. http://starwars.com/news/electronic-arts-selected-for-multi-year-agreement-for-the-future-of-star-wars-gaming.html ↩

  41. "The Walt Disney Company and EA Announce Multi-Year Star Wars Games Agreement". Fort Mill Times. May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. http://www.fortmilltimes.com/2013/05/06/2670385/the-walt-disney-company-and-ea.html ↩

  42. Miller, Daniel (February 3, 2014). "Disney Interactive expected to begin layoffs". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-disney-interactive-expected-to-begin-layoffs-20140203,0,4272150.story ↩

  43. "Propaganda Games shuttered". Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121118190037/http://www.joystiq.com/2011/01/19/propaganda-games-shuttered/ ↩

  44. Purchese, Robert (July 1, 2011). "Split/Second dev Black Rock to close". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2011. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close ↩

  45. Lang, Derrik J. (January 29, 2013). "Disney closing 'Epic Mickey' video game developer". The Washington Times. AP. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/29/disney-closing-epic-mickey-video-game-developer/ ↩

  46. Miller, Daniel (February 3, 2014). "Disney Interactive expected to begin layoffs". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-disney-interactive-expected-to-begin-layoffs-20140203,0,4272150.story ↩

  47. Matulef, Jeffrey (March 6, 2014). "Disney Interactive lays off 700 staff". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-06-disney-interactive-lays-off-700-staff ↩

  48. Macy, Seth G. (May 10, 2016). "Disney Cancels Infinity, No Longer Self-Publishing Games". IGN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2016. https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/05/10/disney-cancels-infinity-no-longer-self-publishing-games ↩

  49. "Lumines Plus". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. February 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. https://www.metacritic.com/game/lumines-plus/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2 ↩

  50. Davis, Ryan (November 28, 2006). "Every Extend Extra Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/every-extend-extra-review/1900-6162418/ ↩

  51. "Meteos: Disney Magic". IGN. Ziff Davis, LLC. February 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. https://www.ign.com/games/meteos-disney-magic ↩

  52. McFerran, Damien (April 20, 2007). "Meteos: Disney Magic Review (DS)". Nintendo Life. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/2007/04/meteos_disney_magic_ds ↩

  53. http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine -- © Disney. Developed by SQUARE ENIX. http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ ↩

  54. Sinclair, Brendan (January 29, 2009). "Disney layoffs hit Turok, Bolt studios". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120307205045/http://www.gamespot.com/news/disney-layoffs-hit-turok-bolt-studios-6203898 ↩

  55. Macy, Seth G. (May 10, 2016). "Disney Cancels Infinity, No Longer Self-Publishing Games". IGN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2016. https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/05/10/disney-cancels-infinity-no-longer-self-publishing-games ↩

  56. Sinclair, Brendan (September 28, 2006). "Buena Vista Games to acquire Climax Racing". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. http://www.gamespot.com/news/buena-vista-games-to-acquire-climax-racing-6158970 ↩

  57. Purchese, Robert (July 1, 2011). "Split/Second dev Black Rock to close". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2011. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close ↩

  58. Sinclair, Brendan (January 29, 2009). "Disney layoffs hit Turok, Bolt studios". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120307205045/http://www.gamespot.com/news/disney-layoffs-hit-turok-bolt-studios-6203898 ↩

  59. "Disney Interactive Studios Buys Chinese Gaming Studio Gamestar". CBS News.com. Pearl Research. February 11, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2012. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/disney-interactive-studios-buys-chinese-gaming-studio-gamestar/ ↩

  60. "Disney buys game developer Junction Point". Los Angeles Times. Bloomberg News. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-13-fi-disney13-story.html ↩

  61. Lang, Derrik J. (January 29, 2013). "Disney closing 'Epic Mickey' video game developer". The Washington Times. AP. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/29/disney-closing-epic-mickey-video-game-developer/ ↩

  62. Kauppalehti. "Rocket Pack Oy | Yritys- ja taloustiedot | Kauppalehti". Tärkeimmät talousuutiset | Kauppalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved January 2, 2021. https://www.kauppalehti.fi/yritykset/yritys/rocket+pack+oy/23221869 ↩

  63. "Disney buys browser game engine dev Rocket Pack". March 7, 2011. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/disney-buys-browser-game-engine-dev-rocketpack ↩