Jacob Appelbaum

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Appelbaum says that he tested out of high school and attended junior college briefly before he "stopped college and continued [his] education".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> In a wide-ranging interview with <a href="/facts/Rolling_Stone/HhCFoJ9F">Rolling Stone</a> magazine in 2010, Appelbaum stated that he comes from "a family of lunatics... [a]ctual, raving lunatics". He stated that his mother "is a paranoid schizophrenic" who "insisted that Jake had somehow been molested by his father while he was still in the womb". He was taken away from his mother by his aunt when he was 6. Two years later, he was placed in a children's home in Sonoma County. At age 10, his indigent father was awarded custody of him. According to him, having been introduced to computer programming by a friend's father saved his life: "The Internet is the only reason I'm alive today."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Appelbaum says that he developed <a href="/facts/Obsessive%25E2%2580%2593compulsive_disorder/bIhDh4dz">OCD</a> at a young age. He has also stated that his father, who struggled with heroin addiction,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> has been murdered by poisoning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
Starting in 2015, Appelbaum was a Ph.D. student studying under at the <a href="/facts/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology/rQJCLsVy">Eindhoven University of Technology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> He received his Ph.D. in March 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> which is published under the title: <a href="https://research.tue.nl/files/197416841/20220325_Appelbaum_hf.pdf">"Communication in a world of pervasive surveillance"</a>.

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
<h3>Journalism</h3>
Appelbaum was among several people to gain access to former NSA contractor <a href="/facts/Edward_Snowden/yRDLtpH9">Edward Snowden</a>'s <a href="/facts/Classified_information/og7wn3tD">top secret</a> documents <a href="/facts/Global_surveillance_disclosure/FaqSXLnC">released in 2013</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> 
On 23 October 2013, Appelbaum and other writers and editors at Der Spiegel reported that their investigations had led German Chancellor <a href="/facts/Angela_Merkel/n7jjpybM">Angela Merkel</a> to confront the U.S. government over evidence that it was monitoring her personal cell phone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> US President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> denied the report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The Der Spiegel team reported on the resulting controversy and detailed a further claim that the <a href="/facts/Embassy_of_the_United_States%2c_Berlin/WNmmMKVM">Embassy of the United States, Berlin</a>, was being used as a base of operations for electronic surveillance of its German ally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The BBC's Damien McGuinness commented that "The scandal has caused one of the biggest diplomatic rifts between Germany and the U.S."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> At the scandal's peak, Merkel compared the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">National Security Agency</a> with the East German <a href="/facts/Stasi/jQ91taz4">Stasi</a> <a href="/facts/Secret_police/1ea5u7R8">secret police</a> during an angry conversation with Obama.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

The Der Spiegel team's reporting about Merkel earned the 2014 Henri Nannen prize<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> for investigative journalism. Appelbaum shared the prize with Der Spiegel writers and editors <a href="/facts/Marcel_Rosenbach/t1WDmxpv">Marcel Rosenbach</a>, Jörg Schindler [de], and Holger Stark [de]. A few days later he provoked a furor by condemning Nannen, the prize's namesake, for his Nazi collaboration,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> declaring that he would have his bronze bust of Nannen melted down and recast, and donate his prize money to anti-fascist groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
On 28 December 2013, at the <a href="/facts/Chaos_Communication_Congress/N7wXXSxh">Chaos Communication Congress</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> he presented documents showing that the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">NSA</a> can turn <a href="/facts/IPhone/h5WeKRl9">iPhones</a> into eavesdropping tools and has developed devices to harvest electronic information from a computer even if the computer is not online. An investigative team at Der Spiegel, including Appelbaum, simultaneously published their findings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> along with a descriptive list of the surveillance devices making up the <a href="/facts/NSA_ANT_catalog/WwVSY2fT">NSA ANT catalog</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
On 3 July 2014, German broadcaster <a href="/facts/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk/BRsE2V1U">NDR/ARD</a> carried disclosures by Appelbaum and others about the operation of NSA's top-secret <a href="/facts/XKeyscore/yme7F3Xx">XKeyscore</a> surveillance software, including source code proving that a computer of Appelbaum's had been targeted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
On 28 December 2014, Der Spiegel again drew from the Snowden documents to assess the NSA's ability to crack encrypted Internet communications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> In a separate article, they described how British and American intelligence used covert surveillance to target, often inaccurately, suspected Taliban fighters and drug smugglers for killing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
Appelbaum has appeared several times on <a href="/facts/Democracy_Now!/nIHTL77P">Democracy Now!</a> as a security researcher, privacy activist, and target of government surveillance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> He appeared with <a href="/facts/Julian_Assange/EdwEl8fV">Julian Assange</a> on Episode 8 & 9 of <a href="/facts/World_Tomorrow/YzNh5wHN">World Tomorrow</a>, "Cypherpunks".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
He is a contributor to Julian Assange's 2012 book <a href="/facts/Cypherpunks_(book)/JCebFyqL">Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet</a> along with <a href="/facts/Andy_M%25C3%25BCller-Maguhn/VFBDRMnC">Andy Müller-Maguhn</a> and <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9mie_Zimmermann/w3Fzj0QW">Jérémie Zimmermann</a>.
Appelbaum was a member of the outside volunteer technical advisory board of the <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation/tYCV5fb3">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> until 8 June 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>

<h3>Technology</h3>
In 2005, Appelbaum gave two talks at the <a href="/facts/Chaos_Communication_Congress/N7wXXSxh">22nd Chaos Communication Congress</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Personal Experiences: Bringing Technology and New Media to Disaster Areas, and A Discussion About Modern Disk Encryption Systems. At the 2006 23rd Chaos Communication Congress, he gave a talk with Ralf-Philipp Weinmann titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
Appelbaum has collaborated on several other high-profile research projects.

<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Cold_boot_attack/vQ8jgrra">cold boot attack</a>, with <a href="/facts/J._Alex_Halderman/EuyXS5Ar">J. Alex Halderman</a>, <a href="/facts/Seth_Schoen/mugHBds8">Seth Schoen</a>, <a href="/facts/Nadia_Heninger/mTE8cJF2">Nadia Heninger</a>, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph A. Calandrino, Ariel J. Feldman, and <a href="/facts/Edward_W._Felten/Xfag6Up7">Edward W. Felten</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Winner of <a href="/facts/USENIX/2wz6aQwq">USENIX</a> Security Best Student Paper award and the <a href="/facts/Pwnie_Awards/20gzGbjX">Pwnie Award</a> for Most Innovative Research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/MD5/8WIXb9Dq">MD5</a> <a href="/facts/Collision_attack/6aXFAMbW">collision attack</a>, with <a href="/facts/Alexander_Sotirov/6a1nnW2G">Alexander Sotirov</a>, Marc Stevens, <a href="/facts/Arjen_Lenstra/GG04Nhd9">Arjen Lenstra</a>, David Molnar, Dag Arne Osvik, and Benne de Weger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> The <a href="/facts/Proof_of_concept/1YzUH8LJ">proof of concept</a> was to use a <a href="/facts/Computer_cluster/mT7S1BcX">cluster</a> of 200 Sony <a href="/facts/PlayStation_3/obhuo97V">PlayStation 3</a> systems to create two valid <a href="/facts/Transport_layer_security/pGy16TnA">SSL</a> certificates containing an MD5 collision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> The bogus "MD5 Collisions Inc." <a href="/facts/Certificate_authority/WAo8vMTN">certificate authority</a> still appears (blacklisted) in the <a href="/facts/Mozilla/FevL9Itn">Mozilla</a> <a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Firefox</a> certificate store.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li>
<li>Smart parking meter vulnerabilities, with <a href="/facts/Joe_Grand/zup7lGsV">Joe Grand</a> and <a href="/facts/Christopher_Tarnovsky/CgPp6Bua">Chris Tarnovsky</a>, presented as "'Smart' Parking Meter Implementations, Globalism, and You" at <a href="/facts/Black_Hat_Briefings/eUNo4nyK">Black Hat</a> 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></li>
<li>The Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> founded in collaboration with Arturo Filastò to collect "data which will show an accurate topology of network surveillance, interference and outright censorship".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li></ul>
<h3>Art</h3>

Appelbaum has taken part in a number of art projects with dissident artists including <a href="/facts/Laura_Poitras/mzFbLMNR">Laura Poitras</a>, <a href="/facts/Trevor_Paglen/wko1tcjU">Trevor Paglen</a>, <a href="/facts/Ai_Weiwei/K9ka0ovz">Ai Weiwei</a>, and <a href="/facts/Angela_Richter/P6CvIQfG">Angela Richter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> His art has given rise to projects such as Panda to Panda (P2P)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> and the <a href="/facts/Autonomy_Cube/nblobQgL">Autonomy Cube</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
Appelbaum is also a photographer who has contributed still photographs to film and game projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> He exhibited his work in a solo show at NOME in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
Appelbaum appeared in <a href="/facts/Laura_Poitras/mzFbLMNR">Laura Poitras</a>'s <a href="/facts/Academy_Awards/CwTxYuNQ">Academy Award</a>-winning film <a href="/facts/Citizenfour/BRpedh6b">Citizenfour</a> (2014),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> which documents the public emergence of <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">NSA</a> whistle-blower <a href="/facts/Edward_Snowden/yRDLtpH9">Edward Snowden</a> and the political circumstances leading to his actions. Appelbaum stars in Poitras's portrait of <a href="/facts/WikiLeaks/rm4lC2cD">WikiLeaks</a> founder <a href="/facts/Julian_Assange/EdwEl8fV">Julian Assange</a>, <a href="/facts/Risk_(2016_film)/Tu6qhHrU">Risk</a> (2016).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Appelbaum worked with Canadian film-maker <a href="/facts/Jamie_Kastner/1sW3xexS">Jamie Kastner</a> for his documentary, "Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum." The film was screened for buyers in September 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
He was an artist in residence for the art group <a href="/facts/Monochrom/LyAFkSgu">monochrom</a> at <a href="/facts/Museumsquartier/AadzzUxg">Museumsquartier</a> in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h2 id="activism">Activism</h2>

Appelbaum represented Wikileaks founder Julian Assange in a keynote address at the 2010 <a href="/facts/Hackers_on_Planet_Earth/kXUCHv6n">HOPE</a> conference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
In August 2013, Appelbaum delivered Edward Snowden's acceptance speech after he was awarded the biannual Whistleblower Prize by a group of NGOs at the <a href="/facts/Berlin-Brandenburg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities/jw7BfafM">Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>

<h2 id="surveillance-airport-detention-and-wikileaks-investigation">Surveillance, airport detention, and WikiLeaks investigation</h2>
Appelbaum says he believes he has been under government surveillance since 2009, to the detriment of himself, his friends, and his close relations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> In interviews he has stated that living in Germany has given him a sense of relief from U.S. surveillance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> Appelbaum has described various aggressive surveillance events, and implies they are related to his work with <a href="/facts/WikiLeaks/rm4lC2cD">WikiLeaks</a>, to his privacy activism, and to relationships with other privacy activists, notably reporters linked to <a href="/facts/Edward_Snowden/yRDLtpH9">Edward Snowden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> In December 2013, Appelbaum said he suspected the U.S. government of breaking into his Berlin apartment and using his computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
While traveling, Appelbaum has been detained at airports and had his electronic equipment seized several times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>
In 2010, the <a href="/facts/US_Department_of_Justice/2SuTuevo">US Department of Justice</a> obtained a <a href="/facts/Twitter_subpoena/7kEW40qp">court order compelling Twitter</a> to provide data associated with the user accounts of Appelbaum, as well as several other individuals associated with WikiLeaks. While the order was originally sealed, Twitter successfully petitioned the court to unseal it, permitting the company to inform its users that their account information had been requested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
In September 2013, he testified before the <a href="/facts/European_Parliament/H9WLUd1r">European Parliament</a>, mentioning that his partner had been spied on by men in <a href="/facts/Night_vision_device/jJ58YGa0">night-vision goggles</a> as she slept.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
In 2015, it was revealed that Google had been forced to turn over information from his <a href="/facts/Gmail/GXU2IQH4">Gmail</a> account.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>
In 2019, he told reporters that he had been contacted by Alexandria prosecutors about cooperating with the WikiLeaks grand jury for immunity, but had refused.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>

<h2 id="allegations-of-sexual-misconduct">Allegations of sexual misconduct</h2>
In March 2015, Appelbaum was suspended from his position at the Tor Project for ten days due to alleged incidents of harassment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
On 25 May 2016, Appelbaum stepped down from his position at <a href="/facts/The_Tor_Project%2c_Inc/VRTfl0EI">Tor</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> this was announced on 2 June by the non-profit in a short statement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> On 4 June, <a href="/facts/Shari_Steele/qfRjg8qr">Shari Steele</a>, the former executive director of the Tor Project, published a much longer statement, noting that although prior allegations of <a href="/facts/Sexual_abuse/33W0q0IS">sexual abuse</a> regarding Appelbaum were consistent with "rumors some of us had been hearing for some time" that "the most recent allegations are much more serious and concrete than anything we had heard previously."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>
Also on 4 June, a website appeared with anonymous accounts of mistreatment by Appelbaum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> On 6 June, Appelbaum issued a statement denouncing the allegations as part of a concerted strategy to damage his reputation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Security engineer Leigh Honeywell came forward on 7 June to publicly relate the website's stories with her relationship with Appelbaum, in which she described Appelbaum ignoring a <a href="/facts/Safeword/C7eXVkGn">safeword</a> and becoming violent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> An anonymously leaked letter that the Tor Project's human resources manager had written to Appelbaum in conjunction with his March 2015 suspension for unprofessional conduct was published on 7 June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> On 15 June, <a href="/facts/Alison_Macrina/YeHHlfNT">Alison Macrina</a> (the director of the <a href="/facts/Library_Freedom_Project/4G0kwGRm">Library Freedom Project</a>) and Isis Lovecruft (a <a href="/facts/Tor_(anonymity_network)/Wj6jjkx1">Tor</a> developer) publicly announced that the website's anonymous accounts of sexual abuse, under the pseudonyms of "Sam" and "Forest", respectively, were their own.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>
In response to the allegations, the <a href="/facts/Cult_of_the_Dead_Cow/Q0zQ0RTA">Cult of the Dead Cow</a> ejected Appelbaum on 7 June,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> and the <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation/tYCV5fb3">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> removed him from their volunteer technical advisory board on 8 June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> <a href="/facts/Noisebridge/SLBSIWNt">Noisebridge</a> announced on 10 June that co-founder Appelbaum had triggered their Anti-Harassment policy and is "no longer welcome in our community, either in its physical or online spaces",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> and on 17 June the <a href="/facts/Chaos_Computer_Club/XwXLlA5F">Chaos Computer Club</a> announced that he was not welcome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> On 18 June his status as a <a href="/facts/Debian/cBd93qfJ">Debian</a> project developer was revoked. On 1 July <a href="/facts/Linux_Australia/eE47fHR8">Linux Australia</a> barred Appelbaum from future events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>
On 10 June, a woman whom three witnesses claimed to have seen being abused,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> denied the abuse allegations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> In a statement released by Gizmodo journalist William Turton, she wrote that her experience was distorted and reported without her consent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> On 17 June 2016, activists, journalists and legal professionals supporting Appelbaum signed a document defending his right to due process, and deploring the story's treatment by social media.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> In June 2016, the façade of the building in which Appelbaum's Berlin apartment is located was defaced in English and German with <a href="/facts/Graffiti/xE9oqKsk">graffiti</a> directly referencing the allegations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>
In July 2016, the Tor Project announced it had completed a seven-week investigation led by a hired investigator. According to Shari Steele, Tor Project "did everything in our power" to treat Mr. Appelbaum fairly, and "we determined that the allegations against him appear to be true."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>
In July 2016, <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25BCddeutsche_Zeitung/JWvQhfcQ">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> reported that allegations against Appelbaum had been known in Berlin hacker circles for years. A hacker from <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a> told the newspaper that "I can feel a huge sense of relief that the silence has at last been broke."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> On 11 August 2016, the German weekly <a href="/facts/Die_Zeit/TwPh96a5">Die Zeit</a> published a lengthy investigation into the rape charges, including interviews with three people present at the scene of the alleged rape. None of these witnesses corroborated the claims made by the anonymous victim. The article also reports that a second falsely identified victim had demanded that her story be removed from the anonymous website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> A change in attitude in the information security community towards calling out known abusers and believing reports of sexual misconduct was partially credited to Appelbaum's precedent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>
<a href="/facts/Jamie_Kastner/1sW3xexS">Jamie Kastner</a> directed and produced the documentary <a href="/facts/Nobody_Wants_to_Talk_About_Jacob_Appelbaum/UIavFFwT">Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> The documentary partly addresses the sexual misconduct allegations against Appelbaum. The documentary was presented at film festivals in the U.S. and Canada,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> before being released on Canadian television in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
Appelbaum is an <a href="/facts/Atheism/patUWN1f">atheist</a> of <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> background and identifies himself as <a href="/facts/Queer/CmoY75C6">queer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> Politically, he is an <a href="/facts/Anarchism/4a262gvQ">anarchist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a>
In 2012, he moved to <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> He has stated that he does not want to go back to the United States because he doesn't feel safe there<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> and in interviews he has provided specific examples of experiences that left him feeling unsafe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hacktivism/Pf2eep2m">Hacktivism</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Appelbaum.

<ul><li><a href="https://x.com/ioerror">Jacob Appelbaum</a> on <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3335834/">Jacob Appelbaum</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Ai Weiwei Teams Up With WikiLeaks Activist Jacob Appelbaum For Collaboration". Artlyst.com. 2015-04-28. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02. <a href="https://artlyst.com/news/ai-weiwei-teams-up-with-wikileaks-activist-jacob-appelbaum-for-collaboration/" target="_blank">https://artlyst.com/news/ai-weiwei-teams-up-with-wikileaks-activist-jacob-appelbaum-for-collaboration/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Farivar, Cyrus (5 June 2016). "Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror" (Press release). Cult of the Dead Cow. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Hartwell, Lane (10 June 2007). "So Who Wants to F**k a Robot?". Wired.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2013. <a href="https://www.wired.com/underwire/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/underwire/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Appelbaum, Jacob (22 June 2004). "Geeks Love Trees, Too". Greenpeace – Weblog. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803074600/http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040803074600/http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Jacob Appelbaum leaves the Tor Project". Tor Project. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. <a href="https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/" target="_blank">https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Farivar, Cyrus (5 June 2016). "Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Abbelbaum, Jacob (6 June 2016). "Twitlonger - When you talk too much for Twitter". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. <a href="https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Peterson, Andrea (2016-07-28). "Jacob Appelbaum was an online privacy hero. Then a sex misconduct scandal exploded". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2016-07-30. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror" (Press release). Cult of the Dead Cow. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Trevor, Timm (8 June 2016). "Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Freedom of the Press Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016. <a href="https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum" target="_blank">https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Cameron, Dell; Larson, Selena (15 June 2016). "2 more people publicly allege sexual misconduct by Jacob Appelbaum". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016. <a href="http://www.dailydot.com/politics/jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-alison-macrina/" target="_blank">http://www.dailydot.com/politics/jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-alison-macrina/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Noisebridge Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Noisebridge Blog. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. <a href="http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum" target="_blank">http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Turton, William (2016-06-17). "Jacob Appelbaum Banned From Prominent Hacker Conference Following Sexual Assault Allegations". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 18 June 2016. <a href="https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249" target="_blank">https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Security expert Appelbaum no longer part of Debian". ITWire. 18 June 2016. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. <a href="http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html" target="_blank">http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Perlroth, Nicole (27 July 2016). "Tor Project Confirms Sexual Misconduct Claims Against Employee". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/technology/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/technology/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Investigation confirms Jacob Appelbaum sexual misconduct at Tor Project". The Daily Dot. 2016-07-28. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-07-22. <a href="https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/" target="_blank">https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Yadron, Danny (6 June 2016). "Digital privacy activist Jacob Appelbaum denies colleagues' assault allegations". the Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/06/jacob-appelbaum-tor-denies-assault-allegations" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/06/jacob-appelbaum-tor-denies-assault-allegations</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Fuchs, Christian; Weisbrod, Lars; Mondial, Sebastian (13 August 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum: What Has This Man Done?". Die Zeit. zeit.de. Number 34. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. <a href="http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht" target="_blank">http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"In solidarity with Jacob Applebaum and on the side of justice for all". Jun 8, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-08. Retrieved Sep 5, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171941/https://ourresponse.org/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171941/https://ourresponse.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Alphonso, Don (13 June 2016). "Aktivistinnen rufen zum Ende der Hetzjagd gegen Appelbaum auf" [Women activists call for an end to the witch-hunt against Jacob Appelbaum]. Faz.net (in German). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. <a href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html" target="_blank">https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Riegel, Tobias (13 June 2016). "Die Presse und der Pranger" [The press and the pillory]. neues deutschland (in German). Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. <a href="https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html" target="_blank">https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum". IMDb. <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31639423/" target="_blank">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31639423/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"The following is a personal interview by Esther Sassaman". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"The following is a personal interview by Esther Sassaman". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Appelbaum, Jacob (29 December 2007), Personal experiences bringing technology and new media to disaster areas, archived from the original on 2021-04-26, retrieved 2021-04-26 <a href="https://media.ccc.de/v/22C3-478-en-desaster_areas" target="_blank">https://media.ccc.de/v/22C3-478-en-desaster_areas</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Appelbaum, Jacob (Sep 1, 2015). "Today is my first day as a PhD student with @hyperelliptic and @hashbreaker at @tue_mcs. #pqc". Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved Sep 5, 2019. <a href="https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Jeong, Sarah (2017-12-21). "What happened when the infosec community outed its own sexual predators". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-21. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/21/16807116/infosec-community-sexual-predators-weinstein-assault" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/21/16807116/infosec-community-sexual-predators-weinstein-assault</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Jacob R. Appelbaum". Eindhoven University of Technology research portal. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2022-02-21. <a href="https://research.tue.nl/en/persons/jacob-r-appelbaum/publications/" target="_blank">https://research.tue.nl/en/persons/jacob-r-appelbaum/publications/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Snowden ally Appelbaum claims his Berlin apartment was invaded". Deutsche Welle. 21 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014. <a href="http://www.dw.de/snowden-ally-appelbaum-claims-his-berlin-apartment-was-invaded/a-17315069" target="_blank">http://www.dw.de/snowden-ally-appelbaum-claims-his-berlin-apartment-was-invaded/a-17315069</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Appelbaum, Jacob; Stark, Holger; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg (23 October 2013). "Berlin Complains: Did US Tap Chancellor Merkel's Mobile Phone?". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/merkel-calls-obama-over-suspicions-us-tapped-her-mobile-phone-a-929642.html" target="_blank">http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/merkel-calls-obama-over-suspicions-us-tapped-her-mobile-phone-a-929642.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Jackson, David (23 October 2013). "Obama says NSA not spying on Merkel's cellphone". usatoday.com. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/23/obama-merkel-national-security-agency/3171477/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/23/obama-merkel-national-security-agency/3171477/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Appelbaum, Jacob; Blome, Nikolaus; Gude, Hubert; Neukirch, Ralf; Pfister, René; Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg; Schmitz, Gregor; Stark, Holger (27 October 2013). "Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html" target="_blank">http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"US bugged Merkel's phone from 2002 until 2013, report claims". bbc.com. 27 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24690055" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24690055</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama". theguardian.com. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/merkel-compares-nsa-stasi-obama" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/merkel-compares-nsa-stasi-obama</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Henri-Nannen-Preis 2014: SPIEGEL-Redakteurin gewinnt mit Gurlitt-Reportage". www.spiegel.de (in German). 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016. <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-preis-spiegel-redakteure-ausgezeichnet-a-969932.html" target="_blank">http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-preis-spiegel-redakteure-ausgezeichnet-a-969932.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Schreiber, Hermann (4 June 2014). "Henri Nannen im Nationalsozialismus: Verseuchte Vergangenheit". stern.de (in German). Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-im-nationalsozialismus-verseuchte-vergangenheit-3166768.html" target="_blank">http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-im-nationalsozialismus-verseuchte-vergangenheit-3166768.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Preisträger Appelbaum will Henri-Nannen-Skulptur einschmelzen". sueddeutsche.de (in German). 24 May 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-nazi-vergangenheit-preistraeger-appelbaum-will-henri-nannen-preis-einschmelzen-1.197417" target="_blank">http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-nazi-vergangenheit-preistraeger-appelbaum-will-henri-nannen-preis-einschmelzen-1.197417</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Appelbaum, Jacob (23 May 2014). "The social pressure of conformity". nachtkritik.de. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="http://www.nachtkritik.de/index.php?view=article&id=9572" target="_blank">http://www.nachtkritik.de/index.php?view=article&id=9572</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Democracy Now!: Jacob Appelbaum: Futuristic-Sounding "Radar Wave Devices" Can Help NSA Monitor Your Computer Usage | Democracy Now! Archived 2015-08-28 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2013/12/31/jacob_appelbaum_futuristic_sounding_radar_wave" target="_blank">http://www.democracynow.org/2013/12/31/jacob_appelbaum_futuristic_sounding_radar_wave</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">CBS News: NSA can spy on offline computers wirelessly, says security expert - CBS News Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nsa-can-spy-on-offline-computers-wirelessly-expert-jacob-applebaum-says/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nsa-can-spy-on-offline-computers-wirelessly-expert-jacob-applebaum-says/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:139">Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">"Jacob Appelbaum (Part 1/2) Digital Anti-Repression Workshop - April 26, 2012". YouTube. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Like, for me, as an atheist, bisexual, Jew, I'm gonna go on, uh - oh and Emma Goldman is one of my great heroes and I really think that anarchism is a fantastic principle by which to fashion a utopian society even if we can't get there. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Schneider, Ruth (Sep 22, 2014). "Jacob Appelbaum: Revolutionary times". EXBERLINER.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved Feb 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/jacob-appelbaum-on-the-usa-and-nsa/" target="_blank">https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/jacob-appelbaum-on-the-usa-and-nsa/</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"Video: Roger Dingledine and Jacob Appelbaum: Q&A". GNU. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814044053/https://gnunet.org/tor2013tum-video" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150814044053/https://gnunet.org/tor2013tum-video</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Schneider, Ruth (Sep 22, 2014). "Jacob Appelbaum: Revolutionary times". EXBERLINER.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved Feb 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/jacob-appelbaum-on-the-usa-and-nsa/" target="_blank">https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/jacob-appelbaum-on-the-usa-and-nsa/</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Jacob Appelbaum open-in-new

Jacob Appelbaum