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Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a Central African country bordered by Nigeria, Chad, and the Central African Republic. Its diverse geography includes mountains, rainforests, and a coastline along the Bight of Biafra. Cameroon’s population of nearly 31 million speaks over 250 native languages, with official languages French and English. After colonization by the German Empire, it was divided under French and British mandate before gaining independence in 1960–61. Its political system is a unitary presidential republic led by President Paul Biya. Cameroon is renowned for its cultural diversity, music styles like Makossa, and its national football team. Major cities include Douala and Yaoundé.

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Etymology

Originally, Cameroon was the exonym given by the Portuguese to the Wouri River, which they called Rio dos Camarões meaning 'river of shrimps' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant Cameroon ghost shrimp.45 Today the country's name in Portuguese remains Camarões.6

History

Main article: History of Cameroon

Early history

Evidence from digs at Shum Laka in the Northwest Region shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.78 The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the Baka (Pygmies).9 From there, Bantu migrations into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.10 The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad, c. 500 CE, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the Bornu Empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west.11

Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus turneranus in the Wouri River and named it Rio dos Camarões (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English.12 Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian missionaries pushed inland.13

In 1896, Sultan Ibrahim Njoya created the Bamum script, or Shu Mom, for the Bamum language.1415 It is taught in Cameroon today by the Bamum Scripts and Archives Project.16

German rule

Main article: Kamerun

Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, Gustav Nachtigal made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.17 The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These concessions used forced labour to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.18 Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.19

French and British rule

Main articles: French Cameroon and British Cameroon

With the defeat of Germany in World War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate territory and was split into French Cameroon (French: Cameroun) and British Cameroon in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France20 and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of forced labour.21 Britain offered German owned plantations to the highest bidder with the intent of paying the proceeds into a World War I reparations account. But few investors were willing to buy at the London auctions. Eventually Britain sold the majority of German plantations in British Cameroon back to their original German owners and opened up African maritime ports for German trade. The British also encouraged German investment in the Tanganyika Territory. German companies built warehouses in Douala but were not allowed to purchase land.22

The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.23 The League of Nations mandates were converted into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.24

France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (French: Union des Populations du Cameroun, UPC), on 13 July 1955.25 This prompted a long guerrilla war waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including Ruben Um Nyobè, Félix-Roland Moumié and Ernest Ouandie. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.26

Independence

On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo as the Republic of Cameroon.

Federal Republic of Cameroon

On 1 October 1961, the formerly British Southern Cameroons gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, East Cameroon and West Cameroon, each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as Unification Day, a public holiday.27 Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.28

United Republic of Cameroon and Republic of Cameroon

Ahidjo's political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a referendum was passed to abolish the federal system of government in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaoundé.29 This day is now the country's National Day, a public holiday.30 Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of planned liberalism, prioritising cash crops and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.31 The national flag was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity.

Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'état nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.32

In 1987, Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon's first World Heritage Site, was inscribed on the list by UNESCO.33 An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatised industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the Southern Cameroons National Council advocated complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.34 The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.35

In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the Bakassi peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.36 The boundary change triggered a local separatist insurgency, as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,37 some carried on fighting for years.38

In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into violent protests in 31 municipal areas.3940

In May 2014, in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and Idriss Déby of Chad announced they were waging war on Boko Haram, and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.41 Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a December 2014 raid, but suffering a heavy defeat in a raid in January 2015. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.42

Since November 2016, protesters from the predominantly English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.43 In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.44 In September, separatists started a guerilla war for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of Ambazonia. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. As of 2019, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.45 During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.46 Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.47 The conflict indirectly led to an upsurge in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.48

More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over access to water between Musgum fishermen and ethnic Arab Choa herders in December 2021.4950

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Cameroon

The President of Cameroon is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the armed forces, negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.51 The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.52 The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.53 There have been 2 presidents since the independence of Cameroon.

The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.54 Laws are passed on a majority vote.55 The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.5657

Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of civil law, common law, and customary law.58 Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of Justice.59 The president appoints judges at all levels.60 The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.6162

Political culture

Cameroon is viewed as rife with corruption at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,63 and in 2012, Transparency International placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.64 On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.65 There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.66 However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.67

President Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the Social Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi.68

Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.69 Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.7071 In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.72 In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including Silicon Mountain startups.73

Freedom House ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.74 The last parliamentary elections were held on 9 February 2020.75

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Cameroon

Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie.

Its foreign policy closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).7677 Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,78 although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.79

President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula.80 Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the International Court of Justice to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the Anglo-German Agreement of 1913 gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.81 By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the Greentree Agreement.82 The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.83

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.84

Military

Main article: Cameroonian Armed Forces

The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: Forces armées camerounaises, FAC) consists of the country's army (Armée de Terre), the country's navy (Marine Nationale de la République (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (Armée de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), and the Gendarmerie.85

The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's authoritarian government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating Boko Haram since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.86

Human rights

See also: Human rights in Cameroon

Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political activists.87888990 United Nations figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.91 Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,9293 and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.94 However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.95 On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.

According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.9697

Same-sex sexual acts are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.98

Since December 2020, Human Rights Watch claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.99

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Cameroon and Departments of Cameroon

The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.100

These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, gendarmes, and police.101 All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.102

The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French départements). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers (préfets). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions (arrondissements), headed by assistant divisional officers (sous-prefets). The districts, administered by district heads (chefs de district), are the smallest administrative units.103

The three northernmost regions are the Far North (Extrême Nord), North (Nord), and Adamawa (Adamaoua). Directly south of them are the Centre (Centre) and East (Est). The South Province (Sud) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the Littoral (Littoral) and South-West (Sud-Ouest) regions are on the coast, and the North-West (Nord-Ouest) and West (Ouest) regions are in the western grassfields.104

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Cameroon and Geology of Cameroon

At 475,442 square kilometres (183,569 sq mi), Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.105 The country is located in Central Africa, on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.106 Cameroon lies between latitudes 1° and 13°N, and longitudes 8° and 17°E. Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean.

Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.107 The country's neighbours are Nigeria and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south.108

Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends 15 to 150 kilometres (9 to 93 mi) inland from the Gulf of Guinea109 and has an average elevation of 90 metres (295 ft).110 Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt is densely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth, part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests.111112

The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650 metres (2,133 ft).113 Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion.114

An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft)115—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the Western High Plateau, although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.116 Volcanism here has created crater lakes. On 21 August 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.117 This area has been delineated by the World Wildlife Fund as the Cameroonian Highlands forests ecoregion.118

The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 1,100 metres (3,609 ft),119 and its average temperature ranges from 22 °C (71.6 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F) with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.120121 The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 300 to 350 metres (984 to 1,148 ft).122 Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.123

Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja and Kadéï drain southeastward into the Congo River. In northern Cameroon, the Bénoué River runs north and west and empties into the Niger. The Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.124

Wildlife

Main article: Wildlife of Cameroon

Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its flora and fauna. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest concentration of biodiversity.125126 In Cameroon forest cover is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 20,340,480 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 22,500,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered 20,279,380 hectares (ha), and planted forests covered 61,100 hectares (ha). Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.127128

To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were Mozogo Gokoro Reserve and the Bénoué Reserve, which was followed by the Waza Reserve on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.129

Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 endemic species, 409 species of mammals of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of amphibians.130131 The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the Gulf of Guinea. Mangrove forests, 270,000 hectares (670,000 acres) in size, are along the coast line. Montane forests and savannas are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the Mbam Djerem National Park, Benoue National Park, Korup National Park, Takamanda National Park, and the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary.132 Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and birds.133

Economy and infrastructure

Main article: Economy of Cameroon

Cameroon's per capita GDP (Purchasing power parity) was estimated at US$3,700 in 2017. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.134

Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3 billion.135 Cameroon is part of the Bank of Central African States (of which it is the dominant economy),136 the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).137 Its currency is the CFA franc.138

Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,139 and 23.8% of the population was living below the international poverty threshold of US$1.90 a day in 2014.140 Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.141 The government has taken measures to encourage tourism in the country.142

An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.143 Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of Fairtrade cotton was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.144

Livestock are raised throughout the country.145 Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.146147 Bushmeat, long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is today a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.148149

The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.150 However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,151 provides the government US$60 million a year in taxes (as of 1998), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.152

Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.153 More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in Douala and Bonabéri. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see Mining in Cameroon).154 Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.155 Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.156

Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon:

Transport in Cameroon is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.157 Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.158 Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.159

Intercity bus services run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service Camrail. Rail service runs from Kumba in the west to Bélabo in the east and north to Ngaoundéré.160 International airports are located in Douala and Yaoundé, with a third under construction in Maroua.161 Douala is the country's principal seaport162 and Kribi Deepwater Port started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.163

Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.164 Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.165 The major radio and television stations are state-run and other communications, such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.166 However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century167 and are largely unregulated.168

Cameroon was ranked 123rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.169

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Cameroon

The population of Cameroon was 27,198,628 in 2021.170171 The life expectancy was 62.3 years (60.6 years for males and 64 years for females).172

Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.173

Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.174 Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.175 Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.176

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the fertility rate was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.177

People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.178 Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.179 Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.180

Both monogamous and polygamous marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.181 In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.182183184

The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.185186 The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are Sudanic groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the Fulani, who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of Shuwa Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka Pygmy peoples roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.187 Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.188 Approximately 14,000 non-Africans live in Cameroon, including more than 6,000 French people and around 1,000 Americans.189

 
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Largest cities or towns in CameroonAccording to the 2005 Census190
RankNameRegionPop.
1DoualaLittoral1,906,962
2YaoundéCentre1,817,524
3BafoussamWest800,000
4BamendaNorthwest269,530
5GarouaNorth235,996
6MarouaFar North201,371
7NgaoundéréAdamawa152,698
8KumbaSouthwest144,268
9NkongsambaLittoral104,050
10BueaSouthwest90,090

Refugees

Main article: Refugees in Cameroon

In 2007, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),191 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.192 Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.193

In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.194

On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported:

Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said.

"Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said Ertharin Cousin, executive director of the World Food Programme (WFP).195

Languages

Further information: Languages of Cameroon

The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.196 German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. Cameroonian Pidgin English is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.197 A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called Camfranglais has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.198199

In addition to the official languages, there are approximately 250 other languages spoken by nearly 20 million Cameroonians200 making Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.201

In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.202 The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.203 This culminated in the declaration of an independent Republic of Ambazonia,204 which has since evolved into the Anglophone Crisis.205 It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.206

Religion

Main article: Religion in Cameroon

Cameroon has a high level of religious freedom and diversity.207 The majority faith is Christianity, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while Islam is a significant minority faith, adhered to by about one-fourth. In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.208 Large cities have significant populations of both groups.209 Muslims in Cameroon are divided into Sufis, Salafis,210 Shias, and non-denominational Muslims.211212

People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of British Cameroons, have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.213 Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African animist beliefs or a syncretic combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.214 Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.215 The Islamist jihadist group Ansar al-Islam has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.216

In the northern regions, the locally dominant Fulani ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called Kirdi ("pagan") by the Fulani).217 The Bamum ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.218 Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.219

Education and health

Main articles: Education in Cameroon and Health in Cameroon

In 2013, the total adult literacy rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.220 Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.221 The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,222 with most instruction in English or French.223

Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.224 Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,225 a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.226 In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.227

School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by child labour. Indeed, the United States Department of Labor Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.228 In December 2014, a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor issued by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.229

The quality of health care is generally low.230 Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.231 Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.232 In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.233 In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.234 Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.235 Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.236

In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory tract infection, and diarrheal diseases.237 Endemic diseases include dengue fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness.238 The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,239 although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.240 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive ARV treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.241

Breast ironing, a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.242243244245 Female genital mutilation (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,246 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to evidence-based medicine.247

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.248

Culture

Main article: Culture of Cameroon

Music and dance

Further information: Public holidays in Cameroon

Music and dance are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.249250 Traditional dances are highly choreographed and separate men and women or forbid participation by one sex altogether.251 The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.252 Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.253

Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,254 but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and talking drums, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.255256

Popular music styles include ambasse bey of the coast, assiko of the Bassa, mangambeu of the Bangangte, and tsamassi of the Bamileke.257 Nigerian music has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and Prince Nico Mbarga's highlife hit "Sweet Mother" is the top-selling African record in history.258

The two most popular music styles are makossa and bikutsi. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, soul, and Congo music. Performers such as Manu Dibango, Francis Bebey, Moni Bilé, and Petit-Pays popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as Anne-Marie Nzié developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as Mama Ohandja and Les Têtes Brulées popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.259260

Holidays

Further information: Public holidays in Cameroon

The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is National Day, also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are Assumption Day, and Ascension Day, which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called Ambazonia, October 1 is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.261

Cuisine

Further information: Cameroonian cuisine

Cuisine varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, cassava (manioc), millet, plantains, potatoes, rice, or yams, often pounded into dough-like fufu. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, groundnuts, palm oil, or other ingredients.262 Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.263 Dishes are often quite spicy; seasonings include salt, red pepper sauce, and maggi.264265266

Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally manipulated with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different foods such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana made from bananas and flour, bean cakes, and many more. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from street vendors.267268

Fashion

Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include Pagnes, sarongs worn by Cameroon women; Chechia, a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and Gandura, male custom attire.269 Wrappers and loincloths are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from Fulani styles more present in the north and Igbo and Yoruba styles more often in the south and west.270 Imane Ayissi is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.271

Local arts and crafts

Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.272 The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.273 Other crafts include basket weaving, beadworking, brass and bronze working, calabash carving and painting, embroidery, and leather working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic Mbororo to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.274 Contemporary art is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations (Doual'art, Africréa) and artist-run initiatives (Art Wash, Atelier Viking, ArtBakery).275

Literature

Main article: Literature of Cameroon

Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as Louis-Marie Pouka and Sankie Maimo were educated by European missionary societies and advocated assimilation into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.276 After World War II, writers such as Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.277278279

Media

Main article: Mass media in Cameroon

Films and literature

Further information: Cinema of Cameroon

Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as Jean-Paul Ngassa and Thérèse Sita-Bella explored similar themes.280281 In the 1960s, Mongo Beti, Ferdinand Léopold Oyono and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.282 In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa and Daniel Kamwa dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.283

Sports

Main article: Sport in Cameroon

National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the 40 km (25 mi) Mount Cameroon Race of Hope each year.284 Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have competed in the Winter Olympics.

Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The national team has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the 1982 and 1990 FIFA World Cups. Cameroon has won five African Cup of Nations titles and the gold medal at the 2000 Olympics.285

Cameroon was the host country of the Women Africa Cup of Nations in November–December 2016,286 the 2020 African Nations Championship and the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations. The women's football team is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy.

Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.287 Cameroon has produced multiple National Basketball Association players including Pascal Siakam, Joel Embiid, D. J. Strawberry, Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje, Christian Koloko, and Luc Mbah a Moute.288 The former UFC Heavyweight Champion, Francis Ngannou, hails from Cameroon.289

See also

  • Cameroon portal
  • Africa portal

Notes

Citations

Sources

  • DeLancey, Mark W.; DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810837751.
  • Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (1999). West Africa: The Rough Guide (3rd ed.). London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1858284682.
  • Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313332319.
  • Neba, Aaron (1999). Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Bamenda: Neba Publishers.
  • West, Ben (2004). Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1841620787.

Further reading

  • "Cameroon – Annual Report 2007". Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007. . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  • "Cameroon". Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007. . Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  • Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Cameroon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 110–113.
  • Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc.
  • MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much? McGill-Queen's University Press.
  • Njeuma, Dorothy L. (no date). "Country Profiles: Cameroon". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  • Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies 9.3 (2017). online
  • Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing' Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  • Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). Cameroon. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L.
  • "World Economic and Financial Surveys Archived 11 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007.

Government

Trade

6°N 12°E / 6°N 12°E / 6; 12

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