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Wikimedia Foundation
American charitable organization

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (WMF) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in San Francisco and registered as a charitable foundation. Founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales in Florida, it operates Wikipedia, the world’s eighth most visited website, along with fourteen related open collaboration projects. WMF supports the development of the MediaWiki software that powers these platforms. The foundation provides infrastructure but relies on volunteers like Wikipedians to create and curate content. It is funded primarily through small donations, supplemented by grants and income from Wikimedia Enterprise. As of 2023, WMF employs over 700 people and holds net assets exceeding $255 million.

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History

Further information: History of Wikipedia

Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia. The project was originally funded by Bomis, Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site,10 so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence.11 That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project.

The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida, on June 20, 2003.121314 A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003.15 In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.16 Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 (Adult, Continuing education).1718

The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark.19

On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization, as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities.20

In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area. Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel.212223 The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco.24 It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then to One Montgomery Tower.25

On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise, a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises.2627 In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service.28 The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little".

Projects and initiatives

Content projects

For the list, see Special:SiteMatrix and Complete list of Wikimedia projects at Meta-Wiki.

The foundation operates 11 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date:

The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include:

  • Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community
  • Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development
  • MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software
  • Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects
  • Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools
  • Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of Phabricator

Wikimedia Enterprise

Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia.29 It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs, data snapshots or streams.

It was announced in March 2021,3031 and launched on October 26, 2021.3233 Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product.34 A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022.35

Affiliates

Further information: Wikimedia movement and List of Wikimedia chapters

Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons, hackathons, public relations, public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania.363738 While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates.

Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content.394041

The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004.42 In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 has not yet been finalized or adopted.4344

Wikimania

Main article: Wikimania

Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt, Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires,45 Cambridge,46 Haifa,47 Hong Kong,48 Taipei, London,49 Mexico City,50 Esino Lario, Italy,51 Montreal, Cape Town, and Stockholm. The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization.52 In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice, Poland.

Technology

The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects.53

Hardware

See also: Wikipedia § Hardware operations and support

Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture.54 Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam.55 In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux.5657 In 2019, it switched to Debian.58

By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes".5960 In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress.61

In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service.6263 This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012.6465

Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014,6667 the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis, such as cloud services (Toolforge)6869 and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration.70 In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia.71 In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo, the first of its kind in South America.72

Software

The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013;73 previously the MySQL database was used.74 The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects.

Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension7576 was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching.77 The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM78 and WordPress.79 The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features.80

Corporate identity

The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future.8182 The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media, was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003,83 three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge.84

All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception,85 and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement's websites.86 WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org, owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks, Wikidata, Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia. It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content.87

Finances

The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations.8889 Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will.90

As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax.9192 It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions.93 In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars,94 increased from three to four stars in 2010.95 As of January 2020, the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018.96

The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants, sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years.9798 DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge.99 An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation.100

In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations.101 In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations102103 and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote.104105

The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004,106 to $53.5 million in mid-2014107108 and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs.109

In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources.110111

Wikimedia Endowment

In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future.112 The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation, with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years.113 Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million.114 Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing, of Arcadia Fund, donated $5 million in 2017.115

In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million).116117118 In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google,119 $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing,120 $2.5 million more from Newmark,121 and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020.122123

As of 2023, the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales, Peter Baldwin, former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers, former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation, investor Annette Campbell-White, venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin.124

The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016.125 These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses.126 The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million.127 In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target.128 In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million.129

Financial development

The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment.130

YearSourceRevenueExpensesAsset riseNet assets atend of year
2023/2024PDF$185,383,511$178,471,109$16,584,053$271,555,390
2022/2023PDF$180,174,103$169,095,381$15,619,804$254,971,336
2021/2022PDF$154,686,521$145,970,915$8,173,996$239,351,532
2020/2021PDF$162,886,686$111,839,819$50,861,811$231,177,536
2019/2020PDF$129,234,327$112,489,397$14,674,300$180,315,725
2018/2019PDF$120,067,266$91,414,010$30,691,855$165,641,425
2017/2018PDF$104,505,783$81,442,265$21,619,373$134,949,570
2016/2017PDF$91,242,418$69,136,758$21,547,402$113,330,197
2015/2016PDF$81,862,724$65,947,465$13,962,497$91,782,795
2014/2015PDF$75,797,223$52,596,782$24,345,277$77,820,298
2013/2014PDF$52,465,287$45,900,745$8,285,897$53,475,021
2012/2013PDF$48,635,408$35,704,796$10,260,066$45,189,124
2011/2012PDF$38,479,665$29,260,652$10,736,914$34,929,058
2010/2011PDF$24,785,092$17,889,794$9,649,413$24,192,144
2009/2010PDF$17,979,312$10,266,793$6,310,964$14,542,731
2008/2009PDF$8,658,006$5,617,236$3,053,599$8,231,767
2007/2008PDF$5,032,981$3,540,724$3,519,886$5,178,168
2006/2007PDF$2,734,909$2,077,843$654,066$1,658,282
2005/2006PDF$1,508,039$791,907$736,132$1,004,216
2004/2005PDF$379,088$177,670$211,418$268,084
2003/2004PDF$80,129$23,463$56,666$56,666

Expenses (2004–2020)

A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services.131132

Wikimedia Foundation expenses 2004–2020

Grants

The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia.133 It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware,134 a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla,135 who later that year joined the foundation advisory board,136 and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin (Arcadia Fund), among others.137 In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation.138

In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia.139 The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons, to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files.140 In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.141 Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia.142 In 2010, Google donated $2 million143 and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation).144145146

In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees.147 In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received.148 In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation.149150

In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing151 and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation, scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years.152 In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata.153 This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort.154

Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative.155156157 In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the "Knowledge Engine", a project that proved controversial.158159 In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period,160 and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019.161

The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment):

Total($000s)DonorYears
9,000Sloan Foundation
  • 2008–2013
  • 2017–2019
5,952Stanton Foundation2009–2012
5,000(anonymous)2014–2018
3,100Google2010, 2019
2,000Omidyar Network2009–2010
1,527Rausing, Baldwinvia Arcadia, Charities Aid
  • 2008
  • 2012–2015
1,300Hewlett2009–2010
500Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki2010
500Monarch Fund2014–2015

Board of trustees

The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members:

  • three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects;
  • two selected by Wikimedia chapters;
  • four appointed by the board itself; and
  • one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales.162163

Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees:164

  • eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community);
  • seven appointed by the board itself; and
  • one founder's seat reserved for Wales.

In 2015, James Heilman, a trustee recently elected to the board by the community,165 was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board.166167 This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community.168169 Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me."170 He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing,171 and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal.172 Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017.173

In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a "no poach" agreement he executed when at Google, which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees.174175

As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak, Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa);176 five Board-appointed trustees (McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti,177 Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei,178 technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales.179 Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs.180

As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023).181

Staff

History

In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer (finance, budgeting, and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments.182

In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time.183

As of October 4, 2006, the foundation had five paid employees:184 two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director,185 Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel. Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007186 to 2010.

In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications.187 Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency. Doran, found to have had a criminal record,188 left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007.189 Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit.190

Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied.191 In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard,192 who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications.

In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation.193 Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014;194195 she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014196) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016.197 Maher served as executive director until April 2021198199 and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure.200

Present department structure

As of October 23, 2023, there were over 700 people working at the foundation.201 Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022.202

As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure:203

  • Office of the chief executive officer: supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer.
  • Advancement: responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs.
  • Communications: responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts.
  • Finance and Administration: responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources.
  • Legal: responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy.
  • Product and Technology: builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites.
  • Talent and Culture: responsible for recruitment and training.

Disputes

See also: Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation

A number of disputes have resulted in litigation204205206207 while others have not.208 Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content."209

In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress.210 At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act.211 The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites.

In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so.212

In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden.213 On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages.214215

In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times, Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ, calling into question its practice of mass surveillance, which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.216217218 On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing. U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance, and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics".219220 The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016.221

In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China222 over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan.223 In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason.224 In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation.225 In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO;226 China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.227

Excessive spending and fundraising

In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs".228

During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues.229 Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as Argentina and Brazil,230 as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying".231 This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years.232

In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost, the English Wikipedia's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer",233234 produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad.235

As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023.236 Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation.237

The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22.238

Knowledge Engine project

Main article: Knowledge Engine (search engine)

Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet.239 The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation.240 Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016.241242 Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned.243244245

Knowledge equity grants

In 2022, the WMF announced new recipients for its "knowledge equity grants".246 The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. Some of these funds are allocated to the knowledge equity fund, which provides grants.247

Meta has related information at: Wikimedia Foundation/Chief Executive Officer/History

Organization

Financials

Charity status

Community

37°47′21″N 122°24′12″W / 37.78917°N 122.40333°W / 37.78917; -122.40333

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