WikiLeaks is a non-profit media organisation founded in 2006 by Julian Assange that publishes leaked classified documents from anonymous sources. Its editor-in-chief is Kristinn Hrafnsson. WikiLeaks has released significant document caches exposing violations of human rights and civil liberties, including the infamous 2007 Baghdad airstrike video titled Collateral Murder. It leaked thousands of military and diplomatic documents from conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as revealing US election-related emails during the 2016 U.S. election. Despite praise for advancing press freedom, WikiLeaks faces criticism over privacy violations, alleged political bias, and accusations from the CIA of being a hostile intelligence entity after the Vault 7 leaks.
May 31 2023
Apr 20 2021
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Jun 26 2020
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Jul 30 2019
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Jan 7 2019
Sep 27 2018History
Founding
The inspiration for WikiLeaks was Daniel Ellsberg's release of the Pentagon Papers in 1971. Assange built WikiLeaks to shorten the time between a leak and its coverage by the media. WikiLeaks was established in Australia with the help of Daniel Mathews34 and its servers were soon moved to Sweden and other countries that provided greater legal protection for the media.35 Assange described WikiLeaks as an activist organisation and said that "The method is transparency, the goal is justice".3637
The wikileaks.org domain name was registered on 4 October 2006.38 The website was established and published its first document in December 2006.3940 It described its founders as a mixture of Asian dissidents, journalists, mathematicians, and start-up company technologists from the United States, Taiwan, Europe, Australia, and South Africa.4142 In January 2007 WikiLeaks organiser James Chen434445 told TIME that "We are serious people working on a serious project... three advisors have been detained by Asian government, one of us for over six years."46 WikiLeaks said that its "primary interests are oppressive regimes in Asia, the former Soviet bloc, sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East" but it "also expects to be of assistance to those in the West who wish to reveal unethical behaviour in their own governments and corporations".47 WikiLeaks was usually represented in public by Julian Assange, who has described himself as "the heart and soul of this organisation".4849
Advisory board
Assange formed an informal advisory board in the early days of WikiLeaks, with journalists, political activists and computer specialists as members.50 In 2007 WikiLeaks said the board was still forming but that it included representatives from expatriate Russian and Tibetan refugee communities, reporters, a former US intelligence analyst and cryptographers."51 Members of the advisory board included Phillip Adams, Julian Assange, Wang Dan, Suelette Dreyfus, CJ Hinke, Tashi Namgyal Khamsitsang, Ben Laurie, Xiao Qiang, Chico Whitaker, Wang Youcai, and John Young.5253
WikiLeaks' advisory board did not meet. According to Wired UK, most of the board members to whom they spoke said they had little involvement with WikiLeaks.5455 Some said they did not know they were mentioned on the site, nor how they got there.56 Computer security expert Ben Laurie said he had been a member of the board "since before the beginning", but he was not "really sure what the advisory board means."57 Former board member Phillip Adams criticised the board, saying that Assange "has never asked for advice. The advisory board was pretty clearly window dressing, so he went for people identified with progressive policies around the place."58 Assange responded by calling the advisory board "pretty informal".59
When asked to join their initial advisory board, the promininent critic of secrecy Steven Aftergood declined; he said to Time that "they have a very idealistic view of the nature of leaking and its impact. They seem to think that most leakers are crusading do-gooders who are single-handedly battling one evil empire or another."60
Early years
In January 2007 John Young was dropped from the WikiLeaks network after questioning plans for a multimillion-dollar fundraising goal.61 He accused the organisation of being a CIA conduit and published 150 pages of WikiLeaks emails.626364 According to Wired, the emails document the group's attempts to create a profile for themselves and arguments over how to do so. They also discuss political impact and positive reform and include calls for transparency around the world.6566
In January 2010 WikiLeaks shut down its website while management appealed for donations.67 Previously published material was no longer available, although some could still be accessed on unofficial mirror websites.68 WikiLeaks stated that it would resume full operation once the operational costs were paid.69 WikiLeaks said the work stoppage was "to ensure that everyone who is involved stops normal work and actually spends time raising revenue".70 The organisation planned for funds to be secured by 6 January 2010, and on 3 February that WikiLeaks announced that its fundraising goal had been achieved.71
In February 2010 WikiLeaks helped propose the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative legislation to establish a "journalism safe haven" in Iceland.72 In June, the parliament voted unanimously for the resolution.73
WikiLeaks originally used a wiki format website, and was changed when it relaunched in May 2010. The blogger Ryan Singel claimed that after the website relaunched, its cryptographic security had degraded.7475
In October 2010 the server WikiLeaks used to host its encrypted communications was compromised by hackers that a WikiLeaks spokesperson described as "very skilled". The spokesperson said that "the server got attacked, hacked, and the private keys got out"; they said it was the first breach in WikiLeaks' history.76 In November 2010, WikiLeaks said that its website was compromised hours before releasing US diplomatic cables.777879 In December 2010 Spamhaus reported issued a malware warning for "WikiLeaks.info", a "very loosely" affiliated website that "WikiLeaks.org" redirected to. The website said they could "guarantee that there is no malware on it".808182
2010 internal dissent
A series of resignations of key members of WikiLeaks began in September 2010, started by Assange's decision to release the Iraq War logs the next month, internal conflicts with other members and his response to sexual assault allegations.83848586 According to Herbert Snorrason, "We found out that the level of redactions performed on the Afghanistan documents was not sufficient. I announced that if the next batch did not receive full attention, I would not be willing to cooperate."87 Some members of WikiLeaks called for Assange to step aside.88
On 25 September 2010 after being suspended by Assange for "disloyalty, insubordination and destabilisation", Daniel Domscheit-Berg, the German spokesman for WikiLeaks, told Der Spiegel that he was resigning. He said "WikiLeaks has a structural problem. I no longer want to take responsibility for it, and that's why I am leaving the project."8990 Assange accused Domscheit-Berg of leaking information to Newsweek, with Domscheit-Berg saying that the WikiLeaks team was unhappy with Assange's management and handling of the Afghan war document releases.9192 Domscheit-Berg said he wanted greater transparency in WikiLeaks finances and the leaks released to the public.939495
According to various sources, Domscheit-Berg had copied and then deleted over 3,500 unpublished whistleblower communications. Some communications96 contained hundreds of documents,979899 including the US government's No Fly List,100 Bank of America leaks,101 insider information from 20 neo-Nazi organisations,102103 documents sent by Renata Avila about torture and government abuse of a Latin American country104 and US intercept information for "over a hundred Internet companies".105 Assange stated that Domscheit-Berg had deleted video files of the Granai massacre by a US Bomber. WikiLeaks had scheduled the video for publication before its deletion.106 According to Andy Müller-Maguhn, it was an eighteen-gigabyte collection.107
Domscheit-Berg said he took the files from WikiLeaks because he did not trust its security. In Domscheit-Berg's book he wrote he was "waiting for Julian to restore security, so that we can return the material to him".108109110 The Architect and Domscheit-Berg encrypted the files and gave them to a third party who did not have the key.111 In August 2011 Domscheit-Berg said he permanently deleted the files "to ensure that the sources are not compromised."112 He said that WikiLeaks' claims about the Bank of America files were "false and misleading"113 and they were lost because of an IT problem.114
The Architect left with Domscheit-Berg, taking the code115 behind the submission system with him.116117118 WikiLeaks submissions stayed offline until 2015.119120 Herbert Snorrason resigned after he challenged Assange on his decision to suspend Domscheit-Berg and was bluntly rebuked.121 Iceland MP Birgitta Jónsdóttir also left WikiLeaks, citing lack of transparency, lack of structure, and poor communication flow.122 James Ball left WikiLeaks over disputes about Assange's handling of finances, and Assange's relationship to Israel Shamir, an individual who has promoted antisemitism and holocaust denial.123124 According to the British newspaper, The Independent, at least a dozen key supporters of WikiLeaks left the website during 2010.125 Several staffers who broke with Assange joined with Domscheit-Berg to start OpenLeaks,126 a new leak organisation and website with a different management and distribution philosophy.127128
Sarah Harrison, who stayed with WikiLeaks, later told Andrew O'Hagan she did not agree with the way he did it, but Domscheit-Berg had a basic point. She added that "you can tell he was probably just trying to say something true and got hated for it. That's the way it is with Julian: he can't listen. He doesn't get it."129
Actions against WikiLeaks
See also: Surveillance of Julian Assange
In early 2010 Assange said that he obtained documents showing that two State Department agents tailed him on a flight from Iceland to Norway. Icelandic journalists were unable to verify Assange's allegations, which were denied by the State Department. Assange did not release the alleged documents.130131132133 Assange also said that a volunteer was arrested in March and questioned about WikiLeaks. According to Assange, police said that authorities had spied on and photographed a private WikiLeaks meeting. WikiLeaks later admitted that the interrogation did not happen as originally suggested. According to the deputy head of news for RUV, the arrest was unrelated to WikiLeaks but the volunteer mentioned WikiLeaks to the police and said the laptop he had with him was owned by WikiLeaks.134 Daniel Domscheit-Berg wrote that
The rumors that he was being followed originated in part from his overactive imagination. But they also had the advantage of giving him the aura of someone in dire peril, increasing the collective anticipation of every new leak. Julian didn't need a marketing department. Marketing was something he himself knew best.135136
After Julian Assange was granted asylum and entered the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2012, new CCTV cameras were installed and security personnel working for UC Global and Promsecurity recorded his activities and interactions, including with his legal team.137 In a 2017 email, the surveillance was justified with suspicions that Assange was "working for the Russian intelligence services."138 New cameras and microphones were installed in December 2017, and Morales arranged for the United States to have immediate access to the recordings.139
Campaigns to discredit WikiLeaks
See also: Response from corporations
Writing for The Guardian in 2010, Nick Davies said there was "some evidence of low-level attempts to smear Wikileaks", including false online accusations involving Assange and money.140 In 2010, Wikileaks published a 2008 US military report that said leaks to WikiLeaks "could result in increased threats to DoD personnel, equipment, facilities, or installations". The report suggested a plan to identify and expose WikiLeaks' sources to "deter others from using WikiLeaks" and "destroy the center of gravity" of Wikileaks by attacking its trustworthiness.141142143 According to Clint Hendler writing in the Columbia Journalism Review, many reactions to the document were "overwrought" and "the spin" by WikiLeaks was "a step too far".144
In 2010 the Bank of America employed the services of a collection of information security firms, known as Team Themis, when the bank became concerned about information that WikiLeaks was planning to release about it. Team Themis included private intelligence and security firms HBGary Federal, Palantir Technologies and Berico Technologies.145146147 In 2011 hacktivist group Anonymous released emails from HBGary Federal showing that Team Themis proposed a plan which suggested "[spreading] disinformation" and "disrupting" Glenn Greenwald's support for WikiLeaks.148 Team Themis planned to expose the workings of WikiLeaks using disinformation and cyberattacks. The plans were not implemented and, after the emails were published, Palantir CEO Alex Karp issued a public apology to "progressive organizations ... and Greenwald" for his company's role.149150151
Other
See also: Reception of WikiLeaks § Response from the financial industry, WikiLeaks § Financial blockade, and WikiLeaks § Hosting
In December 2010 PayPal suspended the WikiLeaks account after they received a letter from the US State Department that characterised WikiLeaks' activities as illegal in the US.152 Mastercard and Visa Europe also stopped accepting payments to WikiLeaks after pressure from the US.153 Bank of America, Amazon and Swiss bank PostFinance had previously stopped dealing with WikiLeaks. Datacell, the IT company that enabled WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations, said Visa's action was the result of political pressure.154155 WikiLeaks referred to these actions as a banking blockade.156 In response to the companies' actions, the hacker group Anonymous launched a series of cyberattacks against the companies, and against the Swedish Prosecution Authority for its attempted extradition of Assange.157158 WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson said:
[Anonymous] is not affiliated with Wikileaks. There has been no contact between any Wikileaks staffer and anyone at Anonymous. Wikileaks has not received any prior notice of any of Anonymous' actions. We neither condemn nor applaud these attacks. We believe they are a reflection of public opinion on the actions of the targets.159
Cyber-attacks and legal restrictions forced WikiLeaks to change server hosts several times by 2010.160161162
2011–2015
In December 2011 WikiLeaks launched Friends of WikiLeaks, a social network for supporters and founders of the website. Friends of WikiLeaks was designed for users to never have more than 12 friends, half local and half international. The site was in beta status.163
In July 2012 WikiLeaks took credit for a fake New York Times website and article falsely attributed to Bill Keller.164165166167 The hoax prompted criticism from commenters and the public, who said it hurt WikiLeaks' credibility. Glenn Greenwald wrote in Salon that it might have been satire but
it doesn't strike me as a good idea for a group that relies on its credibility when it comes to the authenticity of what they publish – and which thus far has had a stellar record in that regard – to be making boastful claims that they published forged documents. I understand and appreciate the satire, but in this case, it directly conflicts with, and undermines, the primary value of WikiLeaks.168169170
WikiLeaks said it wanted to bring attention to the banking blockade.171
In January 2013, shortly after Aaron Swartz died, WikiLeaks said that Swartz had helped WikiLeaks and had talked to Julian Assange in 2010 and 2011. WikiLeaks also said it had "strong reasons to believe, but cannot prove", he may have been a source, breaking WikiLeaks' rules about source anonymity. Journalists suggested that Wikileaks may have made the statements to imply that Swartz was targeted by the US Attorney's Office and Secret Service in order to get at WikiLeaks.172173
In 2013 the organisation assisted Edward Snowden leave Hong Kong. Sarah Harrison, a WikiLeaks activist, accompanied Snowden on the flight. According to US investigators, WikiLeaks played an active role in assisting Snowden to disclose a cache of NSA documents.174 Scott Shane of The New York Times stated that the involvement "shows that despite its shoestring staff, limited fund-raising from a boycott by major financial firms, and defections prompted by Mr. Assange's personal troubles and abrasive style, it remains a force to be reckoned with on the global stage."175
In September 2013 Julian Assange announced the creation of the WikiLeaks counterintelligence unit. The project surveilled 19 surveillance contractors to understand their business dealings. According to Assange, they were "tracking the trackers" to "counter threats against investigative journalism and the public's right to know."176177
The WikiLeaks Party was created in 2013 in part to support Julian Assange's failed bid for a Senate seat in Australia in the 2013 election, where it won 0.62% of the national vote.178179 Assange said the party would advance WikiLeaks' objectives of promoting openness in government and politics and that it would combat intrusions on individual privacy.180181182183 In December 2013, a delegation from the party, including its chairman John Shipton, visited Syria and met with President Bashar al-Assad. Shipton said the goal of the meeting was demonstrating "solidarity with the Syrian people and their nation", improving the party's understanding of the country's civil war and told a Syrian TV station that WikiLeaks would be opening an office in Damascus in 2014. The meeting with Assad was criticised by the Australian Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and many WikiLeaks supporters.184185186 Shipton stated that the meeting with al-Assad was "just a matter of good manners" and that the delegation had also met with members of the Syrian opposition.187 However, these meetings with the opposition have not been verified. The WikiLeaks Party was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 23 July 2015 for lack of members under the Electoral Act.188189190
In 2015 WikiLeaks began issuing "bounties" of up to $100,000 for leaks.191 Assange had said in 2010 that WikiLeaks didn't but "would have no problem giving sources cash" and that there were systems in Belgium to let them.192 WikiLeaks has issued crowd-sourced rewards for the TTIP chapters, the TPP193 and information on the Kunduz massacre.194195[self-published source] WikiLeaks has issued other bounties for LabourLeaks,196[self-published source] 2016 U.S. presidential election-related information,197198 and information to get a reporter at The Intercept fired over the Reality Winner case.199[self-published source] WikiLeaks has defended the practice with their vetting record, saying "police rewards produce results. So do journalistic rewards."200201
Its website stated in 2015 that it had released 10 million documents online.202
2016 U.S. presidential election
See also: 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak, Podesta emails, and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Assange wrote on WikiLeaks in February 2016: "I have had years of experience in dealing with Hillary Clinton and have read thousands of her cables. Hillary lacks judgement and will push the United States into endless, stupid wars which spread terrorism. ... she certainly should not become president of the United States."203 In a 2017 interview by Amy Goodman, Julian Assange said that choosing between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump is like choosing between cholera or gonorrhea. "Personally, I would prefer neither."204 WikiLeaks editor Sarah Harrison stated that the site was not choosing which damaging publications to release, rather releasing information available to them.205 In conversations that were leaked in February 2018, Assange expressed a preference for a Republican victory in the 2016 election, saying that "Dems+Media+liberals would then form a block to reign in their worst qualities. With Hillary in charge, GOP will be pushing for her worst qualities, dems+media+neoliberals will be mute. She's a bright, well connected, sadistic sociopath".206
Having released information about a broad range of organisations and politicians, WikiLeaks started by 2016 to focus almost exclusively on Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton.207 In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, WikiLeaks only exposed material damaging to the Democratic National Committee and Hillary Clinton. According to The New York Times, WikiLeaks timed one of its large leaks so that it would happen on the eve of the Democratic Convention.208 The Sunlight Foundation said that such actions meant that WikiLeaks was no longer striving to be transparent but rather sought to achieve political goals.209
Thomas Joscelyn, a senior fellow at Just Security, wrote that Assange had a "hatred of Clinton", whom he said was a "sadistic sociopath". Joscelyn wrote that "WikiLeaks' collusion with Russian government hackers during the 2016 presidential campaign" was "arguably even more consequential" than the Iraq War documents leak, the Afghan War documents leak and the United States diplomatic cables leak. According to Joscelyn, "Assange made it his goal in 2016 to counter the 'American liberal press,' which he accused of supporting Clinton. He aimed to turn that same press against her. Ultimately, with Russia's help, Assange succeeded."210
Secret correspondence between WikiLeaks and Donald Trump Jr.
In November 2017 it was revealed that the WikiLeaks Twitter account secretly corresponded with Donald Trump Jr. during the 2016 presidential election.211212 The correspondence shows how WikiLeaks actively solicited the co-operation of Trump Jr., a campaign surrogate and advisor in the campaign of his father. WikiLeaks urged the Trump campaign to reject the results of the 2016 presidential election at a time when it looked as if the Trump campaign would lose.213 WikiLeaks asked Trump Jr. to share a WikiLeaks tweet with the made-up214 quote "Can't we just drone this guy?" which True Pundit said Hillary Clinton made about Assange.215216 WikiLeaks also shared a link to a site that would help people to search through WikiLeaks documents.217 Trump Jr. shared both. After the election, WikiLeaks also requested that the president-elect push Australia to appoint Assange as ambassador to the US. Trump Jr. provided this correspondence to congressional investigators looking into Russian interference in the 2016 election.218 Assange repeated his offer of being ambassador to the US after the messages became public, publicly tweeting to Donald Trump Jr. that "I could open a hotel style embassy in DC with luxury immunity suites for whistleblowers. The public will get a turbo-charged flow of intel about the latest CIA plots to undermine democracy. DM me."219220
The secretive exchanges led to criticism of WikiLeaks by some former supporters. WikiLeaks tweeted that the Clinton campaign was "constantly slandering" it as "a 'pro-Trump' 'pro-Russia' source". Journalist Barrett Brown, a long-time defender of WikiLeaks, was exasperated that Assange was "complaining about 'slander' of being pro-Trump IN THE ACTUAL COURSE OF COLLABORATING WITH TRUMP". He wrote: "Was 'Wikileaks staff' lying on Nov 10, 2016, when they claimed, 'The allegations that we have colluded with Trump, or any other candidate for that matter, or with Russia, are just groundless and false', or did Assange lie to them?"221 Brown said Assange had acted "as a covert political operative", thus betraying WikiLeaks' focus on exposing "corporate and government wrongdoing".222
Promotion of false conspiracy theories
In 2016 and 2017, WikiLeaks promoted several false conspiracy theories,223224225 most related to the 2016 United States presidential election.
Murder of Seth Rich
Further information: Murder of Seth Rich
WikiLeaks promoted conspiracy theories about the murder of Seth Rich.226227228 Unfounded conspiracy theories, spread by some right-wing figures and media outlets, hold that Rich was the source of leaked emails and was killed for working with WikiLeaks.229 WikiLeaks fuelled such theories when it offered a $20,000 reward for information on Rich's killer and when Assange implied that Rich was the source of the DNC leaks,230 although no evidence supports that.231232 Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report into Russian interference in the 2016 election said that Assange "implied falsely" that Rich was the source in order to obscure that Russia was the actual source.233234235
Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton
WikiLeaks popularised conspiracy theories about the Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton, such as tweeting articles which suggested Clinton campaign chairman John Podesta engaged in satanic rituals,236237238 claiming that Hillary Clinton wanted to drone strike Assange,239240 suggesting that Clinton wore earpieces to debates and interviews,241 promoting thinly sourced theories about Clinton's health and according to Bloomberg creating "anti-Clinton theories out of whole cloth".242243
Promotion of false flag theories
On the day the Vault 7 documents were first released, WikiLeaks described UMBRAGE as "a substantial library of attack techniques 'stolen' from malware produced in other states including the Russian Federation," and tweeted, "CIA steals other groups virus and malware facilitating false flag attacks."244 A conspiracy theory soon emerged alleging that the CIA framed the Russian government for interfering in the 2016 U.S. elections. Conservative commentators such as Sean Hannity and Ann Coulter speculated about this possibility on Twitter, and Rush Limbaugh discussed it on his radio show.245 Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that Vault 7 showed that "the CIA could get access to such 'fingerprints' and then use them."246
In The Washington Post the cybersecurity researcher Ben Buchanan writes that he is sceptical of those theories and that he believes Russia to have initially obtained the DNC emails.247
In April 2017 the WikiLeaks Twitter account suggested that the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, which international human rights organisations attributed to the Syrian government, was a false flag attack.248 WikiLeaks stated that "while western establishment media beat the drum for more war in Syria the matter is far from clear", and shared a video by a Syrian activist who said that Islamist extremists were probably behind the attack, not the Syrian government.249
Later years
In 2016 the WikiLeaks Twitter account was criticised for tweets that were seen as antisemitic.250251252
On 17 October 2016 WikiLeaks announced that a "state party" had severed the Internet connection of Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy. WikiLeaks blamed US Secretary of State John Kerry for pressuring the Ecuadorian government in severing Assange's Internet, an accusation which the United States State Department denied.253 The Ecuadorian government stated that it had "temporarily" severed Assange's Internet connection because of WikiLeaks' release of documents "impacting on the U.S. election campaign," although it also stated that this was not meant to prevent WikiLeaks from operating.254 The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence concluded that in 2016, "WikiLeaks actively sought, and played, a key role in the Russian influence campaign and very likely knew it was assisting a Russian intelligence influence effort."255
In April 2017 Attorney General Jeff Sessions said that the US Government had prioritised its attempts to arrest Assange.256 On 16 August 2017 US Republican congressman Dana Rohrabacher visited Assange and told him that Trump would pardon him on condition that he would agree to say that Russia was not involved in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leaks.257258 At his extradition hearings in 2020, Assange's defence team alleged in court that this offer was made "on instructions from the president". Trump and Rohrabacher subsequently said they had never spoken about the offer and Rohrabacher said he had made the offer on his own initiative.259260261
In 2017, traffic to the WikiLeaks website was diverted by DNS hijacking.262263264 In 2018, 11,000 messages from a private chat with WikiLeaks and key supporters from May 2015 through November 2017 was leaked. The messages showed Assange criticising Hillary Clinton and expressing a desire for a Republican president because he believed Clinton would have "a greater freedom to start wars than the GOP and has a will to do so".265 Later that year, "tens of thousands" of files from WikiLeaks laptops was leaked to the Associated Press.266
In January 2019, WikiLeaks sent journalists a "confidential legal communication not for publication" with a list of 140 things not to say about Julian Assange that WikiLeaks said were "false and defamatory".267268 Soon after the list was leaked online, WikiLeaks posted a heavily edited version of it.269 The group was criticised and mocked for the list and their handling of it.270271272273
In November 2022, much of the content released by WikiLeaks disappeared from the website, bringing the number of documents from around 10 million to around 3,000. Other reported issues with the site included the websites search ability not working and a broken submission page.274275
Administration
WikiLeaks describes itself as "an uncensorable system for untraceable mass document leaking"276 with its goal being "to bring important news and information to the public".277 It is "a project of the Sunshine Press",278279280[self-published source] a non-profit organisation based in Iceland.281282 In 2010, Julian Assange and Kristinn Hrafnsson registered Sunshine Press Productions ehf283 as a business without a headquarters in Iceland.284285
Assange serves as the Director of Sunshine Press Productions ehf and is on the board of directors with Hrafnsson and Ingi Ragnar Ingason.286287288289290291292 Gavin MacFadyen was a deputy board member.293 In 2010, the WikiLeaks team then consisted of five people working full-time and about 800 people who worked occasionally, none of whom were compensated.294295 Former WikiLeaks journalist James Ball said in 2011 that "WikiLeaks is not a conventional organisation. It has no board, no governance, and no effective rules."296
Editorial policy
The scholar and internet activist Ethan Zuckerman suggested that WikiLeaks' editorial policy changes can be viewed as different stages. In the first stage, Zuckerman says WikiLeaks did very little redacting and almost all leaks were accepted, and the main focus was on leakers protecting their identities.297298 In response to early criticism that having no editorial policy would drive out good material with spam and promote "automated or indiscriminate publication of confidential records",299 WikiLeaks established a policy that only accepted only documents "of political, diplomatic, historical or ethical interest" (and excluded "material that is already publicly available").300[self-published source] Under the new policy, submissions are reviewed by anonymous WikiLeaks reviewers, and documents that do not meet the editorial criteria are rejected. By 2008, the revised FAQ stated: "Anybody can post comments to it. [...] Users can publicly discuss documents and analyse their credibility and veracity."301[self-published source] After the 2010 reorganisation, posting new comments on leaks was no longer possible.302303304
According to Zuckerman, the second stage was "an advocacy journalism phase". Zuckerman gave the 2010 release of Collateral Murder as an example, which MIT Technology Review described as a "highly curated, produced and packaged political statement ... meant to illustrate a political point of view, not merely to inform". Zuckerman said the third stage involved WikiLeaks working with outside media outlets to curate cables for release.305306 In December 2010, Zuckerman speculated that the next stage would be for WikiLeaks to release documents all at once or without redacting them.307 In 2016, Assange said that "often it's the case that we have to do a lot of exploration and marketing of the material we publish ourselves to get a big political impact for it".308
An embargo agreement WikiLeaks made for the Stratfor leak aimed to ensure that media organisations in smaller countries with less resources that are collaborating with WikiLeaks got a fair shot at covering the stories that involve their country. The Atlantic suggested that the complexity of the embargo had been a source of confusion among media partners.309 In 2017, WikiLeaks told Foreign Policy that it sometimes scheduled releases around high-profile events.310
In response to a question in 2010 about whether WikiLeaks would release information that he knew might get someone killed, Assange said that he had instituted a "harm-minimization policy". This meant that people named in some documents might be contacted before publication, but that there were also instances where members of WikiLeaks might have "blood on our hands."311 One member of WikiLeaks told The New Yorker they were initially uncomfortable with Assange's editorial policy but changed her mind because she thought no one had been unjustly harmed.312
Response
In an August 2010 open letter, the non-governmental organisation Reporters Without Borders praised WikiLeaks' past usefulness in exposing "serious violations of human rights and civil liberties" but criticised the organisation over a perceived absence of editorial control.313
In a 2013 resolution, the International Federation of Journalists, a trade union of journalists, called WikiLeaks a "new breed of media organisation".314315
Others do not consider WikiLeaks to be journalistic in nature. Media ethicist Kelly McBride of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies wrote in 2011: "WikiLeaks might grow into a journalist endeavor. But it's not there yet."316 Bill Keller of The New York Times considers WikiLeaks to be a "complicated source" rather than a journalistic partner.317 Prominent First Amendment lawyer Floyd Abrams writes that WikiLeaks is not a journalistic organisation, but instead "an organization of political activists; ... a source for journalists; and ... a conduit of leaked information to the press and the public".318
Financing
WikiLeaks is a not-for-profit organisation319 and is funded by private donations, exclusivity contracts320 and concessions from their media partners.321 Assange has said that in some cases legal aid has been donated by media organisations such as the Associated Press, the Los Angeles Times, and the National Newspaper Publishers Association.322 Assange said in early 2010 that WikiLeaks' only revenue consists of donations, but it has considered other options including auctioning early access to documents.323 In September 2010, Assange said that WikiLeaks received millions of dollars in media partnerships, stating it "win[s] concessions in relation to the number of journalists that will be put on it and how big they'll run with it."324
In 2010, Assange said the organisation was registered as a library in Australia, a foundation in France, and a newspaper in Sweden, and that it also used two US-based non-profit 501c3 organisations for funding purposes.325 According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg, Assange registered Wikileaks ICT in Australia and would not tell anyone how much money was in the Australian fund or what it was being spent on.326
2010–2013
The Wau Holland Foundation, one of the WikiLeaks' main funding channels, stated that it received more than €900,000 in public donations between October 2009 and December 2010, of which €370,000 has been passed on to WikiLeaks. Hendrik Fulda, vice-president of the Wau Holland Foundation, said that every new WikiLeaks publication brought "a wave of support", and that donations were strongest in the weeks after WikiLeaks started publishing leaked diplomatic cables.327328 According to Assange, WikiLeaks' media partnerships for the cables earned them almost $2 million three months after it started publishing.329 WikiLeaks was paid £150,000 by Al Jazeera and Channel 4 for two five-minute video clips about the Iraq War Logs.330331 In December 2010, Assange said that WikiLeaks received €100,000 a day at its peak332 and the Wau Holland Foundation stated that Julian Assange and three other permanent employees had begun to receive salaries.333
During 2010, WikiLeaks received over $1.9 million in donations.334 In 2011 donations dropped sharply and WikiLeaks received only around $180,000 in donations, while their expenses increased from $519,000 to $850,000.335 Al Jazeera offered WikiLeaks $1.3 million for access to data.336 During September 2011 WikiLeaks began auctioning items on eBay to raise funds.337 Wikileaks started accepting bitcoin in 2011 as a currency which could not be blocked by financial institutions or a government.338339340 In 2012, WikiLeaks raised $68,000 through the Wau Holland Foundation and had expenses more than $507,000.341 Between January and May, Wau Holland Foundation was only able to cover $47,000 in essential infrastructure for WikiLeaks, but not an additional $400,000 that was submitted "to cover publishing campaigns and logistics in 2012".342
David Allen Green wrote in The New Statesman in 2011 that there was "no other sensible way of interpreting" leaked non-disclosure agreements other than WikliLeaks seeing itself "as a commercial organisation in the business of owning and selling leaked information". Becky Hogge, who had signed the agreement, wrote that "the NDA certainly is poorly drafted, and it may be terrible PR. But remember that WikiLeaks is an organisation conceived and run by computer hackers" and suggested that WikiLeaks was attempting to "engage with the commercial media on its own terms".343344
Financial blockade
See also: Reception of WikiLeaks § Response from the financial industry, and Operation Payback § Operation Avenge Assange
On 22 January 2010, the Internet payment intermediary PayPal suspended WikiLeaks' account and froze its assets. WikiLeaks said that this had happened before, and was done for "no obvious reason".345346 In August 2010, the internet payment company Moneybookers closed WikiLeaks' account and sent Assange letters saying the account was closed following an audit "to comply with money laundering or other investigations conducted by government authorities." According to Moneybookers, initially the "account was suspended due to being accessed from a blacklisted IP address. However, following recent publicity and the subsequently addition of the WikiLeaks entity to blacklists in Australia and watchlists in the USA, we have terminated the business relationship."347 The blacklisting came a few days after the Pentagon expressed anger at WikiLeaks for publishing the Afghan War logs.348
In December 2010, PayPal suspended WikiLeaks' account. PayPal said it had taken action after the US State Department sent a letter to Wikileaks stating that Wikileaks' activities were illegal in the US.349 Hendrik Fulda, vice-president of the Wau Holland Foundation, said that the Foundation had been receiving twice as many donations through PayPal as through normal banks before PayPal's decision to suspend WikiLeaks' account.350 In this time, Mastercard, Visa Europe, Bank of America, Amazon, Western Union and Swiss bank PostFinance stopped dealing with WikiLeaks. Datacell, the IT company that enabled WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations, threatened Mastercard and Visa with legal action to enforce the resumption of payments to WikiLeaks. Datacell said Visa's action was the result of political pressure.351352
In October 2011 Assange said that the financial blockade had cost WikiLeaks ninety-five per cent of its revenue.353 In 2012, an Icelandic district court ruled that Valitor, the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard, was violating the law when it stopped accepting donations to WikiLeaks and that donations to WikiLeaks must resume within 14 days or Valitor would be fined US$6,000 a day.354 In November 2012, the European Union's European Commission said Mastercard and Visa were unlikely to have violated EU anti-trust rules.355 In 2013, Assange said the blockade also effected the WikiLeaks Party.356
In response to the financial blockade of Wikileaks, Glenn Greenwald and others created the Freedom of the Press Foundation "to block the US government from ever again being able to attack and suffocate an independent journalistic enterprise the way it did with WikiLeaks".357 Anonymous also launched a series of cyberattacks against companies that cut ties with WikiLeaks.358359
2014–2018
In 2014, Sunshine Press Productions ehf began receiving funds from Wau Holland Foundation for WikiLeaks.360 From 2014 to 2017 WikiLeaks was reimbursed for project coordination, technical preparation, removing metadata, reviewing information, communicating with media partners costs and a new submission platform and document search.361362363364 The DNC emails and Podesta emails were not funded by the Wau Holland Foundation.365 In October 2017, Julian Assange said WikiLeaks had made a 50,000% return on Bitcoin.366 By that December, it had raised at least $25 million in Bitcoin.367
In 2018, the Wau Holland Foundation reimbursed Sunshine Press Productions for WikiLeaks' publications, as well as public relations and $50,000 for legal expenses in the Democratic National Committee v. Russian Federation lawsuit.368
Hosting
In 2010, the website was available on multiple servers, different domain names and had an official dark web version as a result of a number of denial-of-service attacks and its removal from different Domain Name System (DNS) providers.369370
Until August 2010, WikiLeaks was hosted by PRQ, a Swedish company providing "highly secure, no-questions-asked hosting services". PRQ was reported by The Register to have "almost no information about its clientele and maintains few if any of its own logs".371 That month, WikiLeaks reached an agreement with the Swedish Pirate Party to host several of their servers.372373374 Later, WikiLeaks was hosted mainly by the Swedish Internet service provider Bahnhof in the Pionen facility, a former nuclear bunker in Sweden.375376 Other servers were spread around the world with the main server located in Sweden.377
After the site became the target of a denial-of-service attack, WikiLeaks moved its website to Amazon's servers.378 Amazon later removed the website.379 Assange said that WikiLeaks chose Amazon and other hosts knowing it would probably be kicked off the service "to separate rhetoric from reality".380381382 In a public statement, Amazon said WikiLeaks was not following its terms of service. The company stated:
There were several parts they were violating. For example, our terms of service state that 'you represent and warrant that you own or otherwise control all of the rights to the content ... that use of the content you supply does not violate this policy and will not cause injury to any person or entity.' It's clear that WikiLeaks doesn't own or otherwise control all the rights to this classified content.383
WikiLeaks then moved to servers at French provider OVH.384 After criticism from the French government, a judge in Paris ruled that there was no need for OVH to cease hosting WikiLeaks without more information.385
WikiLeaks was dropped by EveryDNS after distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against WikiLeaks hurt the quality of service for its other customers. Supporters of WikiLeaks waged verbal and DDoS attacks on EveryDNS. Because of a typographical error in blogs mistaking EveryDNS for competitor EasyDNS, the sizeable Internet backlash hit EasyDNS. Despite that, EasyDNS began providing WikiLeaks with DNS service on "two 'battle hardened' servers" to protect the quality of service for its other customers.386
Insurance files
WikiLeaks has used heavily encrypted files387388 to protect their publications against censorship,389 to pre-release publications,390 and as protection against arrest.391392 The files have been described as "insurance",393394395 a "dead man's switch",396 "a kind of doomsday option",397398 and a "poison pill".399 The insurance files sometimes come with pre-commitment hashes.400
WikiLeaks staff have said:
insurance files are encrypted copies of unpublished documents submitted to us. We do this periodically, and especially at moments of high pressure on us, to ensure the documents can not be lost and history preserved. You will not be able to see the contents of any of our insurance files, until and unless the we are in a position where we must release the key. But you can download them and help spread them to ensure their safe keeping.401
On 29 July 2010 WikiLeaks added an AES encrypted "Insurance file" to the Afghan War Diary page.402 There has been speculation that it was intended to serve as insurance in case the WikiLeaks website or its spokesman Julian Assange are incapacitated, upon which the passphrase could be published.403404 After the release of the US diplomatic cables, CBS predicted that "If anything happens to Assange or the website, a key will go out to unlock the files. There would then be no way to stop the information from spreading like wildfire because so many people already have copies."405 Assange's lawyer, Mark Stephens, called the files "a thermo-nuclear device in the information age" and said they included information on Guantanamo Bay, aerial video of a U.S. airstrike in Afghanistan that allegedly killed civilians, BP reports and Bank of America documents.406
In August 2013, WikiLeaks posted three insurance files as torrents, totalling 400 gigabytes.407408 WikiLeaks said it "encrypted versions of upcoming publication data ("insurance") from time to time to nullify attempts at prior restraint."409
In June 2016, WikiLeaks posted an 88-gigabyte insurance file.410 On 16 October 2016, WikiLeaks tweeted an insurance file about Ecuador.411 In November, it posted insurance files for the US, the UK and Ecuador,412 and an unlabelled 90-gigabyte insurance file was posted.413414
On 7 March 2017, WikiLeaks posted an encrypted file containing the Vault 7 Year Zero release.415 The password, "SplinterItIntoAThousandPiecesAndScatterItIntoTheWinds", was a reference to a quote by US President John F. Kennedy.416417
Staff
In July 2010, it was reported the website had 800 occasional helpers.418 According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg, WikiLeaks exaggerated the number of volunteers and Assange used many pseudonyms.419420 Domscheit-Berg suggested that Assange may have been "Jay Lim", who identified online as an occasional WikiLeaks spokesperson and as its legal advisor.421422
Daniel Domscheit-Berg, Sarah Harrison, Kristinn Hrafnsson and Joseph Farrell have been involved in the project.423424 Gavin MacFadyen was acknowledged by Assange as a "beloved director of WikiLeaks" shortly after his death in 2016.425 Jacob Appelbaum is the only known American member of WikiLeaks, acting as a senior editor and spokesman.426427428 Gottfrid Svartholm had worked with WikiLeaks as a technical consultant and managed critical infrastructure.429430 He was also listed as part of the "decryption and transmission team" on Collateral Murder and credited for "networking" and helped with several other endeavours.431432 Rop Gonggrijp, Birgitta Jónsdóttir, Smári McCarthy and Herbert Snorrason are WikiLeaks volunteers and members who the US government has tried to surveil with court orders.433434 WikiLeaks was represented in Russia by Israel Shamir and in Sweden by his son Johannes Wahlström.435436
The WikiLeaks dropbox architecture was rebuilt by a WikiLeaks programmer known to most insiders as "The Architect".437438439 He also instructed another WikiLeaks technician, and some of his colleagues thought he was a computer genius.440441442 According to Andy Greenberg, insiders told him "when The Architect joined WikiLeaks it was a mess. It was two creaking servers without all the flashy security that Assange had promised in interviews with the media. The Architect rebuilt it from scratch."443 According to Wired, "WikiLeaks had been running on a single server with sensitive backend components like the submission and e-mail archives connected to the public-facing Wiki page. The Architect separated the platforms and set up a number of servers in various countries."444
In August 2011 WikiLeaks volunteer Sigurdur Thordarson became the first FBI informant to work from inside WikiLeaks, and gave the FBI several hard drives he had copied from Assange and core WikiLeaks members.445446 In November 2011 WikiLeaks dismissed Thordarson due to his embezzlement of $50,000, to which charge (along with several other offences) he later pleaded guilty in an Icelandic court.447
Alexa O'Brien briefly worked for WikiLeaks in 2014, later saying the organisation was not a good fit.448 On 26 September 2018, it was announced that Julian Assange had appointed Kristinn Hrafnsson as editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks with Assange continuing as its publisher.449450
Submissions
WikiLeaks restructured its process for contributions after its first document leaks did not gain much attention. Assange stated this was part of an attempt to take the voluntary effort typically seen in Wiki projects and "redirect it to ... material that has real potential for change".451 Before this, the Wikileaks FAQ, under "How will Wikileaks operate?", read as of February 2007:452[self-published source]
To the user, Wikileaks will look very much like Wikipedia. Anybody can post to it, anybody can edit it. No technical knowledge is required. Leakers can post documents anonymously and untraceably. Users can publicly discuss documents and analyze their credibility and veracity.
WikiLeaks stopped using a "wiki" communal publication method by May 2010.453 After the arrest of Chelsea Manning in May 2010, WikiLeaks distanced itself from the idea it actively encouraged people to send classified information, and changed the description of its submission page to say "WikiLeaks accepts a range of material, but we do not solicit it". WikiLeaks removed "classified" from a description of material it accepts and changed the assertion that "submitting confidential material to WikiLeaks is safe, easy and protected by law" to it "is protected by law in better democracies". WikiLeaks also began taking steps to position itself as a news organisation, and portrayed their work as filtering and analysing documents, not just posting them raw.454
In 2010 Assange said WikiLeaks received some submissions through the postal mail.455 That year, Julian Assange said that the servers were located in Sweden and the other countries "specifically because those nations offer legal protection to the disclosures made on the site". He said the Swedish constitution gives the information–providers total legal protection and that it is forbidden for any administrative authority to make inquiries about the sources of any type of newspaper.456457 This could make it difficult for any authority to target WikiLeaks by placing a burden of proof upon any complainant.458 According to the Columbia Journalism Review, "a variety of Swedish media law experts made it clear that Assange and WikiLeaks had repeatedly misrepresented not only the strength of the law, but its application to WikiLeaks."459460
According to Andy Greenberg and Wired, The Architect was the engineer who rebuilt the WikiLeaks submission system, separated the sensitive platforms from the public-facing Wiki and set up servers in various countries.461462463 During the 2010 reorganisation, The Architect left with Domscheit-Berg, taking the code464 behind the submission system with him.465466467468 Assange said that the submission system was temporarily down because its backlog was too big.469 WikiLeaks later said it was down because of Domscheit-Berg's "acts of sabotage" when he left the organisation, which had forced WikiLeaks to "overhaul the entire submission system", and the staff lacked time to do so.470
WikiLeaks submissions stayed offline until May 2015.471472 While it was offline, WikiLeaks announced it was building a state-of-the-art secure submission system. The launch of the new system was delayed by security concerns about SSL certificates in 2011.473474 During this time, WikiLeaks continued to publish documents. These publications originated from material which had been directly shared with WikiLeaks by hackers, or were the result of Wikileaks organising and republishing already-public leaks.475 In an October 2011 press conference, Assange said that because the submission system did not work, sources "had to establish contacts with the organisation and transmit us the material through other mechanisms".476 In 2011 Forbes suggested that Andy Müller-Maguhn and Bugged Planet might be WikiLeaks' source for the Spy Files and in 2018 a former WikiLeaks associate said that Müller-Maguhn and a colleague administered the submission server in 2016, though Müller-Maguhn denies this.477478 That October, WikiLeaks suggested "lawyer to lawyer" as an alternate submission method, naming Margaret Ratner Kunstler.479480
Assange told writer Charles Glass in 2023 that WikiLeaks was no longer able to publish due to his imprisonment and the effect that US government surveillance and WikiLeaks' funding restrictions were having on potential whistleblowers. Assange said that other media outlets were not filling the void.481
Legal issues
There have been many legal issues in different countries and several investigations surrounding WikiLeaks since it was founded.
In August 2010, the internet payment company Moneybookers closed WikiLeaks' account due to publicity over its release of the Afghan war logs and because WikiLeaks had been added to the official US watchlist and an Australian government blacklist.482
Legal issues in Australia
In December 2010, the Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said that "I absolutely condemn the placement of this information on the WikiLeaks website – it's a grossly irresponsible thing to do and an illegal thing to do".483 After criticism and a revolt within her party, she said she was referring to "the original theft of the material by a junior U.S. serviceman rather than any action by Mr. Assange".484485 The Australian Federal Police later said that the release of the cables by WikiLeaks breached no Australian laws.486
On 2 September 2011 Australia's attorney general, Robert McClelland released a statement that the US diplomatic cables published by Wikileaks identified at least one ASIO officer, and that it was a crime in Australia to publish information which could identify an intelligence officer. McClelland said that "On occasions before this week, WikiLeaks redacted identifying features where the safety of individuals or national security could be put at risk. It appears this hasn't occurred with documents that have been distributed across the internet this week." According to The Guardian and Al Jazeera, this meant "Julian Assange could face prosecution in Australia."487488
In 2014, WikiLeaks published information about political bribery allegations, violating a gag order in Australia.489 According to Peter Bartlett, a media lawyer in Australia, "if Assange ever comes back to Australia, you would expect that he would immediately be charged with breaking a suppression order."490
Legal issues in Europe
Germany
In December 2008 WikiLeaks said that BND President Ernst Uhrlau threatened WikiLeaks with criminal prosecution if it did not remove "files or reports related to the BND".491[self-published source] Later that month WikiLeaks published what it said were emails with the BND.492[self-published source]
In March 2009, German police raided the offices of Wikileaks Germany and the homes of Theodor Reppe, who owned the registration for WikiLeaks' German domain while searching for evidence of "distribution of pornographic material".493 The Register reported that
As well as wasting the time of 11 detectives involved in this raid, Wikileaks claim that police requested the passwords to the "wikileaks.de" domain, asked that the entire domain be disabled, failed to inform Mr Reppe of his rights, and then issued false statements claiming that Mr. Reppe had agreed to "not having a witness" present. According to Wikileaks, the Police would give no further information to Mr. Reppe and no contact was made with Wikileaks before or after the search. Wikileaks are therefore in the dark as to exactly why the raid occurred.494
United Kingdom
On 8 February 2018, the UK Supreme Court unanimously allowed a leaked document that had been published by WikiLeaks to be admitted as evidence. The cable had been excluded from use in an earlier part of the case before the Administrative Court based on the fact that it was a diplomatic communication, which enjoy "inviolable" Vienna Convention protections that prevent them from being used in court outside of exceptional circumstances. The Supreme Court ruled that since the document had already been widely disseminated, it had lost any protections it might have had.495496497498
Legal issues in United States
See also: Bank Julius Baer v. WikiLeaks and Democratic National Committee v. Russian Federation
In early February 2008, the Julius Baer Group sued WikiLeaks in California to have documents removed from their website. Judge Jeffrey White forced Dynadot to disassociate the site's domain name records with its servers, preventing use of the domain name to reach the site. Initially, the bank only wanted the documents to be removed (WikiLeaks had failed to name a contact person). After civil rights challenges, the judge lifted the injunction499 and the bank dropped the case on 5 March 2008.500
On 20 April 2018, the Democratic National Committee filed a multimillion-dollar lawsuit in federal district court in Manhattan against Russia, the Trump campaign, WikiLeaks and Julian Assange, alleging a conspiracy to disrupt the 2016 United States presidential election in Trump's favour.501 The suit was dismissed with prejudice on 30 July 2019. In his judgement, Judge John Koeltl said that WikiLeaks "did not participate in any wrongdoing in obtaining the materials in the first place" and therefore was within the law in publishing the information.502 The federal judge also wrote
The DNC's interest in keeping 'donor lists' and 'fundraising strategies' secret is dwarfed by the newsworthiness of the documents as a whole...If WikiLeaks could be held liable for publishing documents concerning the DNC's political financial and voter-engagement strategies simply because the DNC labels them 'secret' and trade secrets, then so could any newspaper or other media outlet.503
United States criminal investigations
See also: Julian Assange § US criminal investigations
The US Justice Department began a criminal investigation of WikiLeaks and Julian Assange soon after the leak of diplomatic cables in 2010 began.504 The Washington Post reported that the department was considering charges under the Espionage Act of 1917, an action which former prosecutors characterised as "difficult" because of First Amendment protections for the press.505506 Several Supreme Court cases, while not conclusive, (e.g. Bartnicki v. Vopper) have established that the American Constitution protects the re-publication of illegally gained information provided the publishers did not themselves violate any laws in acquiring it. The question of criminal punishment or a civil injunction after publication, like in the WikiLeaks case, is less established.507
In 2010, the NSA added Assange to its Manhunting Timeline.508 In August 2010, the Pentagon had concluded that the Afghan War documents leak broke the law. A letter from the Department of Defence general counsel said that "it is the view of the Department of Defence that WikiLeaks obtained this material in circumstances that constitute a violation of US law, and that as long as WikiLeaks holds this material, the violation of the law is ongoing."509 In November 2010, Harold Koh, the Legal Adviser of the Department of State, wrote that the United States diplomatic cables leak "were provided in violation of US law and without regard for the grave consequences of this action" and "as long as WikiLeaks holds such material, the violation of the law is ongoing".510511
On 14 December 2010 the United States Department of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with WikiLeaks.512 Twitter decided to notify its users.513
In 2011 a WikiLeaks volunteer became an FBI informant514515516 and Google was served with search warrants for the contents of email accounts belonging to WikiLeaks volunteers Herbert Snorrason and Smari McCarthy.517518519 The NSA discussed categorising WikiLeaks as a "malicious foreign actor" for surveillance purposes.520521
In March 2012, Google was served with search warrants for the contents of email accounts and other information belonging to WikiLeaks staff members Sarah Harrison, Joseph Farrell, and Kristinn Hrafnsson as part of a criminal investigation with alleged offences including espionage, conspiracy to commit espionage, the theft or conversion of property belonging to the United States government, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and criminal conspiracy.522523 According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg in 2010, the WikiLeaks email accounts for Kristinn Hrafnsson and a young WikiLeaks staffer had automatically forwarded to their Google account, opening the organisation to surveillance risks.524525
By 2013, Jérémie Zimmermann, Smári McCarthy, Jacob Appelbaum, David House and Jennifer Robinson had been detained and interrogated or approached when attempts were made to recruit them as informants.526
In 2014, FBI and CIA officials lobbied the White House to designate Wikileaks as an "information broker" to allow for more investigative tools against it and according to former officials "potentially paving the way" for its prosecution. Laura Poitras later described attempts to classify herself and Assange as "information brokers" rather than journalists as "a threat to journalists worldwide".527528
In April 2017, prosecutors began drafting a memo that considered charging members of WikiLeaks with conspiracy, theft of government property or violating the Espionage Act.529 That month, CIA director Mike Pompeo called WikiLeaks "a non-state hostile intelligence service often abetted by state actors like Russia". In December 2019, Congress designated Wikileaks and Julian Assange as a "non-state hostile intelligence service often abetted by state actors" that "should be treated as such a service by the United States" in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. In the opinion of some former officials, the designation allowed the CIA to launch and plan operations that did not require presidential approval or congressional notice.530531532533
In 2017 in the wake of the Vault 7 leaks, the CIA discussed plans to kidnap or assassinate Julian Assange, according to Yahoo! News in September 2021. It also planned to spy on associates of WikiLeaks, sow discord among its members, and steal their electronic devices.534 Former CIA Director Mike Pompeo stated that the US officials who had spoken to Yahoo should be prosecuted for exposing CIA activities.535
In November 2018, an accidental filing with Assange's name was seen to indicate there were undisclosed charges against him.536 On 11 April 2019, Assange was charged in a computer hacking conspiracy.537 On 23 May, a superseding indictment was filed with charges of Conspiracy to Receive National Defense Information, Obtaining National Defense Information, Disclosure of National Defense Information, and Conspiracy to Commit Computer Intrusion.538 On 24 June 2020, another superseding indictment was filed which added to the allegations but not the charges.539
The day after charging Assange, prosecutors contacted Domscheit-Berg. Prosecutors also spoke with David House for about 90 minutes, who had previously testified to the grand jury in exchange for immunity. House testified about helping run political operations for WikiLeaks and that Assange wanted him "to help achieve favorable press for Chelsea Manning." According to House, the grand jury "wanted full insight into WikiLeaks, what its goals were and why I was associated with it. . . . It was all related to disclosures around the war logs." House said he had contact with Assange until 2013 and with WikiLeaks until 2015.540541 Chelsea Manning and Jeremy Hammond refused to testify for the grand jury.542543
In early 2019, the Mueller report wrote the Special Counsel's office considered charging WikiLeaks or Assange "as conspirators in the computer-intrusion conspiracy and that there were "factual uncertainties" about the role that Assange may have played in the hacks or their distribution that were "the subject of ongoing investigations" by the US Attorney's Office.544545546
In June 2023, The Age reported that the FBI is seeking to gather new evidence in the case, based on a request from the FBI to interview Andrew O'Hagan, who refused the request.547
In June 2024, Assange pled guilty to one count of violating the Espionage Act.548 Under the plea deal, he was sentenced to time served and released. He agreed to instruct Wikileaks to destroy or return unpublished documents.549
Use of leaked documents in court
In April 2011 the US Department of Justice warned military lawyers acting for Guantanamo Bay detainees against clicking of links on sites such as The New York Times that might lead to classified files published by WikiLeaks.550 In June the same year the US Department of Justice ruled that attorneys acting for Guantanamo Bay detainees could cite documents published by WikiLeaks. The use of the documents was subject to restrictions.551552
Publications
Main article: Information published by WikiLeaks
The initial tranche of WikiLeaks' documents came from a WikiLeaks' activist who owned a server that was a node in the Tor network. After they noticed that Chinese hackers used the network to gather information from foreign governments, the activist began recording the information. This let Assange show potential contributors that WikiLeaks was viable and say it had "received over one million documents from thirteen countries".553
2006–2008
- WikiLeaks posted its first document in December 2006, a decision to assassinate Somali government officials signed by rebel leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys.554 Assange and WikiLeaks were uncertain of its authenticity, and the document's authenticity was never determined.555
- In August 2007, the UK newspaper The Guardian published a story about corruption by the family of the former Kenyan leader Daniel arap Moi based on information provided via WikiLeaks.556 Corruption was a major issue in the election that followed, which was marred by violence. According to Assange, "1,300 people were eventually killed, and 350,000 were displaced. That was a result of our leak. On the other hand, the Kenyan people had a right to that information and 40,000 children a year die of malaria in Kenya. And many more die of money being pulled out of Kenya, and as a result of the Kenyan shilling being debased".557558559
- In November 2007, a March 2003 copy of Standard Operating Procedures for Camp Delta detailing the protocol of the US Army at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp was released.560561 The document revealed that some prisoners were off-limits to the International Committee of the Red Cross, something that the US military had in the past denied repeatedly.562 The Guantánamo Bay Manual included procedures for transferring prisoners and methods of evading protocols of the Geneva convention.563
- In February 2008, WikiLeaks released documents that it said showed involvement in money laundering and tax evasion at the Cayman Islands branch of the Swiss Bank Julius Baer given to WikiLeaks by Rudolf Elmer, which resulted in the bank suing WikiLeaks and obtaining an injunction which temporarily suspended the operation of wikileaks.org.564 The California judge had Dynadot, the service provider of WikiLeaks block the site's domain (wikileaks.org) on 18 February 2008. The website was instantly mirrored, and later that month the judge overturned his previous decision citing First Amendment concerns and questions about legal jurisdiction.565566
- In March 2008, WikiLeaks published what it referred to as "the collected secret 'bibles' of Scientology", and three days later received letters threatening to sue them for breach of copyright.567
- In September 2008, during the 2008 United States presidential election campaigns, the contents of a Yahoo account belonging to Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin were posted on WikiLeaks after being hacked by 4chan user David Kernell.568569570
- In November 2008, the membership list of the far-right British National Party was posted to WikiLeaks, after appearing briefly on a weblog.571 A year later, in October 2009, another list of BNP members was leaked, said by the BNP's leader, Nick Griffin, to be a 'malicious forgery'.572
2009
- During 2008 and 2009, WikiLeaks published lists of forbidden or illegal web addresses for Australia, Denmark, Norway and Thailand. These were created to prevent access to child pornography, but half the links are to unrelated sites, including online poker sites, YouTube links, regular gay and straight porn sites, Wikipedia entries, euthanasia sites, websites of fringe religions such as satanic sites, fetish sites, Christian sites, the website of a tour operator and even a Queensland dentist. Some Wikileaks pages were also added to the Australian blacklist after it published the Danish blacklist.573574575576 According to Australian officials, some of the links published by WikiLeaks "have never been the subject of a complaint or ACMA investigation, and have never been included on the ACMA blacklist".577
- In January 2009, WikiLeaks released 86 telephone intercept recordings of Peruvian politicians and businessmen involved in the 2008 Peru oil scandal.578
- In February, WikiLeaks cracked the encryption to and published NATO's Master Narrative for Afghanistan and three other classified or restricted NATO documents on the Pentagon Central Command (CENTCOM) site.579580
- During February, WikiLeaks released 6,780 Congressional Research Service reports581 followed in March by a set of documents belonging to Barclays Bank that had been ordered removed from the website of The Guardian.582
- In July, WikiLeaks released a report disclosing a "serious nuclear accident" at the Iranian Natanz nuclear facility.583 According to media reports, the accident may have been the direct result of a cyber-attack at Iran's nuclear program, carried out with the Stuxnet computer worm, a cyber-weapon allegedly built by the United States and Israel.584585
- In September, internal documents from Kaupthing Bank were leaked from shortly before the collapse of Iceland's banking sector, which had caused the 2008–2012 Icelandic financial crisis. The document showed that suspiciously large sums of money were loaned to various owners of the bank, and large debts written off.586
- In October, Joint Services Protocol 440, a British document advising the security services on how to avoid documents being leaked, was published by WikiLeaks.587
- In November, released 570,000 intercepts of pager messages sent on the day of the 11 September attacks.588589590 These included messages sent from the Pentagon, the FBI, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the NYPD, in response to the disaster.591
Trafigura report and super-injunction
In September 2009 Wikileaks published the Minton Report, a scientific report about the 2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump. The oil-trading firm Trafigura had illegally exported toxic waste and then had it dumped in Abidjan, resulting in deaths and severe health problems in the local population. 30,000 claimants sued Trafigura in London, in one of the largest class-action suits brought before a British court.592593 The company had its law firm Carter‑Ruck obtain a super-injunction to prevent discussion by the media of either the contents of the report or the existence of the injunction itself.594 Assange published two editorials on Wikileaks about the situation, writing:595596
On September 14, WikiLeaks released the full Minton report in an attempt to undermine the injunction. The UK press was then left in the Kafkaesque position where neither the Minton report, nor the injunction against it could be mentioned, despite the report appearing on the front page of WikiLeaks.
Wikileaks maintained the report on its site and encouraged British journalists on the social network Twitter to break the censorship brought about by the injunction. After a question had been tabled about the report in the House of Commons under parliamentary privilege, Trafigura's law firm Carter‑Ruck said the injunction was sub judice, which MPs worried could prevent discussion of the affair in parliament itself.597598599 The publicity generated about the easy availability of the report on the Wikileaks website, and subsequently its publication by the Norwegian broadcaster NRK, led Carter-Ruck to agree to a modification of the injunction. The affair prompted a wider discussion in the British press about the continued use of super-injunctions.600601602603
2010
Main articles: Iraq War documents leak and Afghan War documents leak
In February WikiLeaks published a leaked diplomatic cable from the United States Embassy in Reykjavik relating to the Icesave dispute.604 The cable, known as Reykjavik 13, was the first of the classified documents WikiLeaks published among those allegedly provided to them by Chelsea Manning.605606
In March WikiLeaks released a secret 32-page US Department of Defense Counterintelligence Analysis Report, written in March 2008, that discusses the leaking of material by WikiLeaks and how it could be deterred.607608 It also released a CIA report about the public relations strategies that would best be employed to shore up support for the Afghan war in Europe.609610611 The Nation referred to it as a "call to arms for a propaganda war",612 and Albert Stahel of the Strategic Studies Institute in Zurich told Deutsche Welle that it is "a marketing concept. And the object of it is to manipulate the public".613
In April a classified video of the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike was released, showing two Reuters employees being fired at after the pilots mistakenly thought the men were carrying weapons, which were in fact cameras.614 After the men were killed, the video shows US forces firing on a family van that stopped to pick up the bodies.615 Press reports of the number killed in the attacks vary from 12 to "over 18".616617 Among the dead were two journalists and two children were also wounded.618619
In June Manning was arrested after alleged chat logs were given to United States authorities by former hacker Adrian Lamo, in whom she had confided. Manning reportedly told Lamo she had leaked the "Collateral Murder" video, a video of the Granai airstrike and about 260,000 diplomatic cables to WikiLeaks.620 Manning later said that before WikiLeaks, she tried approaching The Washington Post, The New York Times and Politico.621
In July WikiLeaks released 92,000 documents related to the war in Afghanistan between 2004 and the end of 2009 to the publications The Guardian, The New York Times and Der Spiegel. The documents detail individual incidents including "friendly fire" and civilian casualties.622 WikiLeaks asked the Pentagon and human-rights groups to help remove names from the documents to reduce the potential harm caused by their release but did not receive assistance.623 WikiLeaks only reviewed about 2,000 documents in detail and used a tagging and keyword system. Assange said that a court might decide somethings were crimes, but added that "army personnel are basically engineers, who build roads and fire guns. They are frank and direct, and the top people mostly won't lie to you unless they're repeating a lie that someone else told them".624
After the Love Parade stampede in Duisburg, Germany, on 24 July 2010, a local resident published internal documents of the city administration regarding the planning of Love Parade. The city government reacted by securing a court order on 16 August forcing the removal of the documents from the website on which it was hosted.625 On 20 August 2010, WikiLeaks released 43 internal documents regarding the Love Parade 2010.626
After the leak of information concerning the Afghan War, in October 2010, around 400,000 documents relating to the Iraq War were released. The US Department of Defense referred to the Iraq War Logs as "the largest leak of classified documents in its history". Media coverage of the leaked documents emphasised claims that the US government had ignored reports of torture by the Iraqi authorities during the period after the 2003 war.627
United States diplomatic cables leak
Main articles: United States diplomatic cables leak, contents, and reactions
On 28 November 2010 WikiLeaks and El País, Le Monde, Der Spiegel, The Guardian, and The New York Times started simultaneously to publish the first 220 of 251,287 leaked documents labelled confidential – but not top-secret – and dated from 28 December 1966 to 28 February 2010.628629
The contents of the diplomatic cables include numerous unguarded comments and revelations regarding: US diplomats gathering personal information about Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, and other top UN officials; critiques and praises about the host countries of various United States embassies; political manoeuvring regarding climate change; discussion and resolutions towards ending ongoing tension in the Middle East; efforts and resistance towards nuclear disarmament; actions in the War on Terror; assessments of other threats around the world; dealings between various countries; United States intelligence and counterintelligence efforts; and other diplomatic actions. Reactions to the United States diplomatic cables leak varied. The overthrow of the presidency in Tunisia of 2011 has been attributed partly to reaction against the corruption revealed by leaked cables.630631
According to the former US Ambassador to Cameroon from 2004 to 2007, Niels Marquardt, Marafa Hamidou Yaya was arrested on "entirely unproven corruption charges", subjected to a "kangaroo court", and given a 25-year prison sentence. Marquardt said Marafa's only crime was having told him that he "might be interested" in the presidency one day. According to Marquardt, when Wikileaks released the cable in which this was mentioned, it became front-page news in Cameroon and led directly to Marafa's arrest.632 The U.S. ambassador at the time, Robert Jackson, said Marafa's trial did not specify the evidence against him.633
Unredacted cable release
Background
In August 2010, Assange gave Guardian journalist David Leigh an encryption key and a URL where he could locate the file containing the U.S. diplomatic cables. In February 2011 David Leigh and Luke Harding of The Guardian published the book WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy containing the encryption key. Leigh said he believed the key was a temporary one that would expire within days. Wikileaks supporters disseminated the encrypted files to mirror sites in December 2010 after Wikileaks experienced cyber-attacks. When Wikileaks learned what had happened it notified the US State Department. On 25 August 2011 the German magazine Der Freitag published an article giving details which would enable people to piece the information together.634
Release
WikiLeaks posted some unredacted cables before their media partners edited them, but later redacted them.635
In January 2011, several unredacted cables not on the WikiLeaks website were posted online by an associate of WikiLeaks, Israel Shamir. The cables included the names of people implied to be connected to bribery, and highly suggestive clues about the identity of an American informant. Shamir explained: "Handing confidential and secret information to everybody is the thing of Wikileaks. That's what it is about. Your question is like asking police why they catch thieves. That is what they are for."636637 Yulia Latynina, writing in The Moscow Times, alleged that Shamir concocted a cable which allegedly quoted European Union diplomats' plans to walk out of the Durban II speech by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, for publication in the pro-Putin Russian Reporter in December 2010.638639640 Shamir has denied this accusation.641
On 29 August, WikiLeaks published over 130,000 unredacted cables.642643644 On 31 August, WikiLeaks tweeted645 a link to a torrent of the encrypted data.646647 On 1 September 2011, WikiLeaks announced that an encrypted version of the un-redacted US State Department cables had been available via BitTorrent for months and that the decryption key was available. WikiLeaks said that on 2 September it would publish the entire, unredacted archive in searchable form on its website.648649650 According to Assange, Wikileaks did this so that possible targets could be informed and better defend themselves and to provide a reliable source for the leaks.651652653 Glenn Greenwald wrote that "the best and safest course was to release all the cables in full, so that not only the world's intelligence agencies but everyone had them, so that steps could be taken to protect the sources and so that the information in them was equally available".654655
The US cited the release in the opening of its request for extradition of Assange, saying his actions put lives at risk.656 The defence gave evidence it said would show that Assange was careful to protect lives.657658 John Young, the owner and operator of the website Cryptome testified at Assange's extradition hearing that the unredacted cables were published by Cryptome on 1 September, the day before Wikileaks. Young testified that "no US law enforcement authority has notified me that this publication of the cables is illegal, consists or contributes to a crime in any way, nor have they asked for them to be removed".659
The Guardian wrote that the decision to publish the cables in a searchable form was made by Assange alone, a decision that it, and its four previous media partners, condemned.660661 According to The Guardian, several thousand files in the archive were marked "strictly protect" which indicated officials thought sources could be endangered by their release.662663 In a joint statement, The Guardian, El País, New York Times and Der Spiegel said they "deplore the decision of WikiLeaks to publish the unredacted state department cables, which may put sources at risk" and "we cannot defend the needless publication of the complete data – indeed, we are united in condemning it."664665 Le Monde said it would also sign the statement.666 In response, WikiLeaks accused The Guardian of false statements and nepotism.667 Out of concern for those involved, Reporters Without Borders temporarily suspended their WikiLeaks mirror.668669 According to The Guardian, "the newly published archive" contained "more than 1,000 cables identifying individual activists; several thousand labelled with a tag used by the US to mark sources it believes could be placed in danger; and more than 150 specifically mentioning whistleblowers".670
According to media reports, after WikiLeaks published the unredacted cables, Ethiopian journalist Argaw Ashine was interrogated several times about a reference to him in a cable talking to a government source. The source told him about plans to arrest the editors of the critical Ethiopian weekly Addis Neger, who fled the country a month after talking to Ashine. Ashine was subjected to government harassment and intimidation and was forced to flee the country.671672673
The U.S. established an Information Review Task Force (IRTF) to investigate the impact of WikiLeaks' publications. According to IRTF reports, the leaks could cause "serious damage" and "the lives of cooperating Afghans, Iraqis, and other foreign interlocutors have been placed at increased risk".674 In 2013, the task force's head, Brigadier General Robert Carr, testified at Chelsea Manning's sentencing hearing. Carr said under questioning from the defence counsel that the task force had no specific examples of anyone who had lost their life due to WikiLeaks' publication of material provided by Manning.675676677678 Ed Pilkington wrote in The Guardian that Carr's testimony significantly undermined the argument that WikiLeaks' publications put lives at risk.679 In 2020, a lawyer for the US said that "sources, whose redacted names and other identifying information was contained in classified documents published by Wikileaks, who subsequently disappeared, although the US can't prove at this point that their disappearance was the result of being outed by Wikileaks."680681682
2011–2015
Main articles: Guantanamo Bay files leak, Global Intelligence Files leak, Syria Files, and Stratfor email leak
In late April 2011, files related to the Guantanamo prison were released.683684685686687 In December 2011, WikiLeaks started to release the Spy Files.688 On 27 February 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing more than five million emails from the Texas-headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor,689690691692 and on 5 July 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing the Syria Files, both had given to WikiLeaks by Anonymous.693694695696 Outlets reported that the Stratfor emails had malware.697698699700701702703 On 25 October 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Detainee Policies, files covering the rules and procedures for detainees in US military custody.704705 In April 2013 WikiLeaks republished more than 1.7 million declassified US diplomatic and intelligence documents from the 1970s, including the Kissinger cables, from the National Archives and Records Administration.706
In September 2013, WikiLeaks published "Spy Files 3", 250 documents from more than 90 surveillance companies.707 On 13 November 2013, a draft of the Trans-Pacific Partnership's Intellectual Property Rights chapter was published by WikiLeaks.708709 In September 2014, WikiLeaks published files from Gamma Group International, including what WikiLeaks called "weaponised malware".710 On 10 June 2015, WikiLeaks published the draft on the Trans-Pacific Partnership's Transparency for Healthcare Annex, along with each country's negotiating position.711 On 19 June 2015 WikiLeaks began publishing documents from the Saudi Foreign Ministry that contain secret communications from various Saudi Embassies.712713714
In June and July 2015, WikiLeaks published a series of documents on NSA spying, which showed that NSA spied on the French,715 German,716 Brazilian717 and Japanese718 governments. The documents also detailed an economic espionage against French companies and associations and extensive monitoring of the Japanese economy and Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi and Mitsui.719720
On 29 July 2015, WikiLeaks published a top-secret letter from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) Ministerial Meeting in December 2013 which illustrated the position of negotiating countries on "state-owned enterprises" (SOEs).721 On 21 October 2015 WikiLeaks published some of John O. Brennan's emails, including a draft security clearance application which contained personal information.722
2016
Main articles: Hillary Clinton email controversy, 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak, and Podesta emails
During the 2016 US Democratic Party presidential primaries, WikiLeaks hosted emails sent or received by presidential candidate Hillary Clinton from her personal mail server while she was Secretary of State. The emails had been released by the US State Department under a Freedom of information request in February 2016.723 WikiLeaks also created a search engine to allow the public to search through Clinton's emails.724 In July 2016, just prior to the publication of the UK government's Iraq Inquiry report, WikiLeaks published a selection of the emails referencing the Iraq War.725
On 19 July 2016, in response to the Turkish government's purges that followed the coup attempt,726 WikiLeaks released 294,548 emails from Turkey's ruling Justice and Development party (AKP).727 According to WikiLeaks, the material, which it said was the first batch from the "AKP Emails", was obtained a week before the attempted coup in the country and "is not connected, in any way, to the elements behind the attempted coup, or to a rival political party or state".728729730 After WikiLeaks announced that it would release the emails, the organisation was for over 24 hours under a "sustained attack".731 Following the leak, the Turkish government ordered the site to be blocked nationwide.732733734735
On 22 July 2016, WikiLeaks released approximately 20,000 emails and 8,000 files sent from or received by Democratic National Committee (DNC) personnel. Some of the emails contained personal information of donors, including home addresses and Social Security numbers.736 Other emails appeared to criticise Bernie Sanders or showed favouritism towards Clinton during the primaries.737738 In July 2016, Debbie Wasserman Schultz resigned as chairwoman of the DNC because the emails released by WikiLeaks showed that the DNC was "effectively an arm of Mrs. Clinton's campaign" and had conspired to sabotage Sanders's campaign.739
On 7 October 2016, WikiLeaks started releasing series of emails and documents sent from or received by Hillary Clinton campaign manager, John Podesta, including Hillary Clinton's paid speeches to banks, including Goldman Sachs. The BBC reported that the release "is unlikely to allay fears among liberal Democrats that she is too cosy with Wall Street".740741742 The DNC and Podesta files allegedly came from Russian state-sponsored hackers, which WikiLeaks denied. According to a spokesman for the Clinton campaign, "By dribbling these out every day WikiLeaks is proving they are nothing but a propaganda arm of the Kremlin with a political agenda doing Vladimir Putin's dirty work to help elect Donald Trump."743 President Vladimir Putin said that Russia was being falsely accused.744745
On 25 November 2016, WikiLeaks released emails and internal documents that provided details on the US military operations in Yemen from 2009 to March 2015.746 In a statement accompanying the "Yemen Files", Assange said about the US involvement in the Yemen war: "Although the United States government has provided most of the bombs and is deeply involved in the conduct of the war itself reportage on the war in English is conspicuously rare".747
In December 2016, WikiLeaks published over 57,000 emails from Erdogan's son-in-law, Berat Albayrak, who was Turkey's Minister of Energy and Natural Resources. The emails show the inner workings of the Turkish government.748 According to WikiLeaks, the emails had been first released by Redhack.749
2017
On 16 February 2017, WikiLeaks released a purported report on CIA espionage orders (marked as NOFORN) for the 2012 French presidential election.750751 The order called for details of party funding, internal rivalries and future attitudes toward the United States. The Associated Press noted that "the orders seemed to represent standard intelligence-gathering."752
On 7 March 2017, WikiLeaks started publishing content code-named "Vault 7", describing it as containing CIA internal documentation of their "massive arsenal" of hacking tools including malware, viruses, weaponised "zero day" exploits and remote control systems.753754755 Leaked documents, dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, such as the ability to compromise cars, smart TVs,756 web browsers,757758 and operating systems.759 In July 2022, Joshua Schulte was convicted of leaking the files.760
In September 2017, WikiLeaks released "Spy Files Russia," revealing "how a St. Petersburg-based technology company called Peter-Service helped state entities gather detailed data on Russian cellphone users, part of a national system of online surveillance called System for Operative Investigative Activities."761
2019
In November 2019, WikiLeaks released an email from an unnamed investigator from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) team investigating the 2018 chemical attack in Douma (Syria). The investigator accused the OPCW of covering up discrepancies.762 Robert Fisk said that documents released by WikiLeaks indicated that the OPCW "suppressed or failed to publish, or simply preferred to ignore, the conclusions of up to 20 other members of its staff who became so upset at what they regarded as the misleading conclusions of the final report that they officially sought to have it changed in order to represent the truth".763 The head of OPCW, Fernando Arias, described the leak as containing "subjective views" and stood by the original conclusions.764 In April 2018, WikiLeaks had offered a $100,000 reward for confidential information about "the alleged chemical attack in Douma, Syria."765 In a November 2020 interview with BBC, WikiLeaks' alleged source declined to say if he took money from the organisation.766767
On 12 November 2019, WikiLeaks began publishing what it called the Fishrot Files (Icelandic: Samherjaskjölin), a collection of thousands of documents and email communication by employees of one of Iceland's largest fish industry companies, Samherji, that indicated that the company had paid hundreds of millions Icelandic króna to officials in Namibia with the objective of acquiring the country's coveted fishing quota.768 The files were given to WikiLeaks by Jóhannes Stefánsson.
2021
In 2021, WikiLeaks made a searchable database of 17,000 publicly available documents, which it called The Intolerance Network, from the ultra-conservative Spanish Catholic organisation Hazte Oir and its international arm, CitizenGo. The documents reveal the internal workings of the organisations, their network of donors and their relationship with the Vatican. The release also includes documents from the secret Catholic organisation El Yunque. The editor of WikiLeaks, Kristinn Hrafnsson, said "As ultra right-wing political groups have gained strength in recent years, with increasing attacks on women's and LGBT rights, it is valuable to have access to documents from those who have lobbied for those changes on a global basis".769 According to WikiLeaks, the documents were first released in 2017.770771
Authenticity and completeness
See also: List of material published by WikiLeaks § Unpublished material
According to The New Yorker, when WikiLeaks posted its first document in December 2006, "Assange and the others were uncertain of its authenticity, but they thought that readers, using Wikipedia-like features of the site, would help analyse it. ... The document's authenticity was never determined, and news about WikiLeaks quickly superseded the leak itself."772 When someone said they were misidentified in a Julius Baer document as having a secret Swiss bank account Assange and Domscheit-Berg added a caveat to the document saying, "according to three independent sources" the information might be false or misleading. Domscheit-Berg later wrote that they made up the "three independent sources" and that the source had "included some background information he had researched about the bank's clients" that misidentified a Swiss account holder as a German man with a similar name.773774
In 2008, the WikiLeaks website said "Wikileaks does not pass judgement on the authenticity of documents".775 Wired reported that in 2009, a "whistleblower" submitted fabricated documents to WikiLeaks. The documents were published and flagged by WikiLeaks as potential fakes.776
WikiLeaks stated in 2010 that it has never released a misattributed document and that documents are assessed before release. In response to concerns about the possibility of misleading or fraudulent leaks, WikiLeaks has stated that misleading leaks "are already well-placed in the mainstream media. WikiLeaks is of no additional assistance."777 The FAQ in 2010 stated that: "The simplest and most effective countermeasure is a worldwide community of informed users and editors who can scrutinise and discuss leaked documents."778 In 2010, Assange said submitted documents were vetted by five reviewers with expertise in different topics such as language or programming, who also investigated the leaker's identity if known.779 Assange had the final say in document assessment.780
Daniel Domscheit-Berg wrote that before WikiLeaks started working with media partners most verification of submissions was doing Google searches.781782 According to the Columbia Journalism Review, Assange "outsourced the burden of verification" of the Afghan War documents leak, the Iraq War documents leak and Cablegate to the New York Times, The Guardian, and Der Spiegel.783784 Yulia Latynina alleged in The Moscow Times that WikiLeaks associate Israel Shamir concocted a leaked diplomatic cable for publication in the pro-Putin Russian Reporter in December 2010.785786787 Shamir has denied this accusation.788
In 2012, WikiLeaks released a statement about the Syria Files saying that:
In such a large collection of information, it is not possible to verify every single email at once; however, WikiLeaks and its co-publishers have done so for all initial stories to be published. We are statistically confident that the vast majority of the data are what they purport to be.789790791
Columnist Eric Zorn wrote in 2016 "So far, it's possible, even likely, that every stolen email WikiLeaks has posted has been authentic," but cautioned against assuming that future releases would be equally authentic.792 Writer Glenn Greenwald wrote in 2016 that WikiLeaks had a "perfect, long-standing record of only publishing authentic documents."793 Cybersecurity experts have said that it would be easy for a person to fabricate an email or alter it, as by changing headers and metadata.794 Some released emails contain DKIM headers. This allows them to be verified as genuine to some degree of certainty.795[better source needed]
In July 2016, the Aspen Institute's Homeland Security Group, a bipartisan counterterrorism organisation, warned that hackers who stole authentic data might "salt the files they release with plausible forgeries."796 According to Douglas Perry, Russian intelligence agencies have frequently used disinformation tactics. He wrote in 2016 that "carefully faked emails might be included in the WikiLeaks dumps. After all, the best way to make false information believable is to mix it in with true information."797
In September 2016, The Daily Dot reported that WikiLeaks' Syria Files excluded "records of a €2 billion transaction between the Syrian regime and a government-owned Russian bank," citing court documents.798
Reception
Main article: Reception of WikiLeaks
Awards and support
The media and civil society organisations have commended Wikileaks for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of the press, and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions.799800801802803804805
WikiLeaks won The Economist's New Media Award in 2008 at the Index on Censorship Awards806 and Amnesty International's UK Media Award in 2009.807808 Julian Assange received the 2010 Sam Adams Award for Integrity in Intelligence for releasing secret U.S. military reports on the Iraq and Afghan wars809 and was named the Readers' Choice for TIME's Person of the Year in 2010.810
In 2010, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern over what they referred to as a cyber war against WikiLeaks,811 and in a joint statement with the Organization of American States the UN Special Rapporteur called on states and others to keep international legal principles in mind.812 In 2010, a UK Information Commissioner said that "WikiLeaks is part of the phenomenon of the online, empowered citizen",813 and an Internet petition in support of WikiLeaks attracted more than six hundred thousand signatures.814
On 16 April 2019, Mairead Maguire accepted the 2019 GUE/NGL Award for Journalists, Whistleblowers & Defenders of the Right to Information on Julian Assange's behalf.815
Improving government and corporate transparency
During the early years of WikiLeaks, members of the media and academia commended it for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of the press, and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions.816817818819820821822
In 2010, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern over what they referred to as a cyber war against WikiLeaks,823 and in a joint statement with the Organization of American States the UN Special Rapporteur called on states and others to keep international legal principles in mind.824
Criticism
See also: Reception of WikiLeaks § Criticism of Wikileaks
Since 2011,825 WikiLeaks has faced allegations of association with the Russian government which peaked during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. WikiLeaks said it had no connection with Russia.826 Several associates of WikiLeaks including Julian Assange,827828829830 Smári McCarthy,831832833 and Sigurdur Thordarson have faced allegations related to hacking.834835836837 WikiLeaks has been criticised for making misleading claims about the contents of its leaks,838839 including the Stratfor email leak,840841 the AKP emails842843844 and Vault 7.845 The group was criticised for attempting to auction information846847 and drew intense criticism from supporters including Anonymous for putting the Global Intelligence files behind a paywall.848849850851 WikiLeaks has drawn criticism for inadequate curation and violations of personal privacy852 from transparency advocates such as Edward Snowden,853 Glenn Greenwald,854 Amnesty International,855 Reporters Without Borders,856857858 the Sunlight Foundation859 and the Federation of American Scientists.860861
Internal conflicts and lack of transparency
See also: WikiLeaks § 2010 internal dissent
WikiLeaks has often been criticised for demanding absolute secrecy about its activities, but openness in others.862
In 2010, former advisory board member John Young accused the organisation of a lack of transparency regarding its fundraising and financial management. He stated his belief that WikiLeaks could not guarantee whistleblowers the anonymity or confidentiality it said it did and that he "would not trust them with information if it had any value, or if it put me at risk or anyone that I cared about at risk."863 He later became supportive of the organisation again.864
Those working for WikiLeaks are reportedly required to sign sweeping non-disclosure agreements covering all conversations, conduct, and material, with Assange having sole power over disclosure.865 The penalty for non-compliance in one such agreement was reportedly £12 million.866 WikiLeaks has been challenged for this practice, as it is seen to be hypocritical for an organisation dedicated to transparency to limit the transparency of its inner workings and limit the accountability of powerful individuals in the organisation.867868869
Public positions taken by United States politicians concerning WikiLeaks
In 2010, after WikiLeaks' release of classified U.S. government documents leaked by Chelsea Manning, then U.S. Vice-president Joe Biden said that he "would argue it is closer to being a high-tech terrorist than the Pentagon Papers". Biden said Assange "has done things that have damaged and put in jeopardy the lives and occupations of people in other parts of the world."870871872 Representative Pete Hoekstra called for decisive action against WikiLeaks.873 Senators Joseph Lieberman and John McCain called WikiLeaks publications the "most damaging security breach in the history of this country" and Representative Peter T. King said WikiLeaks should be designated a terrorist organisation.874875876 Sarah Palin, William Kristol and Rick Santorum compared WikiLeaks to a terrorist group.877 Senator John Ensign proposed amending the Espionage Act to target WikiLeaks.878
An internal U.S. government review in found that the redacted diplomatic cables leak was embarrassing but caused only limited damage to U.S. interests abroad. In January 2011, a congressional official said they thought the Obama administration felt compelled to say publicly that the release caused severe damage in order to bolster legal efforts to shut down the WikiLeaks website and bring charges against the leakers.879 In 2012, Representative Ron Paul defended WikiLeaks in a floor speech.880
In 2015, Representative Mac Thornberry said WikiLeaks publications had done "enormous" damage and helped the country's "primary adversaries".881 In 2016, former U.S. representative Connie Mack said the U.S. public has "a right to know" the contents of the diplomatic documents and said criticism of WikiLeaks was a way of distracting from the revelations contained in WikiLeaks' publications.882
Several Republicans who had once been highly critical of WikiLeaks and Julian Assange began to speak fondly of him after WikiLeaks published the DNC leaks and started to regularly criticise Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party.883884 Having called WikiLeaks "disgraceful" in 2010, President-elect Donald Trump praised WikiLeaks in October 2016, saying, "I love WikiLeaks."885886 In 2019, Trump said "I know nothing about WikiLeaks. It's not my thing."887 Newt Gingrich, who called for Assange to be "treated as an enemy combatant" in 2010, praised him as a "down to Earth, straight forward interviewee" in 2017.888 Sarah Palin, who had described Assange as an "anti-American operative with blood on his hands" in 2010, praised Assange in 2017.889
In 2019, Tulsi Gabbard spoke of the "chilling effect on investigative journalism", first of the US government's reclassification of WikiLeaks from "news organization" to "hostile intelligence service", then of Assange's arrest.890 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 said that “It is the sense of Congress that WikiLeaks and the senior leadership of WikiLeaks resemble a non-state hostile intelligence service often abetted by state actors and should be treated as such a service by the United States".891
Cultural references
- Wikileaks: The Game, a 2010 video game by Sebastiaan Moeys that was played by more than a million people.892
- War, Lies and Videotape is a documentary by French directors Paul Moreira and Luc Hermann from press agency Premieres Lignes. The film was released in France in 2011 and then broadcast worldwide.893
- Underground: The Julian Assange Story is a biographical film of the early life of Julian Assange directed by Robert Connolly.
- Mediastan is a documentary released in 2013 directed by Johannes Wahlström, produced by Ken Loach's company Sixteen Films and featuring the people behind WikiLeaks.894[self-published source] The film debuted at the Raindance Film Festival.
- The documentary We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks by director Alex Gibney premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival.895
- The Fifth Estate is a film directed by Bill Condon, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Assange. The film is based on Daniel Domscheit-Berg's book Inside WikiLeaks: My Time with Julian Assange and the World's Most Dangerous Website, as well as WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy by David Leigh and Luke Harding.896
- The Source is a 2014 oratorio by Ted Hearne, with a libretto by Mark Doten that features WikiLeaks document disclosures by Chelsea Manning.897
- The War on Journalism: The Case of Julian Assange is a 2020 documentary by Juan Passarelli.898
- A Secret Australia: Revealed by the WikiLeaks Exposés899 was published in December 2020. The book contains 18 essays by Julian Burnside, Antony Loewenstein, Scott Ludlam, Helen Razer and others about how WikiLeaks has affected the Australian media and the Australian government's connections to the US intelligence and military industries.900
Spin-offs
Release of United States diplomatic cables was followed by the creation of a number of other organisations based on the WikiLeaks model. WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson responded to the idea positively, saying that having more organisations like WikiLeaks was good.901902 In 2012, Andy Greenberg said there were more than 50 spin-offs including BaltiLeaks, BritiLeaks, BrusselsLeaks, Corporate Leaks, CrowdLeaks, EnviroLeaks, FrenchLeaks, GlobaLeaks, Indoleaks, IrishLeaks, IsraeliLeaks, Jumbo Leaks, KHLeaks, LeakyMails, Localeaks, MapleLeaks, MurdochLeaks, Office Leaks, Porn WikiLeaks, PinoyLeaks, PirateLeaks, QuebecLeaks, RuLeaks, ScienceLeaks, TradeLeaks, and UniLeaks.903904905
- BalkanLeaks was created in December 2010 and published transcripts of wiretaps in a bribery case against Bulgarian officials, and criminal complaints and trial transcripts of Bulgarian prosecutors.906
- RuLeaks was launched in December 2010 to translate and mirror publications by WikiLeaks. In January 2011, it started to publish its own content as well.907
- OpenLeaks was created by a former WikiLeaks spokesperson. Daniel Domscheit-Berg said the intention was to be more transparent than WikiLeaks. OpenLeaks was supposed to start public operations in early 2011 but despite much media coverage, as of April 2013 it is not operating.908
- Leakymails is a project designed to obtain and publish relevant documents exposing corruption of the political class and the powerful in Argentina.909910911
- On 9 September 2013912 a number of major Dutch media outlets supported the launch of Publeaks, which provides a secure website for people to leak documents to the media using the GlobaLeaks whistleblowing software.913
- Distributed Denial of Secrets is a whistleblower site founded in 2018. Sometimes referred to as an alternative to WikiLeaks, it is best known for its publication of a large collection of internal police documents, known as BlueLeaks. The site has also published data on Russian oligarchs, fascist groups, shell companies, tax havens, banking in the Caymans and the Parler leak.914915
See also
- Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority
- Lumen (website)
- Classified information in the United States
- Data activism
- Digital rights
- Freedom of information
- Freedom of the Press Foundation
- ICWATCH
- Information warfare
- New York Times Co. v. United States
- Open society
- 1993 PGP criminal investigation
- Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Notes
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to WikiLeaks.- Official website
- Official website of Courage Foundation (Archived 11 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine) – an organisation that supports whistleblowers and political prisoners
References
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