List of brightest stars - Reference.org

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List of brightest stars

Stars sorted by apparent magnitude

This list of stars is organized by their apparent magnitude, reflecting brightness as seen from Earth. It includes stars brighter than magnitude +2.50 in visible light, measured using the UBV photometric system. Stars in binary or multiple systems are listed by combined brightness if unresolved by the naked eye. The magnitude scale is logarithmic and inverted, with lower numbers indicating brighter stars. Most stars appear bright due to proximity, not true luminosity; for intrinsic brightness, see the list of most luminous stars based on absolute magnitude.

Measurement

The Sun is the brightest star as viewed from Earth, at −26.78 mag. The second brightest is Sirius at −1.46 mag. For comparison, the brightest non-stellar objects in the Solar System have maximum brightnesses of:

Moon −12.7 mag¹
Venus −4.92 mag
Jupiter −2.94 mag
Mars −2.94 mag
Mercury −2.48 mag
Saturn −0.55 mag²

Any exact order of the visual brightness of stars is not perfectly defined for four reasons:

Stellar brightness is based on the apparent visual magnitude as perceived by the human eye, from the brightest stars of 1st magnitude to the faintest at 6th magnitude. Since the invention of the optical telescope and the documenting of binary stars and multiple star systems, stellar brightness could be expressed as either individual (separate) or total (combined) magnitude. The table is ordered by combined magnitude of all naked eye components appearing as if they were single stars. Such multiple star systems are indicated by parentheses showing the individual magnitudes of component stars bright enough to make a detectable contribution. For example, the binary star system Alpha Centauri has the total or combined magnitude of −0.27, while its two component stars have magnitudes of +0.01 and +1.33.³
New or more accurate photometry, standard filters, or adopting differing methods using standard stars can measure stellar magnitudes slightly differently. This may change the apparent order of lists of bright stars. The table shows measured V magnitudes, which use a specific filter that closely approximates human vision. However, other kinds of magnitude systems do exist based on different wavelengths, some well away from the distribution of the visible wavelengths of light, and these apparent magnitudes vary dramatically in the different systems.⁴ For example, Betelgeuse has the K-band (infrared) apparent magnitude of −4.05.⁵
Some stars, like Betelgeuse and Antares, are variable stars, changing their magnitude over days, months or years. In the table, the range of variation is indicated with the symbol "var". Single magnitude values quoted for variable stars come from a variety of sources. Magnitudes shown in the table are either when the stars are at maximum brightness, which is repeated for every cycle (e.g. the eclipsing binary Algol); or, if the variations are small, a simple average magnitude. For red variable stars, specifying a single maximum brightness is often difficult because each cycle produces a different maximum brightness; this is thought to be caused by poorly understood pulsations in stellar evolution processes. Such quoted stellar brightness is sometimes based on the average maximum apparent magnitude⁶ from estimated maxima over many observed light-curve cycles, sometimes spanning across centuries. Results often quoted in the literature are not necessarily straightforward and may differ in expressing an alternate value for a singular maximum brightness or as a range of values.
A few selected stars, thought to be uniformly fixed in brightness, are used as standard stars.[which?] These standard stars have carefully determined magnitudes that have been analysed over many years, and are often used to determine other stars' magnitudes or their stellar parameters using comparatively consistent scales.⁷

Nomenclature

All of these stars have multiple valid names or catalogue designations. The table lists their Bayer designation and the most common proper name. Most of the proper names have been approved⁸ by the Working Group on Star Names of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Popular names which have not been approved by the IAU are omitted.

Table

The source of magnitudes cited in this list is the linked Wikipedia articles. This basic list is a catalog of what Wikipedia itself documents. References can be found in the individual articles.

Legend

Brightest star of its constellation

Rank	Visual magnitude (mV)	Proper name ⁹	Bayerdesignation	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Celestial Hemisphere
0	0.000−26.74	Sun		0.0	G2 V
1	0.001−1.46	Sirius	α Canis Majoris	0008.6	A0mA1 Va, DA2	Southern
2	0.003−0.74	Canopus	α Carinae	0310	A9 II	Southern
3	0.004−0.27 (0.01 + 1.33)	Rigil Kentaurus& Toliman	α Centauri	0004.34	G2 V, K1 V	Southern
4	0.005−0.05	Arcturus	α Boötis	0037	K0 III	Northern
5	0.03 (−0.02–0.07var)	Vega	α Lyrae	0025	A0 Va	Northern
6	0.08 (0.03–0.16var)	Capella	α Aurigae	0043	K0 III, G1 III	Northern
7	0.13 (0.05–0.18var)	Rigel	β Orionis	0860	B8 Ia	Southern
8	0.34	Procyon	α Canis Minoris	0011	F5 IV-V	Northern
9	0.46 (0.40–0.46var)	Achernar	α Eridani	0140	B3 Vpe	Southern
10	0.50 (0.0–1.6var)	Betelgeuse	α Orionis	640	M1-M2 Ia-ab	Northern
11	0.61	Hadar	β Centauri	0390	B1 III	Southern
12	0.76	Altair	α Aquilae	0017	A7 V	Northern
13	0.76 (1.33 + 1.73)	Acrux	α Crucis	0320	B0.5 IV, B1 V	Southern
14	0.86 (0.75–0.95var)	Aldebaran	α Tauri	0065	K5 III	Northern
15	0.96 (0.6–1.6var)	Antares	α Scorpii	0550	M1.5 Iab-Ib, B2.5 V	Southern
16	0.97 (0.97–1.04var)	Spica	α Virginis	0250	B1 III-IV, B2 V	Southern
17	1.14	Pollux	β Geminorum	0034	K0 III	Northern
18	1.16	Fomalhaut	α Piscis Austrini	0025	A3 V	Southern
19	1.25 (1.21–1.29var)	Deneb	α Cygni	2,600	A2 Ia	Northern
20	1.25 (1.23–1.31var)	Mimosa	β Crucis	0280	B0.5 III, B2 V	Southern
21	1.39	Regulus	α Leonis	0079	B8 IVn	Northern
22	1.50	Adhara	ε Canis Majoris	0430	B2 II	Southern
23	1.58 (1.93 + 2.97)	Castor	α Geminorum	0051	A1 V, Am	Northern
24	1.62	Shaula	λ Scorpii	0570	B2 IV	Southern
25	1.64	Gacrux	γ Crucis	0089	M3.5 III	Southern
26	1.64	Bellatrix	γ Orionis	0250	B2 III	Northern
27	1.65	Elnath	β Tauri/γ Aurigae	0130	B7 III	Northern
28	1.69	Miaplacidus	β Carinae	0110	A1 III	Southern
29	1.69 (1.64–1.74var)	Alnilam	ε Orionis	1,180	B0 Ia	Southern
30	1.74	Alnair	α Gruis	0100	B6 V	Southern
31	1.77	Alnitak	ζ Orionis	01,300	O9.5 Iab, B1 IV, B0 III	Southern
32	1.77	Alioth	ε Ursae Majoris	0083	A1 III-IVp kB9	Northern
33	1.79	Dubhe	α Ursae Majoris	0120	K0 III, F0 V	Northern
34	1.82	Mirfak	α Persei	0510	F5 Ib	Northern
35	1.82	Wezen	δ Canis Majoris	1,800	F8 Ia	Southern
36	1.83 (1.81–1.87var + 4.27)	Regor	γ Velorum	0840	WC8, O7.5III	Southern
37	1.84	Sargas	θ Scorpii	0330	F0 II	Southern
38	1.85	Kaus Australis	ε Sagittarii	0140	B9.5 III	Southern
39	1.86	Avior	ε Carinae	0600	K3 III, B2 Vp	Southern
40	1.86	Alkaid	η Ursae Majoris	0100	B3 V	Northern
41	1.90 (1.89–1.94var)	Menkalinan	β Aurigae	080	A1mIV+A1mIV	Northern
42	1.91	Atria	α Tringuli Australis	0390	K2 IIb-IIIa	Southern
43	1.92	Alhena	γ Geminorum	0100	A1.5 IV+	Northern
44	1.94	Peacock	α Pavonis	0180	B3 V	Southern
45	1.96 (1.99–2.39var + 5.57)	Alsephina	δ Velorum	0080	A1 Va(n), F7.5 V	Southern
46	1.98	Mirzam	β Canis Majoris	0500	B1 II-III	Southern
47	1.98 (1.86–2.13var)	Polaris	α Ursae Minoris	0430	F7 Ib	Northern
48	2.00	Alphard	α Hydrae	0180	K3 II-III	Southern
49	2.00	Hamal	α Arietis	0066	K1 IIIb	Northern
50	2.02	Diphda	β Ceti	0096	K0 III	Southern
51	2.04	Mizar	ζ Ursae Majoris	0083	A2 Vp, A2 Vp, Am	Northern
52	2.05	Nunki	σ Sagittarii	0230	B2.5 V	Southern
53	2.06	Menkent	θ Centauri	0059	K0 III	Southern
54	2.06	Alpheratz	α Andromedae	0097	B8 IVpMnHg, A3 V	Northern
55	2.07¹⁰ (2.01–2.10var)	Mirach	β Andromedae	0200	M0 III	Northern
56	2.07	Rasalhague	α Ophiuchi	0047	A5IVnn	Northern
57	2.08 (2.37 + 3.64)	Algieba	γ Leonis	0130	K0 III, G7 IIIb	Northern
58	2.08	Kochab	β Ursae Minoris	0130	K4 III	Northern
59	2.09	Saiph	κ Orionis	0650	B0.5 Ia	Southern
60	2.11	Denebola	β Leonis	0036	A3 Va	Northern
61	2.12 (2.1–3.39var)	Algol	β Persei	0093	B8 V, K0 IV, A7m	Northern
62	2.15 (2.0–2.3var)	Tiaki	β Gruis	0170	M5 III	Southern
63	2.17	Muhlifain	γ Centauri	0130	A0 III, A0 III	Southern
64	2.21	Aspidiske	ι Carinae	0690	A9 Ib	Southern
65	2.21 (2.14–2.30var)	Suhail	λ Velorum	0570	K4 Ib	Southern
66	2.23 (2.21–2.32var)	Alphecca	α Coronae Borealis	0075	A0 V, G5 V	Northern
67	2.23 (2.23–2.35var)	Mintaka	δ Orionis	0900	O9.5 II, B1 V, B0 IV	Southern
68	2.23	Sadr	γ Cygni	1,500	F8 Iab	Northern
69	2.23	Eltanin	γ Draconis	0150	K5 III	Northern
70	2.24	Schedar	α Cassiopeiae	0230	K0 IIIa	Northern
71	2.25	Naos	ζ Puppis	1,080	O4 If(n)p	Southern
72	2.26	Almach	γ Andromedae	0350	K3 IIb, B9.5 V, B9.5 V, A0 V	Northern
73	2.28 (2.25–2.31var)	Caph	β Cassiopeiae	0054	F2 III	Northern
74	2.29	Izar	ε Boötis	0202	K0 II-III, A2 V	Northern
75	2.30 (2.29–2.34var)	Uridim	α Lupi	0550	B1.5 III	Southern
76	2.30 (2.29–2.31var)	—	ε Centauri	0380	B1III	Southern
77	2.31 (1.6–2.32var)	Dschubba	δ Scorpii	0400	B0.3 IV, B1-3 V	Southern
78	2.31	Larawag	ε Scorpii	0065	K1 III	Southern
79	2.35 (2.30–2.41var)	—	η Centauri	0310	B1.5 Vne	Southern
80	2.37	Merak	β Ursae Majoris	0079	A1 IVps	Northern
81	2.38	Ankaa	α Phoenicis	0077	K0.5 IIIb	Southern
82	2.39	Girtab	κ Scorpii	0460	B1.5 III	Southern
83	2.40 (0.7–3.0var)	Enif	ε Pegasi	0670	K2 Ib	Northern
84	2.42 (2.31–2.74var)	Scheat	β Pegasi	0200	M2.5 II-IIIe	Northern
85	2.43	Sabik	η Ophiuchi	0088	A1 IV, A1 IV	Southern
86	2.44	Phecda	γ Ursae Majoris	0083	A0 Ve	Northern
87	2.45	Aludra	η Canis Majoris	2,000	B5 Ia	Southern
88	2.46	Alderamin	α Cephei	49	A8Vn	Northern
89	2.46	Markeb	κ Velorum	0540	B2 IV	Southern
90	2.47 (1.6–3.0var)	–	γ Cassiopeiae	0610	B0.5 IVe	Northern
91	2.48	Markab	α Pegasi	0140	A0 IV	Northern
92	2.48	Aljanah	ε Cygni	0072	K0 III-IV	Northern
93	2.50	Acrab	β Scorpii	0404	B0.5 IV-V, B1.5 V, B2 V	Southern

Brightest star by galaxy

Galaxy	Star	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Apparent Magnitude	Absolute Magnitude	Notes
Milky Way	Sun	0	G2V	–26.74	4.83
Milky Way	G0.238-0.071	26,000	WN11h	14.37	-12.01
Large Magellanic Cloud	HD 33579	163,000	A3Ia+	8.99 – 9.22 (variable)¹¹	−9.57	The Luminous Blue Variables S Doradus and R71 are brighter during their outbursts.
Small Magellanic Cloud	SK 69	200,000	B8Ia	10.47¹²
Andromeda Galaxy	[DMM2009] J004406.32+420131	2,500,000	F2Ia	15.6¹³
Triangulum Galaxy	B324	3,200,000	A8–F0Ia	14.859¹⁴	–10.2	A yellow hypergiant.

External links

References

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