Isotopes of strontium - Reference.org

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Isotopes of strontium

The alkaline earth metal strontium (38Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: 84Sr (0.56%), 86Sr (9.86%), 87Sr (7.0%) and 88Sr (82.58%). Its standard atomic weight is 87.62(1).

Only 87Sr is radiogenic; it is produced by decay from the radioactive alkali metal 87Rb, which has a half-life of 4.88 × 1010 years (i.e. more than three times longer than the current age of the universe). Thus, there are two sources of 87Sr in any material: primordial, formed during nucleosynthesis along with 84Sr, 86Sr and 88Sr; and that formed by radioactive decay of 87Rb. The ratio 87Sr/86Sr is the parameter typically reported in geologic investigations; ratios in minerals and rocks have values ranging from about 0.7 to greater than 4.0 (see rubidium–strontium dating). Because strontium has an electron configuration similar to that of calcium, it readily substitutes for calcium in minerals.

In addition to the four stable isotopes, thirty-two unstable isotopes of strontium are known to exist, ranging from 73Sr to 108Sr. Radioactive isotopes of strontium primarily decay into the neighbouring elements yttrium (89Sr and heavier isotopes, via beta minus decay) and rubidium (85Sr, 83Sr and lighter isotopes, via positron emission or electron capture). The longest-lived of these isotopes, and the most relevantly studied, are 90Sr with a half-life of 28.9 years, 85Sr with a half-life of 64.853 days, and 89Sr (89Sr) with a half-life of 50.57 days. All other strontium isotopes have half-lives shorter than 50 days, most under 100 minutes.

Strontium-89 is an artificial radioisotope used in treatment of bone cancer; this application utilizes its chemical similarity to calcium, which allows it to substitute calcium in bone structures. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony metastases, the administration of 89Sr results in the delivery of beta particles directly to the cancerous portions of the bone, where calcium turnover is greatest. Strontium-90 is a by-product of nuclear fission, present in nuclear fallout. The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident contaminated a vast area with 90Sr. It causes health problems, as it substitutes for calcium in bone, preventing expulsion from the body. Because it is a long-lived high-energy beta emitter, it is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in spacecraft, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is required.

In 2020, researchers have found that mirror nuclides 73Sr and 73Br were found to not behave identically to each other as expected.

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List of isotopes

Nuclide⁵	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)⁶ ⁷ ⁸	Half-life ⁹ ¹⁰	Decaymode ¹¹ ¹²	Daughterisotope ¹³ ¹⁴	Spin andparity ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide⁵	Excitation energy			Half-life ⁹ ¹⁰	Decaymode ¹¹ ¹²	Daughterisotope ¹³ ¹⁴	Spin andparity ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷	Normal proportion¹⁸	Range of variation
73Sr	38	35	72.96570(43)#	25.3(14) ms	β+, p (63%)	72Kr	(5/2−)
73Sr	38	35	72.96570(43)#	25.3(14) ms	β+ (37%)	73Rb	(5/2−)
74Sr	38	36	73.95617(11)#	27.6(26) ms	β+	74Rb	0+
75Sr	38	37	74.94995(24)	85.2(23) ms	β+ (94.8%)	75Rb	(3/2−)
75Sr	38	37	74.94995(24)	85.2(23) ms	β+, p (5.2%)	74Kr	(3/2−)
76Sr	38	38	75.941763(37)	7.89(7) s	β+	76Rb	0+
76Sr	38	38	75.941763(37)	7.89(7) s	β+, p (0.0034%)	75Kr	0+
77Sr	38	39	76.9379455(85)	9.0(2) s	β+ (99.92%)	77Rb	5/2+
77Sr	38	39	76.9379455(85)	9.0(2) s	β+, p (0.08%)	76Kr	5/2+
78Sr	38	40	77.9321800(80)	156.1(27) s	β+	78Rb	0+
79Sr	38	41	78.9297047(80)	2.25(10) min	β+	79Rb	3/2−
80Sr	38	42	79.9245175(37)	106.3(15) min	β+	80Rb	0+
81Sr	38	43	80.9232114(34)	22.3(4) min	β+	81Rb	1/2−
81m1Sr	79.23(4) keV			390(50) ns	IT	81Sr	(5/2)−
81m2Sr	89.05(7) keV			6.4(5) μs			(7/2+)
82Sr	38	44	81.9183998(64)	25.35(3) d	EC	82Rb	0+
83Sr	38	45	82.9175544(73)	32.41(3) h	β+	83Rb	7/2+
83mSr	259.15(9) keV			4.95(12) s	IT	83Sr	1/2−
84Sr	38	46	83.9134191(13)	Observationally Stable ¹⁹			0+	0.0056(2)
85Sr	38	47	84.9129320(30)	64.846(6) d	EC	85Rb	9/2+
85mSr	238.79(5) keV			67.63(4) min	IT (86.6%)	85Sr	1/2−
85mSr	238.79(5) keV			67.63(4) min	β+ (13.4%)	85Rb	1/2−
86Sr	38	48	85.9092607247(56)	Stable			0+	0.0986(20)
86mSr	2956.09(12) keV			455(7) ns	IT	86Sr	8+
87Sr²⁰	38	49	86.9088774945(55)	Stable			9/2+	0.0700(20)
87mSr	388.5287(23) keV			2.805(9) h	IT (99.70%)	87Sr	1/2−
87mSr	388.5287(23) keV			2.805(9) h	EC (0.30%)	87Rb	1/2−
88Sr²¹	38	50	87.905612253(6)	Stable			0+	0.8258(35)
89Sr ²²	38	51	88.907450808(98)	50.563(25) d	β−	89Y	5/2+
90Sr ²³	38	52	89.9077279(16)	28.91(3) y	β−	90Y	0+
91Sr	38	53	90.9101959(59)	9.65(6) h	β−	91Y	5/2+
92Sr	38	54	91.9110382(37)	2.611(17) h	β−	92Y	0+
93Sr	38	55	92.9140243(81)	7.43(3) min	β−	93Y	5/2+
94Sr	38	56	93.9153556(18)	75.3(2) s	β−	94Y	0+
95Sr	38	57	94.9193583(62)	23.90(14) s	β−	95Y	1/2+
96Sr	38	58	95.9217190(91)	1.059(8) s	β−	96Y	0+
97Sr	38	59	96.9263756(36)	432(4) ms	β− (99.98%)	97Y	1/2+
97Sr	38	59	96.9263756(36)	432(4) ms	β−, n (0.02%)	96Y	1/2+
97m1Sr	308.13(11) keV			175.2(21) ns	IT	97Sr	7/2+
97m2Sr	830.83(23) keV			513(5) ns	IT	97Sr	(9/2+)
98Sr	38	60	97.9286926(35)	653(2) ms	β− (99.77%)	98Y	0+
98Sr	38	60	97.9286926(35)	653(2) ms	β−, n (0.23%)	97Y	0+
99Sr	38	61	98.9328836(51)	269.2(10) ms	β− (99.90%)	99Y	3/2+
99Sr	38	61	98.9328836(51)	269.2(10) ms	β−, n (0.100%)	98Y	3/2+
100Sr	38	62	99.9357833(74)	202.1(17) ms	β− (98.89%)	100Y	0+
100Sr	38	62	99.9357833(74)	202.1(17) ms	β−, n (1.11%)	99Y	0+
100mSr	1618.72(20) keV			122(9) ns	IT	100Sr	(4−)
101Sr	38	63	100.9406063(91)	113.7(17) ms	β− (97.25%)	101Y	(5/2−)
101Sr	38	63	100.9406063(91)	113.7(17) ms	β−, n (2.75%)	100Y	(5/2−)
102Sr	38	64	101.944005(72)	69(6) ms	β− (94.5%)	102Y	0+
102Sr	38	64	101.944005(72)	69(6) ms	β−, n (5.5%)	101Y	0+
103Sr	38	65	102.94924(22)#	53(10) ms	β−	103Y	5/2+#
104Sr	38	66	103.95302(32)#	50.6(42) ms	β−	104Y	0+
105Sr	38	67	104.95900(54)#	39(5) ms	β−	105Y	5/2+#
106Sr	38	68	105.96318(64)#	21(8) ms	β−	106Y	0+
107Sr	38	69	106.96967(75)#	25# ms[>400 ns]			1/2+#
108Sr²⁴	38	70
This table header & footer: view

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

References

Dickin, Alan P. (2018). Radiogenic Isotope Geology (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09944-9. 978-1-107-09944-9 ↩
Reddy, Eashwer K.; Robinson, Ralph G.; Mansfield, Carl M. (January 1986). "Strontium 89 for Palliation of Bone Metastases". Journal of the National Medical Association. 78 (1): 27–32. ISSN 0027-9684. PMC 2571189. PMID 2419578. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571189 ↩
Wilken, R.D.; Diehl, R. (1987). "Strontium-90 in environmental samples from Northern Germany before and after the Chernobyl accident". Radiochimica Acta. 41 (4): 157–162. doi:10.1524/ract.1987.41.4.157. S2CID 99369165. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:19040220 ↩
"Discovery by UMass Lowell-led team challenges nuclear theory". Space Daily. Retrieved 2022-06-26. https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Discovery_by_UMass_Lowell_led_team_challenges_nuclear_theory_999.html ↩
mSr – Excited nuclear isomer. /wiki/Nuclear_isomer ↩
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. ↩
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission /wiki/Electron_capture ↩
Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable. ↩
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. ↩
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Believed to decay by β+β+ to 84Kr ↩
Used in rubidium–strontium dating /wiki/Rubidium%E2%80%93strontium_dating ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of 110Zr". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083. https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614 ↩