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Common opossum
Species of marsupial

The common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), also called the southern or black-eared opossum or gambá, and sometimes called a possum, is a marsupial species living from the northeast of Mexico to Bolivia (reaching the coast of the South Pacific Ocean to the central coast of Peru), including Trinidad and Tobago and the Windwards in the Caribbean, where it is called manicou. It prefers the woods, but can also live in fields and cities.

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Habitat and shelter

This opossum is found in tropical and subtropical forest, both primary and secondary, at altitudes up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft).4 They use a wide range of nest sites. Most commonly they will create one in the hollow of a tree; however, they will also dig a burrow or nest in any dark location if nothing else is suitable (which often gets them in trouble with humans). Opossums enjoy denning underground, but do not spend as much time underground when it is dry season.5 Common predators of the opossum are humans, house pets (ex: dogs and cats), and birds.6 When they are in danger, they act dead, also called 'playing possum.'7

Description

The common opossum is similar in size to a house cat. The fur of the opossum is actually yellow in the under-fur, but is hidden by the longer black guard-hairs that cover it, while the tail, fingers, and face are lighter "with the tail being without fur, somewhat similar to a giant rat tail". It can measure nearly 20 inches (51 cm) long. It has large ears that are usually black, and its face is usually a pale peach in color, with black whiskers and eyes that reflect reddish in light. With a body length of nearly a foot, and a tail that can reach almost two feet, the common opossum is one of the larger members of its family. An adult can weigh more than three pounds.

Behavior

Their activity is mainly nocturnal and terrestrial, with some arboreal exploration and nesting. Outside of mating, they are usually solitary. A male opossum's home range (distance traveled at night) can vary in size from wet to dry seasons while a female has a more stationary home range when she is breeding.8 Males are most active between 11 pm and 3 am at night.9 They are considered pests due to their somewhat raccoon-like behavior. Raiding trash cans, nesting in locations that are not suitable, and causing mayhem if encountered within a human living space, they are often trapped and killed. Opossums have not been observed to be territorial.10 The common opossum is a host of the acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Gigantorhynchus lutzi.11

Common predators of the opossum are humans, dogs, and some birds.12 When they are in danger, they act dead; this is commonly called "playing possum".13

Diet

Common opossums have a broad ability to adapt to environmental changes, and their teeth allow them to eat many different types of food, which is obtained mostly on the ground. They can eat insects (such as beetles and grasshoppers)14 and other invertebrates (such as earthworms),15 small vertebrates (toads [such as cane toads], snakes [such as South American rattlesnakes], birds [such as lance-tailed manakins], and small mammals),16 fruits, vegetables, nectar,17 and also carrion. In urban areas, they may find articles of food in compost piles and garbage cans.18 Their ability to digest almost anything edible gives them a broader range than a human.

Reproduction

The female will have five to nine offspring between one and three times per year after maturity. The mother raises the young by herself. The common opossum can mate for the majority of the calendar year. They do not mate for life.19 Female opossums can give birth to at most 24 infants, however, only a third of them usually survive. Young opossums stay with the mother for the first few months of their lives and reach maturity before they are a year old.

Lifespan

The common opossum lives for around two to four years maximum.20

Classification

They are members of the genus Didelphis, which contains the largest American opossums, and the order Didelphimorphia, to which most Western hemisphere opossums belong (excluding the seven species of shrew opossums). The common opossum is currently not an endangered species.21

References

  1. Astúa, D.; Lew, D.; Costa, L.P.; Pérez-Hernandez, R. (2021). "Didelphis marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40501A197310576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40501A197310576.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40501/197310576 ↩

  2. Astúa, D.; Lew, D.; Costa, L.P.; Pérez-Hernandez, R. (2021). "Didelphis marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40501A197310576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40501A197310576.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40501/197310576 ↩

  3. "Checklist of Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago". Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Biodiversity Clearing House. 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2010-10-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20101121010502/http://www.trinbagobiodiversity.gov.tt/mammals/index.htm ↩

  4. Astúa, D.; Lew, D.; Costa, L.P.; Pérez-Hernandez, R. (2021). "Didelphis marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40501A197310576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40501A197310576.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40501/197310576 ↩

  5. Sunquist, Mel E.; Austad, Steven N.; Sunquist, Fiona (1987). "Movement Patterns and Home Range in the Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (1): 173–176. doi:10.2307/1381069. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381069. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381069 ↩

  6. "Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) | Incredible Facts". A-Z Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/animals/opossum/ ↩

  7. "Learn about opossums". Wild Massachusetts. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/learn-about-opossums ↩

  8. Sunquist, Mel E.; Austad, Steven N.; Sunquist, Fiona (1987). "Movement Patterns and Home Range in the Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (1): 173–176. doi:10.2307/1381069. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381069. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381069 ↩

  9. Vaughan, Christopher S; Foster Hawkins, L (1969-12-31). "Late dry season habitat use of common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in neotropical lower montane agricultural areas". Revista de Biología Tropical: 263–269. doi:10.15517/rbt.v47i1-2.19075. ISSN 2215-2075. https://doi.org/10.15517%2Frbt.v47i1-2.19075 ↩

  10. Sunquist, Mel E.; Austad, Steven N.; Sunquist, Fiona (1987). "Movement Patterns and Home Range in the Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (1): 173–176. doi:10.2307/1381069. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381069. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381069 ↩

  11. Nascimento Gomes, Ana Paula; Cesário, Clarice Silva; Olifiers, Natalie; de Cassia Bianchi, Rita; Maldonado, Arnaldo; Vilela, Roberto do Val (December 2019). "New morphological and genetic data of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 10: 281–288. Bibcode:2019IJPPW..10..281N. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008. PMC 6906829. PMID 31867208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6906829 ↩

  12. "Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) | Incredible Facts". A-Z Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/animals/opossum/ ↩

  13. "Learn about opossums". Wild Massachusetts. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/learn-about-opossums ↩

  14. "Didelphis marsupialis (Southern opossum)". Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Didelphis_marsupialis/ ↩

  15. "Didelphis marsupialis (Southern opossum)". Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Didelphis_marsupialis/ ↩

  16. "Didelphis marsupialis (Southern opossum)". Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Didelphis_marsupialis/ ↩

  17. "Didelphis marsupialis (Southern opossum)". Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Didelphis_marsupialis/ ↩

  18. "Didelphis marsupialis (Common Opossum or Manicou)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2022. https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Didelphis_marsupialis%20-%20Common%20Opossum%20or%20Manicou.pdf ↩

  19. Medellín, Rodrigo A. (2004). Michael Hutchins (ed.). Didelphimorphia (New World Opossums). Vol. 12 : Mammals I, Gale (2nd ed.). Gale eBooks. pp. 249–265. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3406700770/GVRL?u=ucberkeley&sid=GVRL&xid=34d8ffc5 ↩

  20. Ziller, Silvia Renate (30 March 2015). "Datasheet: Didelphis marsupialis (common opossum)". CABI Compendium. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.84946. Retrieved 25 August 2024. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.84946 ↩

  21. "Funk, Isaac Kaufman, (10 Sept. 1839–4 April 1912), author; President Funk & Wagnalls Company; Editor-in-chief of the various periodicals of Funk & Wagnalls Company; Editor-in-chief of the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, new edition revised 1903; Chairman of Editorial Board that produced Jewish Encyclopædia", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186193, retrieved 2020-11-17 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186193 ↩