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Who Framed Roger Rabbit
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<h2 id="plot">Plot</h2> <p>In 1947 Los Angeles, animated cartoon characters, or "<a href="/facts/Animated_cartoon/093f9nUg">toons</a>", co-exist with humans, often employing their skills to entertain as film stars. Private detective <a href="/facts/Eddie_Valiant/zmXGXHpm">Eddie Valiant</a>, once a staunch ally of the toons alongside his brother and co-worker Teddy, has become a depressed alcoholic following Teddy's murder by an unknown toon five years earlier. Maroon Cartoon Studios owner R.K. Maroon, upset about the recent poor performance of his toon star <a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit/Wy00hnkW">Roger Rabbit</a>, hires Eddie to investigate rumors that Roger's glamorous toon wife, <a href="/facts/Jessica_Rabbit/tElbCl6F">Jessica</a>, is having an affair with Marvin Acme, owner of both the <a href="/facts/Acme_Corporation/nRnRBVtB">Acme Corporation</a> and Toontown, the animated metropolis in which toons reside. </p><p>After watching Jessica perform at The Ink and Paint Club, Eddie secretly photographs her and Acme playing <a href="/facts/Patty-cake/glj5wAdv">patty-cake</a>. He shows the pictures to Roger, who becomes distraught and flees, refusing to believe Jessica was unfaithful. The next morning, Acme is found murdered and evidence at the scene implicates Roger as a suspect. Eddie meets <a href="/facts/Judge_Doom/581wTKCT">Judge Doom</a>, the sinister human <a href="/facts/Judge/2MgrCxc1">judge</a> of Toontown—having bribed the electorate to gain their votes—and his five <a href="/facts/Weasels_(Disney)/V2VfYSAX">weasel</a> minions, the Toon Patrol. Doom confirms he plans to execute Roger using the "Dip", a chemical concoction of <a href="/facts/Acetone/cVyJxKqw">acetone</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">benzene</a>, and <a href="/facts/Turpentine/ME2Lgu0K">turpentine</a> which is capable of destroying the otherwise invulnerable toons. </p><p>Roger's toon co-star, Baby Herman, suggests to Eddie that Acme's missing <a href="/facts/Will_and_testament/PoRXxpEM">will</a>—which supposedly bequeaths Toontown to the toons—may have been the killer's true motive. Eddie returns to his office and finds Roger waiting. Roger insists he has been framed and Eddie reluctantly agrees to help after finding evidence of Acme's will; he hides Roger in a bar tended by his girlfriend, Dolores. Jessica tells Eddie that Maroon threatened Roger's career unless she posed for the compromising photos. Meanwhile, Dolores's research uncovers that Cloverleaf Industries recently bought the city's <a href="/facts/Pacific_Electric/pYsPkHMk">Pacific Electric</a> railway system and will purchase Toontown at midnight unless Acme's will is found. Doom and the Toon Patrol find Roger, but he and Eddie escape with help from Benny, a toon <a href="/facts/Taxi/BfFU6MIY">taxi</a> cab. Sheltering in a local <a href="/facts/Movie_theater/oSkG3tKp">movie theater</a>, Eddie sees a newsreel of Maroon selling his studio to Cloverleaf. </p><p>While Eddie goes to the studio to interrogate Maroon, Jessica abducts Roger. Maroon denies involvement in Acme's murder, admitting he intended to <a href="/facts/Blackmail/KJjm5fgJ">blackmail</a> Acme into selling his company as otherwise Cloverleaf would not buy the studio. Maroon is assassinated and Eddie spots Jessica fleeing the scene. Assuming she is the assailant, he reluctantly follows her into Toontown, choosing to discard the last of his alcohol. After saving Eddie from being shot by Doom, Jessica reveals her actions were to ensure Roger's safety and it was Doom who killed Acme and Maroon. Acme gave his will to Jessica for safety but, when she examined it, the paper was blank. </p><p>Doom and the Toon Patrol capture Jessica and Eddie, bringing them to Acme's factory. Doom reveals he is <a href="/facts/Chief_executive_officer/mg4A8y5M">the sole shareholder</a> of Cloverleaf and plans to erase Toontown with a Dip-spraying machine so he can build a <a href="/facts/Interstate/99o39I6K">freeway</a> in its place, and decommission the railway system to force people to use it. When Roger unsuccessfully attempts to save Jessica, the couple is tied onto a hook in front of the machine's sprayer. Eddie distracts the weasels by performing a comedic <a href="/facts/Vaudeville/b8AD7Rg0">vaudeville</a> act full of pratfalls, causing them to die of laughter before he kicks their leader into the Dip. Doom is flattened by a <a href="/facts/Steamroller/FtzEn8Hp">steamroller</a> while fighting with Eddie, but he survives, revealing he is actually a disguised toon and Teddy's murderer. Struggling against Doom's toon abilities, Eddie empties the machine's Dip supply, spraying and dissolving Doom to death. The machine crashes through the wall into Toontown, where it is destroyed by a <a href="/facts/Passenger_train/0mkFQDg9">passenger train</a>. </p><p>As police and toons gather at the scene, Eddie realizes that Acme's will was written on the blank paper in temporarily <a href="/facts/Invisible_ink/mIrVFUjJ">invisible ink</a>, confirming the toons inherit Toontown. Having regained his sense of humor, Eddie happily enters Toontown alongside Dolores, Roger, Jessica, and the toons. </p> <h2 id="cast">Cast</h2> <h3>Live-action cast</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bob_Hoskins/CoJqVnSp">Bob Hoskins</a> as <a href="/facts/Eddie_Valiant/zmXGXHpm">Eddie Valiant</a>, a private investigator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Lloyd/9E4UoLcg">Christopher Lloyd</a> as <a href="/facts/Judge_Doom/581wTKCT">Judge Doom</a>, a judge of the Toontown Superior Court</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stubby_Kaye/D5llGdbj">Stubby Kaye</a> as Marvin Acme, the owner of the Acme Corporation and Toontown</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joanna_Cassidy/dLaffgdL">Joanna Cassidy</a> as Dolores, a bar waitress who is Eddie's girlfriend</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Tilvern/55YqlJfU">Alan Tilvern</a> as R.K. Maroon, the head of Maroon Cartoons</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_LeParmentier/N98wCAkY">Richard LeParmentier</a> as Lt. Santino, a police lieutenant of the <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_Police_Department/P4CvFHdY">Los Angeles Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Ridings/QyRRvtTw">Richard Ridings</a> as Angelo, a patron at the bar that Dolores works at who mocks Eddie's detective work</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joel_Silver/cohkXulM">Joel Silver</a> as Raoul</li> <li>Paul Springer as Augie</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mike_Edmonds/AXSPJYrU">Mike Edmonds</a> as Stretch</li> <li><a href="/facts/Betsy_Brantley/RPzx3ICQ">Betsy Brantley</a> as <a href="/facts/Jessica_Rabbit/tElbCl6F">Jessica Rabbit</a>'s performance model</li> <li>Morgan Deare as an editor</li></ul> <h3>Voice cast</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Charles_Fleischer/3QNCSJGX">Charles Fleischer</a> as: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit/Wy00hnkW">Roger Rabbit</a>, a rabbit and cartoon short star</li> <li>Benny the Cab, a toon taxi cab</li> <li>Greasy, the second-in-command of the Toon Patrol</li> <li>Psycho, a member of the Toon Patrol</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kathleen_Turner/0xnM6jfp">Kathleen Turner</a> (speaking voice) and <a href="/facts/Amy_Irving/pVQrEj1Q">Amy Irving</a> (singing voice) as <a href="/facts/Jessica_Rabbit/tElbCl6F">Jessica Rabbit</a> (both uncredited), a human toon and Roger's wife</li> <li>Lou Hirsch as Baby Herman, a baby and Roger's co-star, who speaks normally when off set</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Lander/DqJlA2bD">David Lander</a> as Smart Ass, the leader of the Toon Patrol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fred_Newman_(actor)/N9P59hqf">Fred Newman</a> as Stupid, a member of the Toon Patrol</li> <li><a href="/facts/June_Foray/emx2KH5G">June Foray</a> as: <ul><li>Wheezy, a member of the Toon Patrol</li> <li>Lena Hyena, an unattractive toon human whom Eddie mistakes for Jessica</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mel_Blanc/IjJlLYKY">Mel Blanc</a> as: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bugs_Bunny/fvL9p40t">Bugs Bunny</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Daffy_Duck/V76lGYVq">Daffy Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Porky_Pig/WCfPLIIn">Porky Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tweety/auYjQRNF">Tweety</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sylvester_the_Cat/SD4mvXn8">Sylvester the Cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joe_Alaskey/lhljpvvT">Joe Alaskey</a> as <a href="/facts/Yosemite_Sam/pcaccvTP">Yosemite Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wayne_Allwine/fWzvM4NE">Wayne Allwine</a> as <a href="/facts/Mickey_Mouse/XHA50EJP">Mickey Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tony_Anselmo/ItvRCyqr">Tony Anselmo</a> as <a href="/facts/Donald_Duck/MJqYfGP4">Donald Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tony_Pope/MoAPeYnl">Tony Pope</a> as: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Goofy/Topl3nwr">Goofy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Big_Bad_Wolf/Hkq0T3Lw">Big Bad Wolf</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mae_Questel/wqrSS9Sy">Mae Questel</a> as <a href="/facts/Betty_Boop/u7BR1IPW">Betty Boop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Russi_Taylor/Ucxekc93">Russi Taylor</a> as <ul><li><a href="/facts/Minnie_Mouse/QuetxKox">Minnie Mouse</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hummingbird/LfcJhMzm">Hummingbirds</a> from <i><a href="/facts/Song_of_the_South/zfMDxes5">Song of the South</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pat_Buttram/hohPTEnr">Pat Buttram</a>, <a href="/facts/Jim_Cummings/7R4u0lS0">Jim Cummings</a> (imitating <a href="/facts/Andy_Devine/9osTwe8P">Andy Devine</a>) and Jim Gallant (imitating <a href="/facts/Walter_Brennan/tsJtvXrP">Walter Brennan</a>) as Eddie's toon bullets which he once received from Yosemite Sam</li> <li>Les Perkins as <a href="/facts/Mr._Toad/J9I90PQm">Mr. Toad</a> from <i><a href="/facts/The_Adventures_of_Ichabod_and_Mr._Toad/XVKb21PU">The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad</a></i></li> <li>Mary T. Radford as Hyacinth Hippo from <i><a href="/facts/Fantasia_(1940_film)/tE8lKae9">Fantasia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nancy_Cartwright/41nPxCnX">Nancy Cartwright</a> as a Toon shoe who gets dissolved in Dip</li> <li>Cherry Davis as <a href="/facts/Woody_Woodpecker/8RYCL0IV">Woody Woodpecker</a></li> <li>Morgan Deare as Bongo the Gorilla, the <a href="/facts/Bouncer_(doorman)/rynncYbg">bouncer</a> of The Ink and Paint Club</li> <li>Peter Westy as <a href="/facts/Pinocchio/0H1jsLJ6">Pinocchio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Frank_Welker/Ia8tRRo2">Frank Welker</a> as <a href="/facts/Dumbo/7e2zouAP">Dumbo</a> (uncredited)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Williams_(animator)/Vd6CyJVs">Richard Williams</a> as <a href="/facts/Droopy/MeXaVhUC">Droopy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/April_Winchell/kxjDuAfj">April Winchell</a> as Mrs. Herman and Baby Herman's "baby noises"</li> <li>Archival recordings of <a href="/facts/Frank_Sinatra/a0f0cEo3">Frank Sinatra</a> were used for the Singing Sword, whose character design is based on Sinatra.</li></ul> <h2 id="production">Production</h2> <h3>Development</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Pictures/22zg1xut">Walt Disney Productions</a> purchased the <a href="/facts/Film_rights/1slI9V6q">film rights</a> to <a href="/facts/Gary_K._Wolf/P0B6brRv">Gary K. Wolf</a>'s novel <i><a href="/facts/Who_Censored_Roger_Rabbit%3F/heaGPUWb">Who Censored Roger Rabbit?</a></i> shortly after its publication in 1981. <a href="/facts/Ron_W._Miller/SUAGtq4M">Ron W. Miller</a>, then president of Disney, saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a <a href="/facts/Blockbuster_(entertainment)/9hsjgCfK">blockbuster</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Price_and_Peter_S._Seaman/bhoFzJ5s">Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman</a> were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. <a href="/facts/Robert_Zemeckis/7bLncWvh">Robert Zemeckis</a> offered his services as director in 1982,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> but Disney declined as his two previous films (<i><a href="/facts/I_Wanna_Hold_Your_Hand_(film)/0aDwKEEj">I Wanna Hold Your Hand</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Used_Cars/IRq2wPC3">Used Cars</a></i>) had been <a href="/facts/Box-office_bomb/30YnUj8p">box-office bombs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Between 1981 and 1983 Disney developed test footage with <a href="/facts/Darrell_Van_Citters/PMaT4pHh">Darrell Van Citters</a> as animation director, <a href="/facts/Paul_Reubens/u0Pph277">Paul Reubens</a> voicing Roger Rabbit, <a href="/facts/Peter_Renaday/S1qzxXGK">Peter Renaday</a> as Eddie Valiant, and <a href="/facts/Russi_Taylor/Ucxekc93">Russi Taylor</a> as Jessica Rabbit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The project was revamped in 1985 by <a href="/facts/Michael_Eisner/AT9qkhHW">Michael Eisner</a>, the then-new CEO of Disney. <a href="/facts/Amblin_Entertainment/urKIpX9c">Amblin Entertainment</a>, which consisted of <a href="/facts/Steven_Spielberg/KeqLPKoS">Steven Spielberg</a>, <a href="/facts/Frank_Marshall_(filmmaker)/C5o0qVoL">Frank Marshall</a> and <a href="/facts/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)/y08KYjfe">Kathleen Kennedy</a>, were approached to produce <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The film was finally <a href="/facts/Green-light/LAKXRaFC">green-lit</a> when the budget decreased to $30 million, which at the time would have still made it the most expensive animated film ever produced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)/rdnUhzd1">Walt Disney Studios</a> chairman <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Katzenberg/cmsX5YEG">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> argued that the hybrid of live-action and animation would "save" <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios/TwNCw6nf">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a>. Spielberg's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the <a href="/facts/Box-office/jRSPtCsg">box-office</a> profits. Disney kept all merchandising rights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Spielberg convinced <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a>, <a href="/facts/Harvey_Comics/oapDXxGG">Harvey Comics</a>, <a href="/facts/King_Features_Syndicate/KPWSDvm7">King Features Syndicate</a>, <a href="/facts/Felix_the_Cat/RDJBJdVc">Felix the Cat Productions</a>, <a href="/facts/Turner_Entertainment/2TfgMzsF">Turner Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/facts/Universal_Pictures/2xUCraUP">Universal Pictures</a>/<a href="/facts/Walter_Lantz_Productions/p4IBqaqX">Walter Lantz Productions</a> to "lend" their characters to appear in the film with (in some cases) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed; for example, Disney's Donald Duck and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck appear as equally talented dueling pianists, and Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny also share a scene. Apart from the agreement, and some of the original voice artists reprising their roles, Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of <i>Roger Rabbit</i>. Executives at Warner Bros. were displeased by animators using the Daffy design by <a href="/facts/Bob_Clampett/xcvXb37E">Bob Clampett</a> and demanded they use the design by <a href="/facts/Chuck_Jones/j3Hx1Sut">Chuck Jones</a>; in response Zemeckis had separate artists animate Daffy using Jones' design to satisfy Warner Bros., in order to have Clampett's design in the final film. The producers were unable to acquire the rights to use <a href="/facts/Popeye/CFL71y6V">Popeye</a>, <a href="/facts/Tom_and_Jerry/nzEFhXv9">Tom and Jerry</a>, <a href="/facts/Little_Lulu/cKmpnIE4">Little Lulu</a>, <a href="/facts/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost/xfLxfcGL">Casper</a>, or the <a href="/facts/Terrytoons/dEIATgD3">Terrytoons</a> characters for appearances from their respective owners (King Features, Turner, <a href="/facts/Western_Publishing/fyuIS0bT">Western Publishing</a>, Harvey Comics, and <a href="/facts/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932006)/R8Ymse2h">Viacom</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Terry_Gilliam/oHY9a7FS">Terry Gilliam</a> was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of <i><a href="/facts/Romancing_the_Stone/DsYnlAAJ">Romancing the Stone</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Back_to_the_Future/tEEP4Np5">Back to the Future</a></i>. Disney executives were continuing to suggest <a href="/facts/Darrell_Van_Citters/PMaT4pHh">Darrell Van Citters</a> direct the animation, but Spielberg and Zemeckis decided against it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Richard_Williams_(animator)/Vd6CyJVs">Richard Williams</a> was eventually hired to direct the animation. Zemeckis wanted the film to exhibit "Disney's high quality of animation, Warner Bros.' characterization, and <a href="/facts/Tex_Avery/SPUwHUtd">Tex Avery</a> humor."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Casting</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Harrison_Ford/Dw7TrhAK">Harrison Ford</a> was Spielberg's original choice to play Eddie Valiant, but his price was too high.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Chevy_Chase/2SklltPz">Chevy Chase</a> was the second choice, but he was not interested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bill_Murray/PmWY5tUR">Bill Murray</a> was also considered for the role, but due to his idiosyncratic method of receiving offers for roles, Murray missed out on it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eddie_Murphy/QfABxjvj">Eddie Murphy</a> reportedly turned down the role as he misunderstood the concept of toons and humans co-existing; he later regretted this decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Robin_Williams/k7AUJhbX">Robin Williams</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_Redford/cmk73e3X">Robert Redford</a>, <a href="/facts/Jack_Nicholson/hxyXjyyI">Jack Nicholson</a>, <a href="/facts/Sylvester_Stallone/SBUezs8T">Sylvester Stallone</a>, <a href="/facts/Edward_James_Olmos/hIvXjQda">Edward James Olmos</a>, <a href="/facts/Wallace_Shawn/awJLV7Nx">Wallace Shawn</a>, <a href="/facts/Ed_Harris/ur4hVsbs">Ed Harris</a>, <a href="/facts/Charles_Grodin/2H4otmIF">Charles Grodin</a> and <a href="/facts/Don_Lane/wXDtw9rc">Don Lane</a> were also considered for the role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Ultimately, <a href="/facts/Bob_Hoskins/CoJqVnSp">Bob Hoskins</a> was chosen by Spielberg because of his acting skill and because Spielberg believed he had a hopeful demeanor and he looked like he belonged in that era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Paul_Reubens/u0Pph277">Paul Reubens</a> originally auditioned for the role of <a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit/Wy00hnkW">Roger Rabbit</a> and even provided his voice in an early 1983 screen test, but lost out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eddie_Deezen/xrhBAX61">Eddie Deezen</a>, who had worked with Zemeckis previously, also auditioned to play Roger, but did not get the part.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The role was eventually given to <a href="/facts/Charles_Fleischer/3QNCSJGX">Charles Fleischer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Before filming, Fleischer was asked to come up with a speech impediment for Roger. He gave Roger a lisp and the stammering catchphrase "P-p-p-please!" as a tribute to all the other famous cartoon characters with speech impediments, which was inspired by <a href="/facts/Huntz_Hall/tEscPU3T">Huntz Hall</a>'s Sach Jones in <i><a href="/facts/The_Bowery_Boys/fTyG5I9h">The Bowery Boys</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> He had invented the "cheek flutter" while performing the voice of B.B. in <i><a href="/facts/Deadly_Friend/fg229jRK">Deadly Friend</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> His portrayal of Roger was also inspired by <a href="/facts/Screwy_Squirrel/ymyysCWo">Screwy Squirrel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Fleischer dressed in a Roger Rabbit costume and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Williams explained Roger was a combination of "<a href="/facts/Tex_Avery/SPUwHUtd">Tex Avery</a>'s cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair... like <a href="/facts/Droopy/MeXaVhUC">Droopy</a>'s, <a href="/facts/Goofy/Topl3nwr">Goofy</a>'s overalls, <a href="/facts/Porky_Pig/WCfPLIIn">Porky Pig</a>'s bow tie, <a href="/facts/Mickey_Mouse/XHA50EJP">Mickey Mouse</a>'s gloves, and <a href="/facts/Bugs_Bunny/fvL9p40t">Bugs Bunny</a>-like cheeks and ears."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Kathleen_Turner/0xnM6jfp">Kathleen Turner</a> provided the uncredited voice of <a href="/facts/Jessica_Rabbit/tElbCl6F">Jessica Rabbit</a>, Roger Rabbit's wife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Tim_Curry/CGpLHnVo">Tim Curry</a> auditioned for the role of Judge Doom, but was rejected because the producers found him too terrifying.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Christopher_Lee/9MD926UI">Christopher Lee</a> was also considered for the role, but turned it down.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/John_Cleese/ULkFcKVC">John Cleese</a> also expressed interest for the role, but was deemed not scary enough.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Peter_O%27Toole/2NAtGMS8">Peter O'Toole</a>, <a href="/facts/F._Murray_Abraham/z7wzEooV">F. Murray Abraham</a>, <a href="/facts/Roddy_McDowall/SojPx3Gn">Roddy McDowall</a>, <a href="/facts/Eddie_Deezen/xrhBAX61">Eddie Deezen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sting_(musician)/zSd0xAPB">Sting</a> were also considered for the role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Christopher_Lloyd/9E4UoLcg">Christopher Lloyd</a> was cast because he previously worked with Zemeckis and Spielberg on <i>Back to the Future</i>. He compared his part as Doom to his previous role as the Klingon commander Kruge in <i><a href="/facts/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock/nHjQ6NQo">Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</a></i>, both overly evil characters which he considered "fun to play".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> He avoided blinking his eyes while on camera to portray the character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>Fleischer also voiced Benny the Cab, Psycho, and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who voiced Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab but was replaced by Fleischer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Writing</h3> <p>Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney/6a3CPUKT">Walt Disney</a> and <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros._Cartoons/LsV9T5xm">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a> from the Golden Age of American animation, especially Tex Avery and <a href="/facts/Bob_Clampett/xcvXb37E">Bob Clampett</a> cartoons. The Cloverleaf streetcar subplot was inspired by <i><a href="/facts/Chinatown_(1974_film)/glUxfs49">Chinatown</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Price and Seaman said that "the <a href="/facts/Red_Car/pYsPkHMk">Red Car</a> plot, <a href="/facts/Suburb/8Nv6KVJr">suburb</a> expansion, <a href="/facts/Urban_culture/NbarGcsR">urban</a> and <a href="/facts/Political_corruption/8BmgHbSL">political corruption</a> really did happen," Price stated. "In Los Angeles, during the 1940s, car and tire companies <a href="/facts/Great_American_streetcar_scandal/GH2NRbnL">teamed up</a> against the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Electric_Railway/pYsPkHMk">Pacific Electric Railway</a> system and bought them out of business. Where the <a href="/facts/Freeway/gaKATAGS">freeway</a> runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> In Wolf's novel <i>Who Censored Roger Rabbit?</i>, the toons were <a href="/facts/Comic-strip/s0QnEmzg">comic-strip</a> characters rather than movie stars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as the villain in the plot. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with the newly created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated vulture sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted due to the technical challenges this posed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Doom would also have a suitcase of 12 small, animated kangaroos that <a href="/facts/Kangaroo_court/N3hbTq71">act as a jury</a>, by having their <a href="/facts/Joey_(marsupial)/zN5s4bMq">joeys</a> pop out of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>The Toon Patrol (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in <i><a href="/facts/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)/6rydH9JV">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> (1937). Originally seven weasels were to mimic the dwarfs complement, but eventually two of them, Slimey and Sleazy, were written out of the script.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Further references included The Ink and Paint Club resembling the <a href="/facts/Cotton_Club_(New_York_City)/nYLAW088">Harlem Cotton Club</a>, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of the Dip to eliminate all the toons to <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/facts/Final_Solution/9epKHlVr">Final Solution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Doom was originally the hunter who killed <a href="/facts/Bambi/S2ahgqNw">Bambi</a>'s mother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a <a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Beetle/6wCVPMdJ">Volkswagen Beetle</a> before being changed to a taxi cab. Ideas originally conceived for the story also included a sequence set at Marvin Acme's funeral, whose attendees included Eddie, <a href="/facts/Foghorn_Leghorn/310TRNQB">Foghorn Leghorn</a>, <a href="/facts/Mickey_Mouse/XHA50EJP">Mickey Mouse</a>, <a href="/facts/Minnie_Mouse/QuetxKox">Minnie Mouse</a>, <a href="/facts/Tom_Cat/QCFGQEJe">Tom</a> and <a href="/facts/Jerry_Mouse/YrQ7Kgg3">Jerry</a>, <a href="/facts/Heckle_and_Jeckle/AJy959Xf">Heckle and Jeckle</a>, <a href="/facts/Chip_n%27_Dale/Jm9D6jSl">Chip n' Dale</a>, <a href="/facts/Felix_the_Cat/RDJBJdVc">Felix the Cat</a>, <a href="/facts/Herman_and_Katnip/CRhz7g7I">Herman and Katnip</a>, <a href="/facts/Yakky_Doodle/M78yEIft">Yakky Doodle</a>, <a href="/facts/Mighty_Mouse/yzS6eo3t">Mighty Mouse</a>, <a href="/facts/Superman_(1940s_animated_film_series)/WU7hyYHb">Superman</a>, <a href="/facts/Popeye/CFL71y6V">Popeye</a>, <a href="/facts/Olive_Oyl/jorm9Tym">Olive Oyl</a>, <a href="/facts/Bluto/qQF842XH">Bluto</a>, <a href="/facts/Clarabelle_Cow/3DlVRMgy">Clarabelle Cow</a>, <a href="/facts/Horace_Horsecollar/kMFQ5GX1">Horace Horsecollar</a>, the Seven Dwarfs, <a href="/facts/Baby_Huey/HqGFoYkK">Baby Huey</a>, and <a href="/facts/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost/xfLxfcGL">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a> in <a href="/facts/Cameo_appearance/GJnuhYlm">cameo appearances</a>. This scene was cut for pacing reasons at the storyboard stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Before finally agreeing on <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> as the film's title, <a href="/facts/Working_title/PpYbHY7G">working titles</a> included <i>Murder in Toontown</i>, <i>Toons</i>, <i>Dead Toons Don't Pay Bills</i>, <i>The Toontown Trial</i>, <i>Trouble in Toontown</i>, and <i>Eddie Goes to Toontown</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Filming</h3> <p>Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney <a href="/facts/Bureaucracy/V9oFPCuG">bureaucracy</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> and refused to work in Los Angeles. Accommodating Williams and his animators, production moved to England where a studio, Walt Disney Animation UK (subsuming Richard Williams Animation), was created for this purpose;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> located at The Forum, 74–80 Camden Street, in <a href="/facts/Camden_Town,_London/ycUyH8lU">Camden Town, London</a>, while the live-action production was based at <a href="/facts/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)/h0wvqsMK">Elstree Studios</a>. Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing the film, they would help distribute his unfinished film <i><a href="/facts/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler/mawubpaW">The Thief and the Cobbler</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Supervising animators included Van Citters, <a href="/facts/Dale_Baer/ooRQIxRR">Dale Baer</a>, <a href="/facts/Michael_Peraza/aMVCQhId">Michael Peraza</a>, <a href="/facts/Joe_Ranft/sJoFJeam">Joe Ranft</a>, <a href="/facts/Tom_Sito/C2GeglII">Tom Sito</a>, <a href="/facts/James_Baxter_(animator)/qDd7F3SW">James Baxter</a>, <a href="/facts/David_Bowers_(director)/NwkYXLwG">David Bowers</a>, <a href="/facts/Andreas_Deja/xrrWLWMz">Andreas Deja</a>, <a href="/facts/Mike_Gabriel/JKmvWlbq">Mike Gabriel</a>, <a href="/facts/Chris_Jenkins_(film_producer)/0VCm1VLn">Chris Jenkins</a>, <a href="/facts/Phil_Nibbelink/NEq4vT5U">Phil Nibbelink</a>, <a href="/facts/Nik_Ranieri/vvRN7tgH">Nik Ranieri</a>, <a href="/facts/Simon_Wells/USxLvSdw">Simon Wells</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bruce_W._Smith/CUKzFMoM">Bruce W. Smith</a>; Williams and associate producer <a href="/facts/Don_Hahn/s5725Wjs">Don Hahn</a> spearheaded the animation production. The animation production was split between Walt Disney Animation UK and a specialized unit in Los Angeles, set up by <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios/TwNCw6nf">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a> and supervised by Baer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The production budget continued to escalate, while the shooting schedule ran longer than expected. When the budget reached $40 million, Disney CEO <a href="/facts/Michael_Eisner/AT9qkhHW">Michael Eisner</a> seriously considered shutting down production, but studio chairman <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Katzenberg/cmsX5YEG">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> talked him out of it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Despite the budget escalating to over $50 million, Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/VistaVision/W1V74zFE">VistaVision</a> cameras installed with <a href="/facts/Motion-control/zfTsARxM">motion-control</a> technology were used for the photography of the live-action scenes, which would be composited with animation. Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit, Baby Herman, and the Toon Patrol portrayed the animated characters during rehearsals to teach the actors where to look when acting with "open air and imaginative cartoon characters".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Many of the live-action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with the props either held by robotic arms or manipulated with strings, similar to a <a href="/facts/Marionette/MwbrF0dI">marionette</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> For example, a test was shot at ILM where an actor playing the detective would climb down a fire escape and the rabbit is supposed to follow and he knocks down some stacked boxes. Naturally, there would not be a rabbit during the test, so the camera would go down the fire escape and the boxes would fall when a wire was pulled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The actor who played the voice of Roger, Charles Fleischer, insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set, to get into character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Principal_photography/QuWTt1Wf">Filming</a> began on November 2, 1986, and lasted for seven and a half months at Elstree Studios, with an additional month in Los Angeles and at <a href="/facts/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic/P6J0qtC7">Industrial Light & Magic</a> (ILM) for <a href="/facts/Chroma_key/PJ2XcxFR">blue screen</a> effects of Toontown. The <a href="/facts/Dimco_Buildings/w7dEHUTX">Dimco Buildings</a> in London were dressed as the fictional <a href="/facts/Acme_Corporation/nRnRBVtB">Acme Factory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> The entrance of <a href="/facts/Red_Studios_Hollywood/Dntphe0K">Desilu Studios</a> in Los Angeles served as the fictional Maroon Cartoon Studio lot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h3>Animation and post-production</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Post-production/RpqM8yLl">Post-production</a> lasted for 14 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> ILM had already used <a href="/facts/Computer-generated_imagery/ThJ2gh1X">CGI</a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_compositing/HcfAWpXB">digital compositing</a> in a few movies, such as the stained glass knight scene in <i><a href="/facts/Young_Sherlock_Holmes/rf5TJ7ty">Young Sherlock Holmes</a></i>, but the computers were still not powerful enough to make a complicated movie like <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>, so all the animation was done using <a href="/facts/Cel/7l4LUG7P">cels</a> and <a href="/facts/Optical_printer/XCyHzK3v">optical compositing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> First, the animators and layout artists were given black-and-white printouts of the live-action scenes (known as "photostats"), and they placed their animation paper on top of them. The artists then drew the animated characters in relationship to the live-action footage. Due to Zemeckis' dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Ensuring this did not happen and that the characters looked real, Zemeckis and Spielberg met for about an hour and a half and came up with an idea: "If the rabbit sits down in an old chair, dust comes up. He should always be touching something real."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> After the rough animation was complete, it was run through the normal process of traditional animation until the cels were shot on the <a href="/facts/Rostrum_camera/wTcNsvxk">rostrum camera</a> with no background. Williams came up with the idea of making the cartoon characters “2.5-dimensional”, and the animated footage was sent to ILM for compositing, where technicians animated three lighting layers (shadows, highlights, and tone mattes) separately, to give the characters a sense of depth and create the illusion of them affected by the set lighting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Finally, the lighting effects were optically composited on to the cartoon characters, who were, in turn, composited into the live-action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the film was Jessica's dress in the nightclub scene because it had to flash <a href="/facts/Sequin/hbkgUrMm">sequins</a>, an effect accomplished by filtering light through a <a href="/facts/Plastic_bag/7keA8Q57">plastic bag</a> scratched with <a href="/facts/Steel_wool/bb1r4qCG">steel wool</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h3>Music</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(soundtrack)/1Mn4BGs5">Who Framed Roger Rabbit (soundtrack)</a></p> <p>Regular Zemeckis collaborator <a href="/facts/Alan_Silvestri/fhd17Jfz">Alan Silvestri</a> composed the <a href="/facts/Film_score/2l9qJgnT">film score</a>, performed by the <a href="/facts/London_Symphony_Orchestra/dmm6F0u9">London Symphony Orchestra</a> (LSO) under the direction of Silvestri. Zemeckis joked that "the British [musicians] could not keep up with Silvestri's <a href="/facts/Jazz/lmUzXGq8">jazz</a> tempo". The performances of the <a href="/facts/Theme_(music)/03XHl2C1">music themes</a> written for Jessica Rabbit were entirely <a href="/facts/Improvisation/q5Sy56fd">improvised</a> by a jazz combo performing with the LSO. The work of American composer <a href="/facts/Carl_Stalling/n6Uohybh">Carl Stalling</a> heavily influenced Silvestri's work on <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The film's soundtrack was originally released by <a href="/facts/Buena_Vista_Records/8mUFMXTm">Buena Vista Records</a> on June 22, 1988, and reissued on CD on April 16, 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>On January 23, 2018, <a href="/facts/Intrada_Records/RJpyIdPj">Intrada Records</a> released a three-CD set with the complete score, alternates, and a remastered version of the original 1988 album, plus music from three <a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit_short_films/vRHFDpfD">Roger Rabbit short films</a>, composed and conducted by <a href="/facts/Bruce_Broughton/3CXKNWxY">Bruce Broughton</a> and <a href="/facts/James_Horner/h2zurWBP">James Horner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Darren_Tate/GE5v5MLM">Mondo Records</a> and <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Records/VFqfze3C">Walt Disney Records</a> reissued the original 1988 album on vinyl on September 17, 2021. </p><p>The film features performances of "<a href="/facts/Hungarian_Rhapsody_No._2/UsI0aSM7">Hungarian Rhapsody</a>" (<a href="/facts/Tony_Anselmo/ItvRCyqr">Tony Anselmo</a> and <a href="/facts/Mel_Blanc/IjJlLYKY">Mel Blanc</a>), "<a href="/facts/Why_Don%27t_You_Do_Right%3F/8BGdHRqH">Why Don't You Do Right?</a>" (<a href="/facts/Amy_Irving/pVQrEj1Q">Amy Irving</a>), "<a href="/facts/The_Merry-Go-Round_Broke_Down/6cTWpDqp">The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down</a>" (<a href="/facts/Charles_Fleischer/3QNCSJGX">Charles Fleischer</a>), and "<a href="/facts/Smile,_Darn_Ya,_Smile!/vEy5fLn5">Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!</a>" (Toon Chorus). </p> <h2 id="release">Release</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Michael_Eisner/AT9qkhHW">Michael Eisner</a>, then-<a href="/facts/CEO/mg4A8y5M">CEO</a>, and <a href="/facts/Roy_E._Disney/622hezho">Roy E. Disney</a>, who was the vice chairman of <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a>, felt the film was too risqué with adult themes and sexual references.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> Eisner and Zemeckis disagreed over various elements of it but since Zemeckis had <a href="/facts/Final_cut_privilege/r20YTPvw">final cut privilege</a>, he refused to make alterations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Roy E. Disney, head of <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios/TwNCw6nf">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a> along with studio chief <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Katzenberg/cmsX5YEG">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a>, felt it was appropriate to release the film under the studio's adult-orientated <a href="/facts/Touchstone_Pictures/yAxfjwCm">Touchstone Pictures</a> banner instead of the flagship <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Pictures/22zg1xut">Walt Disney Pictures</a> banner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h3>Box office</h3> <p>The film opened in the United States on June 22, 1988, grossing $11.2 million in 1,045 theaters during its opening weekend; it was in first place at the US box office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> It was Disney's biggest opening weekend ever at the time of its release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> It went on to gross $154.1 million in the United States and Canada and $197.4 million internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $351.5 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> At the time of release, it was the 20th-highest-grossing film of all time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> It was also the second-highest-grossing film of 1988, behind only <i><a href="/facts/Rain_Man/kRIcH8WR">Rain Man</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> In the United Kingdom, the film also set a record opening for a Disney film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h3>Home media</h3> <p>The film was first released on <a href="/facts/VHS/aN1lffdC">VHS</a> on October 12, 1989,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> and on <a href="/facts/DVD/7fJsHJrN">DVD</a> on September 28, 1999. </p><p>On March 25, 2003, <a href="/facts/Buena_Vista_Home_Entertainment/2d7ffqpN">Buena Vista Home Entertainment</a> released it as a part of the "Vista Series" line in a two-disc collection with many extra features including a documentary, <i>Behind the Ears: The True Story of Roger Rabbit</i>; a <a href="/facts/Deleted_scene/QTBy3hBN">deleted scene</a> in which a pig's head is "tooned" onto Eddie's; the three Roger Rabbit shorts, <i><a href="/facts/Tummy_Trouble/vRHFDpfD">Tummy Trouble</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Roller_Coaster_Rabbit/vRHFDpfD">Roller Coaster Rabbit</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Trail_Mix-Up/vRHFDpfD">Trail Mix-Up</a></i>; as well as a booklet and interactive games. The only short on the 2003 VHS release was <i>Tummy Trouble</i>. The 2003 DVD release presents the film in Full Screen (1.33:1) on Disc 1 and Widescreen (1.85:1) on Disc 2. </p><p>On March 12, 2013, Disney released the film on <a href="/facts/Blu-ray/zyPalhfG">Blu-ray</a> and DVD combo pack special edition for the film's 25th anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> The film was also <a href="/facts/Film_preservation/PK7SeNh2">digitally restored</a> for the release; frame-by-frame digital restoration was done by <a href="/facts/Prasad_Studios/nUJtaRo5">Prasad Studios</a> removing dirt, tears, scratches, and other defects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment/2d7ffqpN">Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</a> released the film on <a href="/facts/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray/NTJErxVg">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> on December 7, 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reception">Reception</h2> <h3>Critical response</h3> <p><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> received near-universal acclaim from critics, making <i><a href="/facts/Business_Insider/vxTTFRY4">Business Insider</a></i>'s "best comedy movies of all time, according to critics" list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> Review aggregator <a href="/facts/Rotten_Tomatoes/rLs7ktSY">Rotten Tomatoes</a> gives the film an approval rating of 96% based on 76 reviews, and an average rating of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "<i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> is an innovative and entertaining film that features a groundbreaking mix of live action and animation, with a touching and original story to boot."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> Aggregator <a href="/facts/Metacritic/Wve8EJFd">Metacritic</a> has calculated a <a href="/facts/Weighted_average/VHyJfPxb">weighted average</a> score of 83 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> was placed on 43 critics' top ten lists, third to only <a href="/facts/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)/LmHe2UDk"><i>The Thin Blue Line</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Bull_Durham/YXFlrd4e">Bull Durham</a></i> in 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> Audiences polled by <a href="/facts/CinemaScore/s1IQX2qM">CinemaScore</a> gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Roger_Ebert/ogYo6zQj">Roger Ebert</a> of the <i><a href="/facts/Chicago_Sun-Times/Agovkgwy">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i> gave the film four stars out of four, calling it "sheer, enchanted entertainment from the first frame to the last-- a joyous, giddy, goofy celebration of the kind of fun you can have with a movie camera." He writes that the opening cartoon is "a masterpiece; I can't remember the last time I laughed so hard at an animated short. But then when a stunt goes wrong and the cartoon 'baby' stalks off the set and lights a cigar and tells the human director to go to hell, we know we're in a new and special universe."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gene_Siskel/0BAJNCcS">Gene Siskel</a> of the <i><a href="/facts/Chicago_Tribune/Bbms9uy5">Chicago Tribune</a></i> praised the film's "dazzling, jaw-dropping opening four-minute sequence"; he noted that the sequence alone took nearly nine months to animate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> Siskel gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Ebert and his colleague Siskel spent a considerable amount of time in the <i><a href="/facts/At_the_Movies_(1986_TV_program)/3l5L9Evp">Siskel & Ebert</a></i> episode in which they reviewed the film analyzing its painstaking filmmaking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> In evaluating their top ten films of the year, Siskel ranked it number two<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> while Ebert ranked it as number eight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Janet_Maslin/XkN10zu9">Janet Maslin</a> of <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i> commented that this is "a film whose best moments are so novel, so deliriously funny and so crazily unexpected that they truly must be seen to be believed."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Desson_Thomson/gmNm9T6y">Desson Thomson</a> of <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a></i> considered <i>Roger Rabbit</i> to be "a definitive collaboration of pure talent. Zemeckis had Walt Disney Pictures' enthusiastic backing, producer Steven Spielberg's pull, Warner Bros.'s blessing, Canadian animator Richard Williams' ink and paint, <a href="/facts/Mel_Blanc/IjJlLYKY">Mel Blanc</a>'s voice; <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Price_and_Peter_S._Seaman/bhoFzJ5s">Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman</a>'s witty, frenetic screenplay; <a href="/facts/George_Lucas/1bLspXbj">George Lucas</a>' Industrial Light and Magic, and Bob Hoskins' comical performance as the burliest, shaggiest private eye."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gene_Shalit/4rJ7uDgw">Gene Shalit</a> on the <i><a href="/facts/Today_(American_TV_program)/WRY0PJgB">Today Show</a></i> also praised the film, calling it "one of the most extraordinary movies ever made".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Filmsite.org/NCs52jzz">Filmsite.org</a> called it "a technically-marvelous film" and a "landmark" that resulted from "unprecedented cooperation" between Warner Bros. and Disney.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> On <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a>'s 2019 miniseries <i><a href="/facts/The_Movies_(miniseries)/s7QeDshr">The Movies</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Tom_Hanks/nb7oAej3">Tom Hanks</a> called it the "most complicated movie ever made."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Richard_Corliss/cBWNmA3l">Richard Corliss</a>, a writer for <i><a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a></i>, said, "The opening scene upstages the movie that emerges from it". Corliss was mainly annoyed by the <a href="/facts/Homage_(arts)/T47uy0jY">homages</a> to the <a href="/facts/Golden_Age_of_American_animation/av2sAv6v">Golden Age of American animation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Chuck_Jones/j3Hx1Sut">Chuck Jones</a> made a rather scathing attack on the film in his book <i>Chuck Jones Conversations</i>. Among his complaints, Jones accused Zemeckis of robbing Richard Williams of any creative input and ruining the piano duel that both Williams and he storyboarded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p> <h3>Accolades</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Award</th><th>Category</th><th>Nominee(s)</th><th>Result</th><th>Ref.</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/61st_Academy_Awards/o3y1JH9h">Academy Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design/y78uTLuP">Best Art Direction</a></td><td>Art Direction: <a href="/facts/Elliot_Scott/g1arPxCl">Elliot Scott</a>; Set Decoration: <a href="/facts/Peter_Howitt_(set_decorator)/N5XwQH2h">Peter Howitt</a></td><td>Nominated</td><td rowspan="7"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography/yTAnBljh">Best Cinematography</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dean_Cundey/HkoYC7wT">Dean Cundey</a></td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing/NLS8IHoh">Best Film Editing</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arthur_Schmidt_(film_editor)/BjPCnTD7">Arthur Schmidt</a></td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound/ySIwlHs1">Best Sound</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Knudson/qDNbqSgw">Robert Knudson</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Boyd_(sound_engineer)/zVgQLowr">John Boyd</a>, <a href="/facts/Don_Digirolamo/oGj4L6Ix">Don Digirolamo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tony_Dawe/0FkYQstU">Tony Dawe</a></td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing/HzgXUuxy">Best Sound Effects Editing</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_L._Campbell/sby6l06w">Charles L. Campbell</a> and <a href="/facts/Louis_Edemann/dQyVnfhX">Louis Edemann</a></td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects/GgtNDdtQ">Best Visual Effects</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ken_Ralston/4Xrkd18E">Ken Ralston</a>, <a href="/facts/Richard_Williams_(animator)/Vd6CyJVs">Richard Williams</a>, <a href="/facts/Edward_Jones_(visual_effects_artist)/k8DXagjU">Edward Jones</a>, and <a href="/facts/George_Gibbs_(special_effects_artist)/3xGpEa4m">George Gibbs</a></td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Special_Achievement_Academy_Award/ErkvzUpb">Special Achievement Award</a></td><td>Richard Williams</td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/American_Cinema_Editors/FmrCQMWU">American Cinema Editors Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/American_Cinema_Editors_Award_for_Best_Edited_Feature_Film_%E2%80%93_Comedy_or_Musical/kav1kmEo">Best Edited Feature Film</a></td><td>Arthur Schmidt</td><td>Nominated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Annie_Awards/IqnG5eAH">Annie Awards</a></td><td>Best Individual Achievement: Technical Achievement</td><td>Richard Williams</td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BMI_Film_%26_TV_Awards/udMNTlb6">BMI Film & TV Awards</a></td><td>Film Music Award</td><td><a href="/facts/Alan_Silvestri/fhd17Jfz">Alan Silvestri</a></td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Boston_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards_1988/9mSVlwNI">Boston Society of Film Critics Awards</a></td><td>Special Award</td><td>Richard Williams</td><td>Won</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/42nd_British_Academy_Film_Awards/Ugdm5HJp">British Academy Film Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay/dCko9JgY">Best Adapted Screenplay</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Price_and_Peter_S._Seaman/bhoFzJ5s">Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman</a></td><td>Nominated</td><td rowspan="5"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Cinematography/1EcYNRYk">Best Cinematography</a></td><td>Dean Cundey</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Editing/R5fjQSYf">Best Editing</a></td><td>Arthur Schmidt</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Production_Design/DoT9c2ml">Best Production Design</a></td><td>Elliot Scott</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Special_Visual_Effects/TY1Ya0Vn">Best Visual Effects</a></td><td>George Gibbs, Richard Williams, Ken Ralston, and Edward Jones</td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/British_Society_of_Cinematographers/dQkHKVqR">British Society of Cinematographers Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/British_Society_of_Cinematographers_Award_for_Best_Cinematography_in_a_Theatrical_Feature_Film/XzHoSEmR">Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film</a></td><td>Dean Cundey</td><td>Nominated</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma%27s_Annual_Top_10_Lists/G0mhPXpq">Cahiers du Cinéma</a></td><td>Best Film</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Robert_Zemeckis/7bLncWvh">Robert Zemeckis</a></td><td>5th Place</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/14th_C%C3%A9sar_Awards/4Xdn0ILM">César Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film/9hsVagrv">Best Foreign Film</a></td><td>Nominated</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association_Awards_1988/Lx472jp0">Chicago Film Critics Association Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Director/fMVFrGQF">Best Director</a></td><td>Won</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_di_Donatello/Eg0W3J8p">David di Donatello Awards</a></td><td>Best Foreign Producer</td><td><a href="/facts/Frank_Marshall_(filmmaker)/C5o0qVoL">Frank Marshall</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Watts/DIR6csUv">Robert Watts</a></td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/41st_Directors_Guild_of_America_Awards/b2xmwabE">Directors Guild of America Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_-_Feature_Film/yF9YURj1">Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures</a></td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Nominated</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/DVD_Exclusive_Awards/79GJfVYe">DVD Exclusive Awards</a></td><td>Best Menu Design</td><td>John Ross</td><td>Nominated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Evening_Standard_British_Film_Awards/Qm49RafL">Evening Standard British Film Awards</a></td><td>Best Actor</td><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Hoskins/CoJqVnSp">Bob Hoskins</a> (also for <i><a href="/facts/The_Lonely_Passion_of_Judith_Hearne/LottJqIq">The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne</a></i>)</td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/46th_Golden_Globe_Awards/duINApSR">Golden Globe Awards</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy/xPb4VEzG">Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy</a></td><td>Nominated</td><td rowspan="2"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy/KukFJ1VF">Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy</a></td><td>Bob Hoskins</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Motion_Picture_Sound_Editors/pByeLSlF">Golden Reel Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Golden_Reel_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Sound_Editing_%E2%80%93_Dialogue_and_ADR_for_Feature_Film/MFgjEVJt">Best Sound Editing – ADR</a></td><td>Larry Singer, Jessica Gallavan, Alan Nineberg, Charleen Richards, and Lionel Strutt</td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Goldene_Kamera/zG2IgoTz">Golden Screen Awards</a></td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/31st_Annual_Grammy_Awards/heRxjEjE">Grammy Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Score_Soundtrack_for_Visual_Media/BCqP1CGd">Best Album of Original Instrumental Background Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(soundtrack)/1Mn4BGs5">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i> – Alan Silvestri</td><td>Nominated</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hugo_Award/E7VlgHeF">Hugo Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation/3SzMdNxv">Best Dramatic Presentation</a></td><td>Robert Zemeckis, Jeffrey Price, Peter S. Seaman, and <a href="/facts/Gary_K._Wolf/P0B6brRv">Gary K. Wolf</a></td><td>Won</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jupiter_Award_(film_award)/Pcr0nQEK">Jupiter Awards</a></td><td>Best International Film</td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1989_Kids%27_Choice_Awards/F9Mk6bI6">Kids' Choice Awards</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Movie/yKkt4rdH">Favorite Movie</a></td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1988_Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Awards/94Y7CzFP">Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards</a></td><td>Special Citation</td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Won</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Film_Preservation_Board/51QE79Fr">National Film Preservation Board</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/National_Film_Registry/HGoP1Mre">National Film Registry</a></td><td>Inducted</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Online Film & Television Association Awards</td><td colspan="2">Film Hall of Fame: Productions</td><td>Inducted</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sant_Jordi_Awards/g79JqLFH">Sant Jordi Awards</a></td><td>Best Foreign Film</td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Won</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/16th_Saturn_Awards/ALazK2pT">Saturn Awards</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Film/GI7TYhAt">Best Fantasy Film</a></td><td>Won</td><td rowspan="8"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor/h38PqfP9">Best Actor</a></td><td>Bob Hoskins</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor/RT3bRkc0">Best Supporting Actor</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Christopher_Lloyd/9E4UoLcg">Christopher Lloyd</a></td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress/D2c4kd8I">Best Supporting Actress</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Joanna_Cassidy/dLaffgdL">Joanna Cassidy</a></td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director/dJVFJucV">Best Director</a></td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing/CIKDMNSP">Best Writing</a></td><td>Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Music/8UUTCwhV">Best Music</a></td><td>Alan Silvestri</td><td>Nominated</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects/NEzma0e0">Best Special Effects</a></td><td>George Gibbs, Ken Ralston, and Richard Williams</td><td>Won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/45th_Venice_International_Film_Festival/IBQrzx8S">Venice International Film Festival</a></td><td>Children and Cinema Award</td><td>Robert Zemeckis</td><td>Won</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/41st_Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards/7oVAqaDr">Writers Guild of America Awards</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay/4qNLTDuS">Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium</a></td><td>Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman</td><td>Nominated</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(franchise)/MwCoej5K">Who Framed Roger Rabbit (franchise)</a>, <a href="/facts/Toontown_Online/MocEXnvj">Toontown Online</a>, and <a href="/facts/Disney_Renaissance/gv9ASpbL">Disney Renaissance</a></p> <p>The critical and commercial success of the film rekindled an interest in the Golden Age of American animation, and in addition to sparking the <a href="/facts/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States/JaXL45ak">Silver Age of American animation</a> and the <a href="/facts/Disney_Renaissance/gv9ASpbL">Disney Renaissance</a>, it has also gained a cult following.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> In November 1988, a few months after the film's release, Roger Rabbit made his guest appearance in the live-action and animated television special broadcast on <a href="/facts/NBC/zyfTYCvW">NBC</a> called <i><a href="/facts/Mickey%27s_60th_Birthday/hlaFCxj0">Mickey's 60th Birthday</a></i> in which to celebrate the 60th anniversary of <a href="/facts/Mickey_Mouse/XHA50EJP">Mickey Mouse</a>. In 1991, <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Imagineering/0pHsb8UV">Walt Disney Imagineering</a> began to develop <a href="/facts/Mickey%27s_Toontown/dxhSXThL">Mickey's Toontown</a> for <a href="/facts/Disneyland_Park_(Anaheim)/Sur3NUsJ">Disneyland</a>, based on the Toontown that appeared in the film. The attraction also features a ride called <a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit%27s_Car_Toon_Spin/PI55A5BQ">Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> Three <a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit_short_films/vRHFDpfD">theatrical animated shorts</a> were also produced: <i><a href="/facts/Tummy_Trouble/vRHFDpfD">Tummy Trouble</a></i> was shown before <i><a href="/facts/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids/eulnYBvE">Honey, I Shrunk the Kids</a></i>; <i><a href="/facts/Roller_Coaster_Rabbit/vRHFDpfD">Roller Coaster Rabbit</a></i> was shown before <i><a href="/facts/Dick_Tracy_(1990_film)/vlMfzFY0">Dick Tracy</a></i>; and <i><a href="/facts/Trail_Mix-Up/vRHFDpfD">Trail Mix-Up</a></i> was shown before <i><a href="/facts/A_Far_Off_Place/LGS79m34">A Far Off Place</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> The film also inspired a short-lived comic book and video game <a href="/facts/Spin-off_(media)/guqnLDLG">spin-offs</a>, including <a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(1988_video_game)/LJL7HnMh">two</a> <a href="/facts/Hare_Raising_Havoc/RnrwwJz3">PC games</a>, the Japanese version of <i><a href="/facts/The_Bugs_Bunny_Crazy_Castle/srUlakv3">The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle</a></i> (which features Roger instead of Bugs), a <a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(NES_game)/SYGdCCb8">1989 game</a> released on the <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, and a <a href="/facts/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_(1991_video_game)/TNlL18vS">1991 game</a> released on the <a href="/facts/Game_Boy/GlyN6e2W">Game Boy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/facts/National_Film_Registry/HGoP1Mre">National Film Registry</a> by the <a href="/facts/Library_of_Congress/TfB6dEN5">Library of Congress</a> as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> </p><p><i>Roger Rabbit</i> served as inspiration for various <a href="/facts/Live-action_animated/mwHEGuys">live-action/animation</a> films in the following decades including <i><a href="/facts/Cool_World/THCab6Au">Cool World</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Space_Jam/jP4hMUDQ">Space Jam</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Tom_%26_Jerry_(2021_American_film)/yGJVqQz3">Tom & Jerry</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(film)/uN6uoHDK">Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Once_Upon_a_Studio/oEIkelYd">Once Upon a Studio</a></i>. </p> <h3>Controversies</h3> <p>With the film's <a href="/facts/LaserDisc/nU4WJhDM">LaserDisc</a> release, <i><a href="/facts/Variety_(magazine)/38rXIaaG">Variety</a></i> first reported in March 1994 that observers uncovered several scenes of antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of Jessica Rabbit. While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 <a href="/facts/Film_frame/27Uqo8WN">film frames</a> per second, the LaserDisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame-by-frame to uncover these visuals. Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> Many retailers said that within minutes of the LaserDisc debut, their entire inventory was sold out. The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy, including stories on <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a> and various newspapers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> </p><p>Another frequently debated scene includes one in which Baby Herman <a href="/facts/The_finger/CKEoaUEJ">extends his middle finger</a> as he passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> In the scene where <a href="/facts/Daffy_Duck/V76lGYVq">Daffy Duck</a> and <a href="/facts/Donald_Duck/MJqYfGP4">Donald Duck</a> are dueling on pianos, some heard Donald call Daffy a "goddamn stupid nigger", rather than the scripted and recorded line "doggone stubborn little".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> </p> <h3>Legal issue</h3> <p>Gary K. Wolf, author of the novel <i>Who Censored Roger Rabbit?</i>, filed a lawsuit in 2001 against The Walt Disney Company. He claimed he was owed royalties based on the value of "gross receipts" and merchandising sales. In 2002, the trial court in the case ruled that these only referred to actual cash receipts Disney collected and denied Wolf's claim. In its January 2004 ruling, the California Court of Appeal disagreed, finding that expert testimony introduced by Wolf regarding the customary use of "gross receipts" in the entertainment business could support a broader reading of the term. The ruling vacated the trial court's order in favor of Disney and remanded the case for further proceedings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> In a March 2005 hearing, Wolf estimated he was owed $7 million. Disney's attorneys not only disputed the claim but also said Wolf owed Disney $500,000–$1 million because of an accounting error discovered in preparing for the lawsuit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> Wolf won the decision in 2005, receiving between $180,000 and $400,000 in damages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> </p> <h3>Proposed sequel</h3> <p>Spielberg discussed a sequel in 1989 with <a href="/facts/J._J._Abrams/bfb59vNK">J. J. Abrams</a> as writer and Zemeckis as producer. Abrams' outline was eventually abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> Nat Mauldin was hired to write a prequel titled <i>Roger Rabbit: The Toon Platoon</i>, set in 1941 to 1943. Similar to the previous film, <i>Toon Platoon</i> featured many cameo appearances by characters from <a href="/facts/Golden_age_of_American_animation/av2sAv6v">The Golden Age of American Animation</a>. It began with Roger Rabbit's early years, living on a farm in the midwestern United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> With human Ritchie Davenport, Roger travels west to seek his mother, in the process meeting Jessica Krupnick (his future wife), a struggling Hollywood actress. While Roger and Ritchie are enlisting in the Army, Jessica is kidnapped and forced to make pro-<a href="/facts/Nazi_German/8kRbqRpo">Nazi German</a> broadcasts. Roger and Ritchie must save her by going into <a href="/facts/Nazi-occupied_Europe/QbETgWUY">Nazi-occupied Europe</a> accompanied by several other Toons in their Army platoon. After their triumph, Roger and Ritchie are given a <a href="/facts/Hollywood_Boulevard/3Fju5lJS">Hollywood Boulevard</a> parade, and Roger is finally reunited with his mother and father, <a href="/facts/Bugs_Bunny/fvL9p40t">Bugs Bunny</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> </p><p>Mauldin later retitled his script <i>Who Discovered Roger Rabbit</i>. Spielberg left the project when deciding he could not satirize <a href="/facts/Nazism/JjsMI4lE">Nazis</a> after directing <i><a href="/facts/Schindler%27s_List/7gy884UC">Schindler's List</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> Eisner commissioned a rewrite in 1997 with <a href="/facts/Sherri_Stoner/m3Tnxeb9">Sherri Stoner</a> and <a href="/facts/Deanna_Oliver/08k9DKDA">Deanna Oliver</a>. Although they kept Roger's search for his mother, Stoner and Oliver replaced the WWII subplot with Roger's inadvertent rise to stardom on <a href="/facts/Broadway_(Manhattan)/9EqgXlp2">Broadway</a> and Hollywood. Disney was impressed and <a href="/facts/Alan_Menken/rVAlPFmH">Alan Menken</a> was hired to write five songs for the film and offered his services as executive producer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> One of the songs, "This Only Happens in the Movies", was recorded in 2008 on the debut album of Broadway actress <a href="/facts/Kerry_Butler/sc3MJhkj">Kerry Butler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eric_Goldberg_(film_director)/9dXohm47">Eric Goldberg</a> was set to be the new animation director, and began to redesign Roger's new character appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> </p><p>Spielberg became busy establishing <a href="/facts/DreamWorks_Pictures/EmLba1Ye">DreamWorks</a>, while Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy decided to remain as producers. Test footage for <i>Who Discovered Roger Rabbit</i> was shot sometime in 1998 at the Disney animation unit in <a href="/facts/Lake_Buena_Vista,_Florida/KXdXXvyC">Lake Buena Vista, Florida</a>; the results were a mix of CGI, traditional animation, and live-action that did not please Disney. A second test had the toons completely converted to <a href="/facts/Computer-generated_imagery/ThJ2gh1X">CGI</a>, but this was dropped as the film's projected budget would escalate past $100 million. Eisner felt it was best to cancel the film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> In March 2003, producer <a href="/facts/Don_Hahn/s5725Wjs">Don Hahn</a> doubted a sequel, arguing that public tastes had changed since the 1990s with the rise of computer animation. "There was something very special about that time when animation was not as much in the forefront as it is now."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2007, Marshall stated that he was still "open" to the idea,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> and in April 2009, Zemeckis revealed he was still interested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> According to a 2009 <a href="/facts/MTV_News/lY9vv8gE">MTV News</a> story, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project, and the animated characters would be in traditional two-dimensional, while the rest would be in <a href="/facts/Motion_capture/vy5ab34S">motion capture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> In 2010, <a href="/facts/Bob_Hoskins/CoJqVnSp">Bob Hoskins</a> had agreed to sign on for a sequel, but expressed scepticism about the use of "performance capture" in the film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand-drawn animated and live-action sequences will be filmed, just like in the original film, but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the toons handle will be done digitally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Also in 2010, Hahn, who was the film's original associate producer, confirmed the sequel's development in an interview with <i><a href="/facts/Empire_(magazine)/KhGMQFVh">Empire</a></i>. He stated, "Yeah, I couldn't possibly comment. I deny completely, but yeah... if you're a fan, pretty soon you're going to be very, very, very happy."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> Hoskins retired from acting in 2012 after a <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a> diagnosis a year earlier, and died from <a href="/facts/Pneumonia/Jw0KquTA">pneumonia</a> in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> Marshall confirmed that the film would be a prequel, similar to earlier drafts, and that the writing was almost complete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> During an interview at the premiere of his film <i><a href="/facts/Flight_(2012_film)/B8rdz6JY">Flight</a></i>, Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible, despite Hoskins' absence, and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> </p><p>In February 2013, Gary K. Wolf, writer of the original novel, said Erik Von Wodtke and he were working on a development proposal for an animated Disney buddy comedy starring Mickey Mouse and Roger Rabbit called <i>The Stooge</i>, based on <a href="/facts/The_Stooge/QPhqbNjH">the 1952 film of the same name</a>. The proposed film is set in a prequel, taking place five years before <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> and part of the story is about how Roger met Jessica. Wolf has stated the film is currently wending its way through Disney.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2016, while promoting his film <i><a href="/facts/Allied_(film)/XEnsHrXw">Allied</a></i> in England, Zemeckis stated that the sequel "moves the story of Roger and Jessica Rabbit into the next few years of period film, moving on from film noir to the world of the 1950s". He also stated that the sequel would feature a "digital Bob Hoskins", as Eddie Valiant would return in "ghost form". While the director went on to state that the script is "terrific" and the film would still use hand-drawn animation, Zemeckis thinks that the chances of Disney green-lighting the sequel are "slim". As he explained more in detail, "The current corporate Disney culture has no interest in Roger, and they certainly don't like Jessica at all".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> In December 2018, while promoting his film <i><a href="/facts/Welcome_to_Marwen/3q0GozbA">Welcome to Marwen</a></i> and given the 30th anniversary of <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>, Zemeckis reiterated in an interview with <a href="/facts/Yahoo!_Movies/mKx82QKM">Yahoo! Movies</a> that though the sequel's script is "wonderful", Disney is still unlikely to ever produce it, and he does not see the possibility of producing it as an original film for the streaming service <a href="/facts/Disney%2B/oKWuzTvQ">Disney+</a>, as he feels that it does not make any sense as there is no "<a href="/facts/Disney_Princess/gwy0lM7u">Princess</a>" in it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> In November 2024, while promoting his latest film <i><a href="/facts/Here_(2024_film)/auve2YXl">Here</a></i>, Zemeckis again said that one of the reasons Disney will never produce the script, "as good as it is", is that Disney finds Jessica Rabbit "too hot", citing that they dressed her in a <a href="/facts/Trench_coat/0H7HzrfR">trench coat</a> in the <a href="/facts/Disneyland/Sur3NUsJ">Disneyland</a> attraction <i><a href="/facts/Roger_Rabbit%27s_Car_Toon_Spin/PI55A5BQ">Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin</a></i>. Zemeckis said that the original film was made at the right time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_films_featuring_fictional_films/9m6BAU8y">List of films featuring fictional films</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Mike Bonifer (June 1989). <i>The Art of Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>. First Glance Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9622588-0-6.</li> <li>Martin Noble (December 1988). <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>. <a href="/facts/Novelization/dN49Wtsg">Novelization</a> of the film. <a href="/facts/Virgin_Books/66xsNojy">Virgin Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-352-32389-2.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gary_K._Wolf/P0B6brRv">Gary K. Wolf</a> (July 1991). <i>Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?</i>. <a href="/facts/Spin-off_(media)/guqnLDLG">Spin-off</a> from the film and Wolf's <i>Who Censored Roger Rabbit?</i>. <a href="/facts/Villard_(imprint)/lytHJ7Ib">Villard</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-679-40094-3.</li> <li>Bob Foster (1989). <i>Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom</i>. Comic book sequel between <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> and the theatrical short <i><a href="/facts/Tummy_Trouble/vRHFDpfD">Tummy Trouble</a></i>. <a href="/facts/Marvel_Comics/aze3GojA">Marvel Comics</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87135-593-0.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988 film). Look up <i>Appendix:Roger Rabbit</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i>. <ul><li><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> essay <a href="https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/WhoFramedRogerRabbit.pdf">[1]</a> by Alexis Ainsworth at <a href="/facts/National_Film_Registry/HGoP1Mre">National Film Registry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096438/"><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i></a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/who_framed_roger_rabbit"><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i></a> at <a href="/facts/Rotten_Tomatoes/rLs7ktSY">Rotten Tomatoes</a> </li> <li><a href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59159"><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i></a> at the <a href="/facts/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films/61kFwpB6">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95710/enwp"><i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i></a> at the <a href="/facts/Turner_Classic_Movies/0qS5jr3H">TCM Movie Database</a></li> <li>Ken P (April 1, 2003). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070924102052/http://movies.ign.com/articles/391/391875p1.html">"An Interview with Don Hahn"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/IGN/kNcWSmFY">IGN</a></i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/04/01/an-interview-with-don-hahn">the original</a> on September 24, 2007.</li> <li>Ken P (March 31, 2003). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030413235838/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/391/391632p1.html">"An Interview with Andreas Deja"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/IGN/kNcWSmFY">IGN</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/391/391632p1.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2003.</li> <li>Wade Sampson (December 17, 2008). <a href="https://www.mouseplanet.com/8606/The_Roger_Rabbit_That_Never_Was">"The Roger Rabbit That Never Was"</a>. <i>Mouse Planet</i>.</li> <li>Andrew, Farago; Bill Desowitz (November 30, 2008). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217083816/http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&category2=&article_no=3840&page=1">"Roger Rabbit Turns 20"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Animation_World_Network/hg7WwSfJ">Animation World Network</a></i>. 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Retrieved May 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/62910/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit" target="_blank">https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/62910/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Harris, Will (October 12, 2012). "Christopher Lloyd on playing a vampire, a taxi driver, a toon, and more". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. <a href="https://www.avclub.com/christopher-lloyd-on-playing-a-vampire-a-taxi-driver-1798234109" target="_blank">https://www.avclub.com/christopher-lloyd-on-playing-a-vampire-a-taxi-driver-1798234109</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Robert Zemeckis, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman, Ken Ralston, Frank Marshall, Steve Starkey, DVD audio commentary, 2003, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Robert Zemeckis, Richard Williams, Bob Hoskins, Charles Fleischer, Frank Marshall, Alan Silvestri, Ken Ralston, Behind the Ears: The True Story of Roger Rabbit, 2003, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Bob_Hoskins</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Norman Kagan (May 2003). "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 93–117. ISBN 0-87833-293-6. <a href="0-87833-293-6" target="_blank">0-87833-293-6</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Robert Zemeckis, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. 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