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Jacob Appelbaum
American computer security researcher and journalist (born 1 April 1983)

Jacob Appelbaum (born 1983) is an American independent journalist, computer security researcher, and hacker known for his work with the Tor Project and WikiLeaks. He earned a PhD from Eindhoven University of Technology and gained prominence for publishing stories in Der Spiegel based on NSA documents leaked by Edward Snowden, including reports on surveillance of Angela Merkel. In 2014, he won the Henri Nannen Prize for this work. Appelbaum has also been involved with the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective and co-founded the Noisebridge hackerspace in San Francisco. Controversially, in 2016, allegations of misconduct led to his stepping down from many roles, though debates about due process and social media trial ensued. A 2024 documentary, No One Wants to Talk about Jacob Appelbaum, is available on AppleTV.

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Early life and education

Appelbaum says that he tested out of high school and attended junior college briefly before he "stopped college and continued [his] education".25 In a wide-ranging interview with Rolling Stone magazine in 2010, Appelbaum stated that he comes from "a family of lunatics... [a]ctual, raving lunatics". He stated that his mother "is a paranoid schizophrenic" who "insisted that Jake had somehow been molested by his father while he was still in the womb". He was taken away from his mother by his aunt when he was 6. Two years later, he was placed in a children's home in Sonoma County. At age 10, his indigent father was awarded custody of him. According to him, having been introduced to computer programming by a friend's father saved his life: "The Internet is the only reason I'm alive today."26 Appelbaum says that he developed OCD at a young age. He has also stated that his father, who struggled with heroin addiction,27 has been murdered by poisoning.2829

Starting in 2015, Appelbaum was a Ph.D. student studying under at the Eindhoven University of Technology.3031 He received his Ph.D. in March 2022.32 which is published under the title: "Communication in a world of pervasive surveillance".

Career

Journalism

Appelbaum was among several people to gain access to former NSA contractor Edward Snowden's top secret documents released in 2013.33

On 23 October 2013, Appelbaum and other writers and editors at Der Spiegel reported that their investigations had led German Chancellor Angela Merkel to confront the U.S. government over evidence that it was monitoring her personal cell phone.34 US President Barack Obama denied the report.35 The Der Spiegel team reported on the resulting controversy and detailed a further claim that the Embassy of the United States, Berlin, was being used as a base of operations for electronic surveillance of its German ally.36 The BBC's Damien McGuinness commented that "The scandal has caused one of the biggest diplomatic rifts between Germany and the U.S."37 At the scandal's peak, Merkel compared the National Security Agency with the East German Stasi secret police during an angry conversation with Obama.38

The Der Spiegel team's reporting about Merkel earned the 2014 Henri Nannen prize39 for investigative journalism. Appelbaum shared the prize with Der Spiegel writers and editors Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler [de], and Holger Stark [de]. A few days later he provoked a furor by condemning Nannen, the prize's namesake, for his Nazi collaboration,40 declaring that he would have his bronze bust of Nannen melted down and recast, and donate his prize money to anti-fascist groups.4142

On 28 December 2013, at the Chaos Communication Congress,4344 he presented documents showing that the NSA can turn iPhones into eavesdropping tools and has developed devices to harvest electronic information from a computer even if the computer is not online. An investigative team at Der Spiegel, including Appelbaum, simultaneously published their findings,45 along with a descriptive list of the surveillance devices making up the NSA ANT catalog.46

On 3 July 2014, German broadcaster NDR/ARD carried disclosures by Appelbaum and others about the operation of NSA's top-secret XKeyscore surveillance software, including source code proving that a computer of Appelbaum's had been targeted.4748

On 28 December 2014, Der Spiegel again drew from the Snowden documents to assess the NSA's ability to crack encrypted Internet communications.49 In a separate article, they described how British and American intelligence used covert surveillance to target, often inaccurately, suspected Taliban fighters and drug smugglers for killing.50

Appelbaum has appeared several times on Democracy Now! as a security researcher, privacy activist, and target of government surveillance.515253 He appeared with Julian Assange on Episode 8 & 9 of World Tomorrow, "Cypherpunks".54

He is a contributor to Julian Assange's 2012 book Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet along with Andy Müller-Maguhn and Jérémie Zimmermann.

Appelbaum was a member of the outside volunteer technical advisory board of the Freedom of the Press Foundation until 8 June 2016.55

Technology

In 2005, Appelbaum gave two talks at the 22nd Chaos Communication Congress,56 Personal Experiences: Bringing Technology and New Media to Disaster Areas, and A Discussion About Modern Disk Encryption Systems. At the 2006 23rd Chaos Communication Congress, he gave a talk with Ralf-Philipp Weinmann titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System.5758

Appelbaum has collaborated on several other high-profile research projects.

Art

Appelbaum has taken part in a number of art projects with dissident artists including Laura Poitras, Trevor Paglen, Ai Weiwei, and Angela Richter.71 His art has given rise to projects such as Panda to Panda (P2P)72 and the Autonomy Cube.7374

Appelbaum is also a photographer who has contributed still photographs to film and game projects.75 He exhibited his work in a solo show at NOME in 2016.76

Appelbaum appeared in Laura Poitras's Academy Award-winning film Citizenfour (2014),77 which documents the public emergence of NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden and the political circumstances leading to his actions. Appelbaum stars in Poitras's portrait of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, Risk (2016).78 Appelbaum worked with Canadian film-maker Jamie Kastner for his documentary, "Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum." The film was screened for buyers in September 2023.79

He was an artist in residence for the art group monochrom at Museumsquartier in 2006.80

Activism

Appelbaum represented Wikileaks founder Julian Assange in a keynote address at the 2010 HOPE conference.81

In August 2013, Appelbaum delivered Edward Snowden's acceptance speech after he was awarded the biannual Whistleblower Prize by a group of NGOs at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.8283

Surveillance, airport detention, and WikiLeaks investigation

Appelbaum says he believes he has been under government surveillance since 2009, to the detriment of himself, his friends, and his close relations.84 In interviews he has stated that living in Germany has given him a sense of relief from U.S. surveillance.85 Appelbaum has described various aggressive surveillance events, and implies they are related to his work with WikiLeaks, to his privacy activism, and to relationships with other privacy activists, notably reporters linked to Edward Snowden.86 In December 2013, Appelbaum said he suspected the U.S. government of breaking into his Berlin apartment and using his computer.87

While traveling, Appelbaum has been detained at airports and had his electronic equipment seized several times.88899091

In 2010, the US Department of Justice obtained a court order compelling Twitter to provide data associated with the user accounts of Appelbaum, as well as several other individuals associated with WikiLeaks. While the order was originally sealed, Twitter successfully petitioned the court to unseal it, permitting the company to inform its users that their account information had been requested.9293

In September 2013, he testified before the European Parliament, mentioning that his partner had been spied on by men in night-vision goggles as she slept.94

In 2015, it was revealed that Google had been forced to turn over information from his Gmail account.95

In 2019, he told reporters that he had been contacted by Alexandria prosecutors about cooperating with the WikiLeaks grand jury for immunity, but had refused.96

Allegations of sexual misconduct

In March 2015, Appelbaum was suspended from his position at the Tor Project for ten days due to alleged incidents of harassment.979899

On 25 May 2016, Appelbaum stepped down from his position at Tor;100101102 this was announced on 2 June by the non-profit in a short statement.103 On 4 June, Shari Steele, the former executive director of the Tor Project, published a much longer statement, noting that although prior allegations of sexual abuse regarding Appelbaum were consistent with "rumors some of us had been hearing for some time" that "the most recent allegations are much more serious and concrete than anything we had heard previously."104105

Also on 4 June, a website appeared with anonymous accounts of mistreatment by Appelbaum.106 On 6 June, Appelbaum issued a statement denouncing the allegations as part of a concerted strategy to damage his reputation.107108109 Security engineer Leigh Honeywell came forward on 7 June to publicly relate the website's stories with her relationship with Appelbaum, in which she described Appelbaum ignoring a safeword and becoming violent.110 An anonymously leaked letter that the Tor Project's human resources manager had written to Appelbaum in conjunction with his March 2015 suspension for unprofessional conduct was published on 7 June.111112113 On 15 June, Alison Macrina (the director of the Library Freedom Project) and Isis Lovecruft (a Tor developer) publicly announced that the website's anonymous accounts of sexual abuse, under the pseudonyms of "Sam" and "Forest", respectively, were their own.114

In response to the allegations, the Cult of the Dead Cow ejected Appelbaum on 7 June,115116 and the Freedom of the Press Foundation removed him from their volunteer technical advisory board on 8 June.117118 Noisebridge announced on 10 June that co-founder Appelbaum had triggered their Anti-Harassment policy and is "no longer welcome in our community, either in its physical or online spaces",119120 and on 17 June the Chaos Computer Club announced that he was not welcome.121 On 18 June his status as a Debian project developer was revoked. On 1 July Linux Australia barred Appelbaum from future events.122

On 10 June, a woman whom three witnesses claimed to have seen being abused,123 denied the abuse allegations.124 In a statement released by Gizmodo journalist William Turton, she wrote that her experience was distorted and reported without her consent.125 On 17 June 2016, activists, journalists and legal professionals supporting Appelbaum signed a document defending his right to due process, and deploring the story's treatment by social media.126127128 In June 2016, the façade of the building in which Appelbaum's Berlin apartment is located was defaced in English and German with graffiti directly referencing the allegations.129

In July 2016, the Tor Project announced it had completed a seven-week investigation led by a hired investigator. According to Shari Steele, Tor Project "did everything in our power" to treat Mr. Appelbaum fairly, and "we determined that the allegations against him appear to be true."130131

In July 2016, Süddeutsche Zeitung reported that allegations against Appelbaum had been known in Berlin hacker circles for years. A hacker from Berlin told the newspaper that "I can feel a huge sense of relief that the silence has at last been broke."132133 On 11 August 2016, the German weekly Die Zeit published a lengthy investigation into the rape charges, including interviews with three people present at the scene of the alleged rape. None of these witnesses corroborated the claims made by the anonymous victim. The article also reports that a second falsely identified victim had demanded that her story be removed from the anonymous website.134 A change in attitude in the information security community towards calling out known abusers and believing reports of sexual misconduct was partially credited to Appelbaum's precedent.135

Jamie Kastner directed and produced the documentary Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum.136 The documentary partly addresses the sexual misconduct allegations against Appelbaum. The documentary was presented at film festivals in the U.S. and Canada,137 before being released on Canadian television in 2024.138

Personal life

Appelbaum is an atheist of Jewish background and identifies himself as queer.139 Politically, he is an anarchist.140141

In 2012, he moved to Berlin.142 He has stated that he does not want to go back to the United States because he doesn't feel safe there143 and in interviews he has provided specific examples of experiences that left him feeling unsafe.144

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Appelbaum.

References

  1. "Ai Weiwei Teams Up With WikiLeaks Activist Jacob Appelbaum For Collaboration". Artlyst.com. 2015-04-28. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02. https://artlyst.com/news/ai-weiwei-teams-up-with-wikileaks-activist-jacob-appelbaum-for-collaboration/ ↩

  2. Farivar, Cyrus (5 June 2016). "Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/ ↩

  3. "CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror" (Press release). Cult of the Dead Cow. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html ↩

  4. Hartwell, Lane (10 June 2007). "So Who Wants to F**k a Robot?". Wired.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2013. https://www.wired.com/underwire/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/ ↩

  5. Appelbaum, Jacob (22 June 2004). "Geeks Love Trees, Too". Greenpeace – Weblog. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20040803074600/http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html ↩

  6. Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201 ↩

  7. "Jacob Appelbaum leaves the Tor Project". Tor Project. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/ ↩

  8. Farivar, Cyrus (5 June 2016). "Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/ ↩

  9. Abbelbaum, Jacob (6 June 2016). "Twitlonger - When you talk too much for Twitter". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320 ↩

  10. Peterson, Andrea (2016-07-28). "Jacob Appelbaum was an online privacy hero. Then a sex misconduct scandal exploded". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2016-07-30. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments ↩

  11. "CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror" (Press release). Cult of the Dead Cow. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html ↩

  12. Trevor, Timm (8 June 2016). "Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Freedom of the Press Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016. https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum ↩

  13. Cameron, Dell; Larson, Selena (15 June 2016). "2 more people publicly allege sexual misconduct by Jacob Appelbaum". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016. http://www.dailydot.com/politics/jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-alison-macrina/ ↩

  14. "Noisebridge Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Noisebridge Blog. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum ↩

  15. Turton, William (2016-06-17). "Jacob Appelbaum Banned From Prominent Hacker Conference Following Sexual Assault Allegations". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 18 June 2016. https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249 ↩

  16. "Security expert Appelbaum no longer part of Debian". ITWire. 18 June 2016. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html ↩

  17. Perlroth, Nicole (27 July 2016). "Tor Project Confirms Sexual Misconduct Claims Against Employee". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/technology/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum.html ↩

  18. "Investigation confirms Jacob Appelbaum sexual misconduct at Tor Project". The Daily Dot. 2016-07-28. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-07-22. https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/ ↩

  19. Yadron, Danny (6 June 2016). "Digital privacy activist Jacob Appelbaum denies colleagues' assault allegations". the Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/06/jacob-appelbaum-tor-denies-assault-allegations ↩

  20. Fuchs, Christian; Weisbrod, Lars; Mondial, Sebastian (13 August 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum: What Has This Man Done?". Die Zeit. zeit.de. Number 34. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht ↩

  21. "In solidarity with Jacob Applebaum and on the side of justice for all". Jun 8, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-08. Retrieved Sep 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171941/https://ourresponse.org/ ↩

  22. Alphonso, Don (13 June 2016). "Aktivistinnen rufen zum Ende der Hetzjagd gegen Appelbaum auf" [Women activists call for an end to the witch-hunt against Jacob Appelbaum]. Faz.net (in German). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html ↩

  23. Riegel, Tobias (13 June 2016). "Die Presse und der Pranger" [The press and the pillory]. neues deutschland (in German). Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html ↩

  24. "Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum". IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31639423/ ↩

  25. "The following is a personal interview by Esther Sassaman". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html ↩

  26. Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201 ↩

  27. Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014. An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way. https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031320/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201 ↩

  28. "The following is a personal interview by Esther Sassaman". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20110219135907/http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html ↩

  29. Appelbaum, Jacob (29 December 2007), Personal experiences bringing technology and new media to disaster areas, archived from the original on 2021-04-26, retrieved 2021-04-26 https://media.ccc.de/v/22C3-478-en-desaster_areas ↩

  30. Appelbaum, Jacob (Sep 1, 2015). "Today is my first day as a PhD student with @hyperelliptic and @hashbreaker at @tue_mcs. #pqc". Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved Sep 5, 2019. https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912 ↩

  31. Jeong, Sarah (2017-12-21). "What happened when the infosec community outed its own sexual predators". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-21. https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/21/16807116/infosec-community-sexual-predators-weinstein-assault ↩

  32. "Jacob R. Appelbaum". Eindhoven University of Technology research portal. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2022-02-21. https://research.tue.nl/en/persons/jacob-r-appelbaum/publications/ ↩

  33. "Snowden ally Appelbaum claims his Berlin apartment was invaded". Deutsche Welle. 21 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014. http://www.dw.de/snowden-ally-appelbaum-claims-his-berlin-apartment-was-invaded/a-17315069 ↩

  34. Appelbaum, Jacob; Stark, Holger; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg (23 October 2013). "Berlin Complains: Did US Tap Chancellor Merkel's Mobile Phone?". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/merkel-calls-obama-over-suspicions-us-tapped-her-mobile-phone-a-929642.html ↩

  35. Jackson, David (23 October 2013). "Obama says NSA not spying on Merkel's cellphone". usatoday.com. Retrieved 30 July 2016. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/23/obama-merkel-national-security-agency/3171477/ ↩

  36. Appelbaum, Jacob; Blome, Nikolaus; Gude, Hubert; Neukirch, Ralf; Pfister, René; Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg; Schmitz, Gregor; Stark, Holger (27 October 2013). "Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html ↩

  37. "US bugged Merkel's phone from 2002 until 2013, report claims". bbc.com. 27 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24690055 ↩

  38. "Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama". theguardian.com. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/merkel-compares-nsa-stasi-obama ↩

  39. "Henri-Nannen-Preis 2014: SPIEGEL-Redakteurin gewinnt mit Gurlitt-Reportage". www.spiegel.de (in German). 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-preis-spiegel-redakteure-ausgezeichnet-a-969932.html ↩

  40. Schreiber, Hermann (4 June 2014). "Henri Nannen im Nationalsozialismus: Verseuchte Vergangenheit". stern.de (in German). Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-im-nationalsozialismus-verseuchte-vergangenheit-3166768.html ↩

  41. "Preisträger Appelbaum will Henri-Nannen-Skulptur einschmelzen". sueddeutsche.de (in German). 24 May 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016.[permanent dead link] http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-nazi-vergangenheit-preistraeger-appelbaum-will-henri-nannen-preis-einschmelzen-1.197417 ↩

  42. Appelbaum, Jacob (23 May 2014). "The social pressure of conformity". nachtkritik.de. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. http://www.nachtkritik.de/index.php?view=article&id=9572 ↩

  43. Democracy Now!: Jacob Appelbaum: Futuristic-Sounding "Radar Wave Devices" Can Help NSA Monitor Your Computer Usage | Democracy Now! Archived 2015-08-28 at the Wayback Machine http://www.democracynow.org/2013/12/31/jacob_appelbaum_futuristic_sounding_radar_wave ↩

  44. CBS News: NSA can spy on offline computers wirelessly, says security expert - CBS News Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nsa-can-spy-on-offline-computers-wirelessly-expert-jacob-applebaum-says/ ↩

  45. Appelbaum, Jacob; Horchert, Judith; Reissmann, Ole; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg; Stöcker, Christian (30 December 2013). "NSA Secret Toolbox: ANT Unit Offers Spy Gadgets for Every Need". spiegel.de. Additional reporting my Andy Müller-Maguhn. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-secret-toolbox-ant-unit-offers-spy-gadgets-for-every-need-a-941006.html ↩

  46. "Interactive Graphic: The NSA's Spy Catalog". spiegel.de. 30 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/a-941262.html ↩

  47. Appelbaum, J.; Gibson, A.; Goetz, J.; Kabisch, V.; Kampf, L.; Ryge, L. (3 July 2014). "NSA targets the privacy-conscious". daserste.ndr.de. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. http://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/aktuell/NSA-targets-the-privacy-conscious,nsa230.html ↩

  48. "xkeyscorerules100". Panorama. ARD (broadcaster). 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016. http://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/xkeyscorerules100.txt ↩

  49. Appelbaum, Jacob; Gibson, Aaron; Grothoff, Christian; Müller-Maguhn, Andy; Poitras, Laura; Sontheimer, Michael; Stöcker, Christian (28 December 2014). "Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA's War on Internet Security". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html ↩

  50. Appelbaum, Jacob; Gebauer, Matthias; Koelbl, Susanne; Poitras, Laura; Repinski, Gordon; Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (28 December 2014). "Obama's Lists: A Dubious History of Targeted Killings in Afghanistan". spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-docs-reveal-dubious-details-of-targeted-killings-in-afghanistan-a-1010358.html ↩

  51. ""We Don't Live in a Free Country": Jacob Appelbaum on Being Target of Widespread Gov't Surveillance". democracynow.org. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.democracynow.org/2012/4/20/we_do_not_live_in_a ↩

  52. "Court: Gov't Can Secretly Obtain Email, Twitter Info from Ex-WikiLeaks Volunteer Jacob Appelbaum". democracynow.org. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/5/court_govt_can_secretly_obtain_email ↩

  53. "Part 2: Daniel Ellsberg and Jacob Appelbaum on the NDAA, WikiLeaks and Unconstitutional Surveillance". democracynow.org. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2013/2/6/part_2_daniel_ellsberg_and_jacob_appelbaum_on_the_ndaa_wikileaks_and_unconstitutional_surveillance ↩

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