Pre-science Ionian school of philosophy seeks to explain phenomena
-100000
Anaximander proposes origin of the cosmos
-599
Pythagoreanism beliefs become popular
-531
Anaxagoras brings Ionian philosophy to Athens
-489
Empedocles asserts all matter composed of four elements
-459
Eudoxus of Cnidus explains motion of planets
-366
Euclid of Alexandria produces Elements
-322
Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth
-269
Ptolemy produces the Almagest
-129
Thales of Miletus asserts all things originate from water
-600
Pythagoras establishes school at Croton
-569
Parmenides argues all change is illusory
-524
Zeno advances his famous paradox
-479
Aristotle studies at Plato's Academy
-449
Theophrastus succeeds Aristotle in school
-359
Aristarchus of Samos calculates planetary distances
-299
Hipparchus of Rhodes discovers precession of equinoxes
-249
John Philoponus writes commentaries on Aristotle
361
Jabir ibn Hayyan becomes influential
601
Albumazar legitimizes astrology in Islamic world
801
Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates medical texts
831
Thābit ibn Qurra becomes court astronomer in Baghdad
846
Ibn al-Haytham produces works on optical theory
968
Themistius writes commentaries on Aristotle
131
Isidore of Seville becomes Archbishop
551
Arab scholars translate Greek and Roman scientific works
761
Al-Kindi publishes works
821
John Scotus Eriugena translats ancient scientific works
841
Gerbert of Aurillac revives school study of mathematics
861
Adelard of Bath translates Euclid's Elements
1023
Hugh of Saint Victor writes extensive works
1131
University of Paris becomes leading centre of learning
1142
The University of Oxford is founded
1170
The University of Cambridge is founded
1176
Avicenna moves to court of Esfahan
1001
William of Conches argues God operates through natural forces
1126
Thierry of Chartres becomes chancellor
1134
Averroes works on Aristotelian commentaries
1161
Gerard of Cremona completes Ptolemy's Almagest
1171
Roger Bacon begins scholarly career
1230
Siger of Brabant lectures on Aristotelian philosophy
1260
John Duns Scotus begins teaching
1271
Thomas Bradwardine describes motion mathematically
1311
Nicole Oresme argues for heliocentric universe
1329
Robert Grosseteste promotes philosophical rationalism
1210
William of Moerbeke translates Aristotle
1248
Étienne Tempier condemns philosophical doctrine
1261
Pseudo-Geber produces treatises on alchemy
1303
Jean Buridan writes theory of "impetus"
1328
Regiomontanus translates Ptolemy's Almagest
1371
Paracelsus lectures at University of Basel
1464
Nicolaus Copernicus advances heliocentric solar system
1543
Georgius Agricola's works published
1546
Gabriele Falloppio publishes anatomy works
1560
Giordarno Bruno is burned at the stake
1577
Andreas Vesalius publishes human anatomy works
1525
Gerolamo Cardano publishes Ars magna
1544
Realdo Colombo describes pulmonary circuit
1557
Tycho Brahe builds observatory
1562
Johann Bayer describes stars
1601
Johannes Kepler describes laws of planetary motion
1609
John Napier discovers logarithms
1611
Willebrord Snellius formulates law of refraction
1620
William Harvey discovers blood circulation
1628
Galileo Galilei forced to recant belief in Copernicanism
1633
René Descartes publishes Discourse on Method
1634
Jeremiah Horrocks predicts transit of Venus
1639
René Descartes proposes theory of vortices
1644
William Gilbert publishes De magnete
1600
Hans Lippershey patents telescope
1604
Galileo Galilei discovers moons of Jupiter
1610
Johannes Kepler presents 3rd law of planetary motion
1615
Johannes Kepler publishes Rudolphine Tables
1622
Galileo Galilei publishes works on Copernican system
1629
William Oughtred invents slide rule
1633
Galileo Galilei publishes Two New Sciences
1638
Evangelista Torricelli invents mercury barometer
1640
Christiaan Huygens discovers Saturn's Titan
1645
Robert Boyle pioneers scientific method
1656
Jan Swammerdam first observes red blood cells
1657
Robert Boyle describes Boyle's law
1661
Isaac Newton invents calculus
1665
Marcello Malpighi publishes works on histology
1667
John Flamsteed appointed first British Astronomer Royal
1675
Ole Rømer discovers spped of light is finite
1676
Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1678
Christiaan Huygens invents pendulum clock
1656
Royal Society of London founded
1659
Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia
1663
Jean-Baptiste Colbert founds Academy of Sciences in Paris
1666
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers microorganisms
1670
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz develops differential calculus
1675
Christiaan Huygens proposes wave theory of light
1677
Georg Ernst Stahl proposes incorrect theory of phlogiston
1688
Isaac Newton publishes Opticks
1701
Stephen Hales publishes botany works
1706
Carl Linnaeus publishes Systema naturae
1729
Edmond Halley maps Halley's comet
1705
James Bradley discovers aberration of light
1728
French physiocrats popularize Physiocracy
1736
Benjamin Franklin proves lightning is electricity
1751
Joseph Black studies carbon dioxide
1754
John Michell publishes on Earthquakes
1759
James Cook voyages South Pacific
1767
Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers oxygen
1772
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
1775
Joseph Banks heads Royal Society of London
1778
John Goodricke discovers Algol star
1782
Antoine Lavoisier announces water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen
1783
James Hutton proposes theory of uniformitarianism
1785
New Chemical nomenclature published
1787
William Smith founds field of stratigraphy
1790
Thomas Malthus pens essay on population growth
1795
Alexander von Humboldt begins expedition to South America
1799
Carl Linnaeus introduces botanical binomial system
1753
Edmond Halley proved correct on comet
1757
Henry Cavendish discovers hydrogen
1761
Charles Messier publishes astronomical catalogue
1769
Joseph Priestley describes oxygen
1773
Antoine Lavoisier proposes theory of combustion
1777
William Herschel discovers Uranus
1779
Caroline Herschel publishes catalog of star clusters
1783
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb details Coulomb's law
1784
Pierre-Simon Laplace proves stability of solar system
1786
Gilbert White publishes Natural History classic
1788
Erasmus Darwin advances evolutionary theory
1794
Henry Cavendish determines density of Earth
1798
Alessandro Volta invents the first battery
1800
Thomas Young establishes wave theory of light
1802
Humphry Davy isolates potassium
1804
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac proposes Gay-Lussac's law
1808
Robert Brown details botany in Australia
1810
Joseph von Fraunhofer discovers Fraunhofer lines
1812
Justus von Liebig establishes laboratory-oriented teaching
1821
Georges Cuvier founds field of comparative anatomy
1800
Giuseppe Piazzi discovers first asteroid
1801
John Dalton proposes existance of atoms
1803
Jöns Jacob Berzelius researches modern chemistry
1807
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposes inherited characteristics
1809
Amedeo Avogadro discovers Avogadro constant
1811
Hans Christian Ørsted discovers electromagnetic theory
1815
Friedrich Wöhler works in inorganic chemistry
1828
Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
1831
Évariste Galois conceptualizes group theory in algebra
1832
Friedrich Bessel calculates distance from stars to the sun
1834
Joseph Dalton Hooker works on HMS Erebus
1839
Charles Darwin publishes his Journal of Researches
1839
Kew Gardens becomes prominent scientific research facility
1840
John Couch Adams predicts planet beyond Uranus
1843
New planet Neptune discovered
1846
Robert Brown observes Brownian motion
1827
Charles Lyell publishes Principles of Geology
1829
Charles Darwin begins HMS Beagle trip
1831
William Beaumont details human digestion
1833
Matthias Jakob Schleiden advances cell theory for plants
1838
Roderick Murchison describes Silurian system of strata
1839
Theodor Schwann applies Schleiden's cell theory to animals
1839
Christian Doppler proposes Doppler principle
1842
Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier independently proposes planet beyond Uranus
1845
Hermann von Helmholtz theorizes conservation of energy
1847
Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics
1848
Alfred Russel Wallace begins expedition to Malay Archipelago
1852
August Kekulé lays foundation of structural organic chemistry
1858
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff proposes Kirchhoff's laws
1859
William Huggins pioneers astrophysics
1862
Laws of Mendelian inheritance discovered
1865
Angelo Secchi pioneers astronomical spectroscopy
1869
James Clerk Maxwell formulates classical theory of electromagnetic radiation
1872
Field of stereochemistry established
1874
Léon Foucault proves diurnal rotation of Earth
1851
Theory of natural selection published
1855
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
1859
Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism proposed
1860
Law of mass action formulated
1864
Dmitri Mendeleev formulates Periodic Law
1866
John William Strutt discovers why sky is blue
1870
Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes works on thermodynamics
1873
Svante Arrhenius argues electrolytes are dissolved in solution
1878
Henry Augustus Rowland invents diffraction gratings machine
1885
Marine Biological Laboratory founded
1888
Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays
1890
Eduard Buchner discovers fermentation
1897
Pierre and Marie Curie discover Polonium
1898
Asaph Hall discovers two moons of Mars
1875
Heinrich Hertz proves existence of electromagnetic waves
1885
American physicists measure speed of light
1886
George Ellery Hale invents Spectroheliograph
1889
Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity
1896
J.J. Thomson discovers electrons
1897
Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
1899
Max Planck formulates quantum theory
1900
Marie Curie isolates pure radium
1902
Albert Einstein publishes "annus mirabilis"
1905
Thomas Hunt Morgan studies fruit fly
1907
Robert Andrews Millikan proves charge on electron
1909
First Nobel Prizes are awarded
1901
George Ellery Hale founds Observatory
1904
Walther Nernst formulates 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
1906
George Ellery Hale discovers magnetic fields in sunspots
1908
Ejnar Hertzsprung discovers relationship between spectral class and luminosity
1911
Frederick Soddy proved the existence of isotopes
1912
Niels Bohr studies atomic structure
1913
Bronislaw Malinowski founds field of social anthropology
1914
Harlow Shapley studies Milky Way
1917
Arthur Eddington expands Einstein's theories
1919
Ernest Rutherford proposes atomic structure
1910
Alfred Wegener proposes theory of continental drift
1912
Vesto Melvin Slipher theorizes universe is expanding
1912
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram created
1913
Albert Einstein publishes Theory of relativity
1916
Ernest Rutherford achieves transmutation of elements
1918
Gilbert N. Lewis formulates electron theory of chemical bonding
1922
Edwin Hubble discovers universe goes beyond Milky Way
1924
Erwin Schrödinger proposes theory of wave mechanics
1926
George Gamow works on atomic nuclei
1928
Edwin Hubble discovers most galaxies are receding
1929
Vilhelm Bjerknes discovers modern meteorology
1920
Raymond Dart discovers first extinct hominin fossil
1924
Werner Heisenberg publishes quantum mechanics paper
1925
Werner Heisenberg announces uncertainty principle
1927
Ernest Lawrence designs first cyclotron
1929
Bernard Lyot invents the coronagraph
1930
Louis Leakey proves humans evolved in Africa
1931
Robert Van de Graaff builds first electrostatic generator
1931
James Chadwick discovers the neutron
1932
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann produce barium
1936
Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto
1930
Karl Jansky initiates field of radio astronomy
1931
Kurt Gödel announces his incompleteness proof
1931
John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton split the atom
1932
Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie discover artificial radioactivity
1933
Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch coin nuclear fission
1939
Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson create neptunium
1940
Atomic bombs built and detonated in Japan
1943
Hale Telescope built
1948
Enrico Fermi and team achieve first self-sustaining nuclear reaction
1941
George Gamow and Ralph Alpher work on Big Bang
1946
Richard Feynman introduces Feynman diagrams
1949
US National Science Foundation founded
1950
Francis Crick and James Watson discover DNA double-helix
1953
James Van Allen discovers Van Allen radiation
1955
CERN founded
1951
Linus Pauling applies quantum theory to molecular bonding
1954
C.P. Snow lectures on The Two Cultures
1959
Harry Hammond Hess and Robert Dietz discover Plate tectonics
1960
Maarten Schmidt measures distances of quasars
1963
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detect cosmic microwave background radiation
1965
Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish detect first pulsar
1966
Thomas Kuhn writes 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'
1962
Murray Gell-Mann conceptualizes quarks
1964
Feynman, Schwinger, and Shinichiro win Nobel for Quantum Electrodynamics
1965
Cygnus X-1 emerges as first black hole
1968
Benoit Mandelbrot discovers fractals
1975
Mary Leakey discovers hominid footprints in Tanzania
1978
Voyager 1 and 2 begin space travels
1976
Lawrence Klein forecasts economic trends with computers
1979
The Internet network created
1981
Barbara McClintock wins Nobel Prize for genetic corn
1983
Norman Ramsey works on Atomic Clocks
1986
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1983
Richard Smalley, Robert Curl and Harold Kroto discover fullerenes
1984
Timothy Berners-Lee develops World Wide Web
1989
Work on Human Genome Project begins
1990
ubble Space Telescope resumes work
1994
Scientists at Fermilab report Top Quark
1995
Peter Armbruster and team successfully synthesize element 112
1996
Scientists discover humans crossed the Bering Strait 30,000 years ago
1997
Planet orbiting star Gliese 876 similar to Earth
1998
'Lapedo child' hybrid Neanderthal Human found
1999
Andrew Wiles announces proof of Fermat's last theorem
1991
Bose-Einstein condensate produced
1995
Paleontologists discover new dinosaur larger than T-Rex
1996
Geologists announce evidence of life on Mars
1996
Researchers in Hawaii clone mouse
1998
Full Taniyama-Shimura conjecture proven
1999
Isotopes of super-heavy elements theorized more stable than others
1999
Museum of Natural History in Chicago unveils Tyrannosaurus Sue
2000
Genetically modified plants draw controversy
2000
Human Genome Project publishes first draft
2001
Earth Mass extinction event evidence found
2001
Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami hit
2004
Chemists from University of Chicago announce creation of Octanitrocubane
2000
J.L. Kirschvink publishes Snowball Earth theory
2000
X-Rays determine Ötzi the Iceman had arrow in shoulder
2001
Tenontosaurus dinosaur uncovered in Oklahoma
2001
Higgs boson discovered at CERN
2012
First lab-grown hamburger developed
2013
LIGO detects gravitational waves for first time
2015
SI units are redefined based on fundamental physical constants
2019
Scientists create first synthetic bacterial cell
2010
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is developed
2012
Paris Agreement is adopted by 196 countries
2015
DeepMind's AlphaGo defeats world champion Go player
2016
OpenAI's GPT-3 language model released
2020
IPCC releases its Sixth Assessment Report
2023
mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 are developed
2020
Neuralink conducts its first human trials of brain-computer interface
2023
UN declares 2025 International Year of Quantum Science and Technology
2025