Manto Tshabalala-Msimang

<h2 id="education">Education</h2>
Born as Mantombazana Edmie Mali in <a href="/facts/Durban/ADRqGHGy">Durban</a>, Tshabalala-Msimang graduated from <a href="/facts/University_of_Fort_Hare/llnYgoyR">Fort Hare University</a> in 1961. As one of a number of young <a href="/facts/African_National_Congress/0WHYmTgy">African National Congress</a> cadres sent into exile for education, she received medical training at the <a href="/facts/First_Leningrad_Medical_Institute/463gnCBk">First Leningrad Medical Institute</a> in the Soviet Union from 1962 to 1969. She then trained as a registrar in <a href="/facts/Obstetrics/JbYHxtCd">obstetrics</a> and <a href="/facts/Gynaecology/KKAAAcnb">gynaecology</a> in Tanzania, finishing there in 1972. In 1980 she received a master's in <a href="/facts/Public_health/4563Kre9">public health</a> from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Antwerp/MHe9NQNU">University of Antwerp</a> in Belgium. 
She was an official within the exiled ANC leadership in Tanzania and <a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a> during the latter decade of <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a>, with job responsibilities focused on the health and well-being of ANC militants there.

<h2 id="aids-policies">AIDS policies</h2>
Tshabalala-Msimang's administration as Minister of Health was controversial, because of her reluctance to adopt a public sector plan for treating AIDS with <a href="/facts/Anti-retroviral/q6KaJl8d">anti-retroviral</a> medicines (ARVs). When interviewed by <a href="/facts/Radio_702/mg4UgYGd">Radio 702</a> presenter <a href="/facts/John_Robbie/gIWzFzkq">John Robbie</a> in 2000, Tshabalala-Msimang refused to say whether she believed HIV caused AIDS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> She was called Dr. Beetroot for promoting the benefits of <a href="/facts/Beet/RkzMBNlM">beetroot</a>, garlic, <a href="/facts/Lemons/dYYzVCVq">lemons</a>, and African potatoes as well as good general nutrition, while referring to the possible toxicities of AIDS medicines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> She was widely seen as following an AIDS policy in line with the ideas of South African President Thabo Mbeki, who for a time publicly expressed <a href="/facts/AIDS_denialism/racCu0un">doubts about whether HIV caused AIDS</a>.
In 2002, the South African Cabinet affirmed the policy that "HIV causes AIDS" which as an official statement silenced any further speculation on this topic by Cabinet members, including the President. In August 2003, the cabinet also voted to make anti-retrovirals available in the public sector, and instructed Tshabalala-Msimang to carry out the policy.
The <a href="/facts/Treatment_Action_Campaign/qpuARLds">Treatment Action Campaign</a> (TAC) and its founder <a href="/facts/Zackie_Achmat/XK6aMtB7">Zackie Achmat</a> often targeted the minister for criticism, accusing the government and the Ministry of Health in particular of an inadequate response to the AIDS epidemic. The TAC led a campaign calling for her resignation or dismissal.
The TAC accused Tshabalala-Msimang of being aligned with <a href="/facts/Matthias_Rath/qyxFkAcL">Matthias Rath</a>, a German physician and vitamin entrepreneur, who had charges laid against him for discouraging the use of ARVs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Tshabalala-Msimang placed her emphasis on broad public health goals, seeing AIDS as only one aspect of that effort and one which, because of the incurable nature of HIV and financial costs of HIV treatment, might impede broader efforts to improve public health. A report making the case that AIDS is such a burden on the public health system that treating it would actually free up costs was sent back for clarification and not released in the summer of 2003, until it was obtained and leaked by TAC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> After the cabinet vote to accept the findings of this report, Tshabalala-Msimang was in charge of the <a href="/facts/Anti-retroviral/q6KaJl8d">ARV</a> roll-out, but continued to emphasise the importance of nutrition in AIDS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> and to urge others to see AIDS as only one problem among many in South African health.
A case that attracted much public attention was <a href="/facts/Nozipho_Bhengu/pocebFUK">Nozipho Bhengu</a>, daughter of an <a href="/facts/African_National_Congress/0WHYmTgy">African National Congress</a> legislator, who rejected anti-retroviral treatments for AIDS in favour of Tshabalala-Msimang's garlic and lemon diet. The minister declined to attend her funeral, and her stand-in was booed off the podium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
In February 2005, the <a href="/facts/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions/pLPWYaXC">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> (COSATU) criticised the health department for their failure to ensure that most of the 30 million rand used to establish the government's AIDS trust in 2002 had been spent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> They said only R520,000 of this money was used and of this a large portion had been squandered on unoccupied offices for the SANAC secretariat, something that drew criticism from the auditor-general.
In August 2006, at the <a href="/facts/XVI_International_AIDS_Conference%2c_2006/NYgoffsz">International AIDS Conference</a> in Toronto, <a href="/facts/Stephen_Lewis/Dqp08839">Stephen Lewis</a>, the United Nations special envoy for AIDS in Africa, closed the conference with a sharp critique of South Africa's government. He said South Africa promoted a "lunatic fringe" attitude toward HIV and AIDS, describing the government as "obtuse, dilatory, and negligent about rolling out treatment".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
After the conference, sixty-five of the world's leading HIV/AIDS scientists (most of them were attending the conference) asked in a letter that <a href="/facts/Thabo_Mbeki/t2Q4Wa8n">Thabo Mbeki</a> dismiss Tshabalala-Msimang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="traditional-medicines">Traditional medicines</h2>
At a meeting with traditional healers to discuss future legislation in February 2008, Tshabalala-Msimang argued that traditional remedies should not become "bogged down" in clinical trials, also saying, "We cannot use Western models of protocols for research and development".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In September 2008, Tshabalala-Msimang called for greater protection of the intellectual rights of Africa's traditional medicines. Speaking at the 6th commemoration of The African <a href="/facts/Traditional_medicines/WLUmXCHz">Traditional Medicine</a> Day in <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a>'s capital of <a href="/facts/Yaound%25C3%25A9/rVDzbQQ4">Yaoundé</a>, she said that the continent should benefit more from its ancient traditional knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="personal">Personal</h2>
Tshabalala-Msimang married her first husband, Mandla Tshabalala, while both were in exile in the Soviet Union. Later she married <a href="/facts/Mendi_Msimang/WpARzKqN">Mendi Msimang</a>, the treasurer of the African National Congress.[when?]
Concern over Tshabalala-Msimang's health came to the fore in late 2006. She was admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital on 20 February 2007, suffering from <a href="/facts/Anaemia/AgEPPmg8">anaemia</a> and <a href="/facts/Pleural_effusion/34Y7pyFv">pleural effusion</a> (an abnormal accumulation of fluid around the lungs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The Department of Health approached President Thabo Mbeki, and asked him to appoint an acting minister, and on 26 February <a href="/facts/Jeff_Radebe/AHv0Vwxr">Jeff Radebe</a> was appointed acting health minister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> On 14 March 2007, Tshabalala-Msimang underwent a <a href="/facts/Liver_transplant/0noMXT50">liver transplant</a>. The stated cause was <a href="/facts/Autoimmune_hepatitis/aU7dC4Lc">autoimmune hepatitis</a> with <a href="/facts/Portal_hypertension/REmqnpER">portal hypertension</a>, but the transplant was surrounded by accusations of heavy drinking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
She subsequently recovered her health and returned to her Ministerial duties until her replacement as health minister in 2008.
On 16 December 2009, she died due to complications related to her liver transplant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="scandal">Scandal</h2>
On 12 August 2007, four days after the controversial dismissal of her deputy minister, <a href="/facts/Nozizwe_Madlala-Routledge/rcsvMJF8">Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge</a>, the <a href="/facts/The_Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)/WDcf6FdJ">Sunday Times</a> ran an article titled "Manto's hospital booze binge" about a previous hospital stay in 2005 for a shoulder operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The article alleged that she sent hospital workers out to fetch wine, <a href="/facts/Whisky/sfmuHmyL">whisky</a> and food items, in one case at 1:30 am. Tshabalala-Msimang threatened legal action against the newspaper on the grounds that they were in possession of her medical records. The paper defended its statements, stating that "a retraction was not under consideration".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The article also reported speculation among "many top medical experts at state and private institutions, who refused to be named as they feared retribution from the health ministry" that her liver condition was <a href="/facts/Alcoholic_liver_disease/m1PDff09">alcohol-induced</a>, <a href="/facts/Cirrhosis/bkLuLvCD">cirrhosis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
According to a <a href="/facts/The_Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)/WDcf6FdJ">Sunday Times</a> article titled "Manto: A Drunk and a Thief" published on 19 August 2007, the minister was a convicted thief who had stolen patient items at a hospital in Botswana, and had been deported from Botswana and declared a prohibited immigrant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="anc-politics-and-replacement-as-health-minister">ANC politics and replacement as Health Minister</h2>
With the endorsement of <a href="/facts/Jacob_Zuma/fbWNsStz">Jacob Zuma</a>'s supporters, Tshabalala-Msimang was re-elected to the ANC's 80-member <a href="/facts/National_Executive_Committee_(African_National_Congress)/blvH2FVo">National Executive Committee</a> in December 2007 in 55th place, with 1,591 votes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Mbeki was forced to resign by the ANC in September 2008. When his successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, took office on 25 September 2008, he moved Tshabalala-Msimang to the post of Minister in the Presidency, appointing <a href="/facts/Barbara_Hogan/U3VGhg5t">Barbara Hogan</a> to replace her as Minister of Health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
Tshabalala-Msimang was not included in the first Cabinet of President <a href="/facts/Jacob_Zuma/fbWNsStz">Jacob Zuma</a>, announced on 10 May 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
Tshabalala-Msimang died on 16 December 2009 at the Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre and Medi-Clinic ICU. Her doctor, Professor Jeff Wing, announced that she died due to complications arising from a liver transplant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Political opponents and friends alike expressed shock at the announcement of her death:

<ul><li>The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) – "We don't wish ill on any human being even though we had a very difficult time with her as minister of health. We are sending our condolences to her family and children."</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Helen_Zille/lNMxb9Cw">Helen Zille</a>, leader of the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)/nzhxoLtE">Democratic Alliance</a> – "We extend our sincere regrets to her family and loved ones. It is sad when anyone dies. Like many politicians she was controversial. However, that doesn't detract from the sadness of her death".</li>
<li>COSATU president Sidumo Dlamini – "This is shocking news. Somebody asked me yesterday what message we were going to send her in hospital and I said we hoped and wished her a speedy recovery. She made some mistakes by driving those policies but she was a human being. Her loss is a great loss. South Africa is losing a great leader of the <a href="/facts/African_National_Congress/0WHYmTgy">ANC</a>."</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/HIV%2fAIDS_in_Africa/IpIS67qD">HIV/AIDS in Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nozizwe_Madlala-Routledge/rcsvMJF8">Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/South_African_Department_of_Health/ogQrX5U3">South African Department of Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office/bA1LD16t">List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926095517/http://blogs.thetimes.co.za/hartley/2008/09/25/manto-tshabalala-msimang-axed-from-health-ministry/">Manto replaced by Barbara Hogan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211193202/http://www.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_profile.jsp?id=1073">Tshabalala-Msimang's CV</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050629014808/http://www.da.org.za/FireManto/info.asp">Democratic Alliance website detailing Tshabalala-Msimang's failures and gaffes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021232209/http://www.sackmanto.co.za/">Sack Manto</a>, a South African initiative to oust the incumbent minister</li>
<li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/06/AR2006090601964.html">Eighty Scientists Condemn South Africa's AIDS Policies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5319680.stm">Aids experts condemn South African minister</a></li>
<li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/924889.stm">Transcript of radio interview with Tshabalala-Msimang, asking her whether HIV causes AIDS</a></li></ul>
In her own words:

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
Author:Manto Tshabalala-Msimang

Wikiquote has quotations related to Manto Tshabalala-Msimang.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182648/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05040813151001.htm">The Minister presenting the health budget priorities for 2005</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180923/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05021812151001.htm">Parliamentary Media Briefing, Feb 2005</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">SAPA (16 December 2009). "Manto Tshabalala-Msimang dies". news24. Johannesburg. Retrieved 17 October 2012. <a href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Manto-Tshabalala-Msimang-dies-20091216" target="_blank">http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Manto-Tshabalala-Msimang-dies-20091216</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Lewandowsky, Mann, Bauld, Hastings, Loftus. "The Subterranean War on Science". Observer. Association for psychological science. Retrieved 4 November 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2013/november-2013/the-subterranean-war-on-science.html" target="_blank">http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2013/november-2013/the-subterranean-war-on-science.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"'Don't call me Manto' (transcript of interview)". BBC News. 14 September 2000. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/924889.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/924889.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Blandy, Fran (16 August 2006). "'Dr Beetroot' hits back at media over Aids exhibition". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104191247/http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__national%2F&articleid=280903" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070104191247/http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__national%2F&articleid=280903</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Watson J (2006). "Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists'". Nat. Med. 12 (1): 6. doi:10.1038/nm0106-6a. PMID 16397537. Separately, health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang has long provoked outrage with her public support of garlic, lemon and beetroot as defenses against AIDS, as well as her ongoing affiliations with denialists like Rath. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0106-6a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0106-6a</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">DA Calls for Release of AIDS Report Archived 3 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.aegis.com/news/sapa/2003/sa030702.html" target="_blank">http://www.aegis.com/news/sapa/2003/sa030702.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Manto again angers AIDS activists Archived 14 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.aegis.com/news/sapa/2005/sa050604.html" target="_blank">http://www.aegis.com/news/sapa/2005/sa050604.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Mcetywa, Mfundo (28 May 2006). "Bhengu funeral turns into Aids slanging match". IOL. <a href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20060528142054488C435064" target="_blank">http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20060528142054488C435064</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">COSATU: 'AIDS money not spent' Archived 12 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_1666892,00.html" target="_blank">http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_1666892,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">South Africa Aids policy attacked <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5265432.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5265432.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">SA govt under fire at Aids conference Archived 23 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?articleid=281309" target="_blank">http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?articleid=281309</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">News24: 'Please fire Manto now' Archived 28 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_1993915,00.html" target="_blank">http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_1993915,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"No clinical trials for SA healers". BBC News. 24 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7261215.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7261215.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Africa urged to protect traditional medicines Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine South African Broadcasting Corporation. Published 1 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008. <a href="http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/west_africa/0,2172,176087,00.html" target="_blank">http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/west_africa/0,2172,176087,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">News24: 'Manto's 'on the mend Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,9294,2-7-12_2074734,00.html" target="_blank">http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,9294,2-7-12_2074734,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">IOL: Mbeki names stand-in for ailing health chief <a href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=nw20070226224623292C781405" target="_blank">http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=nw20070226224623292C781405</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Press release from the South African Department of Health, describing Tshabalala-Msimang's disease and liver transplant". Retrieved 1 May 2007. [dead link] <a href="http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/pr/pr0314-f.html" target="_blank">http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/pr/pr0314-f.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Manto: R450 000 for a new liver". Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805192104/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/ef2257794d16488aa740970baa1694ce/Manto_R450_000_for_a_new_liver" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090805192104/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/ef2257794d16488aa740970baa1694ce/Manto_R450_000_for_a_new_liver</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Manto Tshabalala-Msimang dies Mail & Guardian <a href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-12-16-manto-tshabalalamsimang-dies" target="_blank">http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-12-16-manto-tshabalalamsimang-dies</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Manto’s hospital booze binge Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday Times (South Africa). Published 12 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007. <a href="http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=537601" target="_blank">http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=537601</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sunday Times: Manto story is 'accurate', Mail and Guardian. Published 14 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007. <a href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2007-08-14-sunday-times-manto-story-is-accurate" target="_blank">http://www.mg.co.za/article/2007-08-14-sunday-times-manto-story-is-accurate</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Manto’s hospital booze binge Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday Times (South Africa). Published 12 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007. <a href="http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=537601" target="_blank">http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=537601</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">MANTO: A DRUNK AND A THIEF Archived 20 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday Times article. Published 19 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007. <a href="http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/Manto/Article.aspx?id=542808" target="_blank">http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/Manto/Article.aspx?id=542808</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Brendan Boyle, "Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list" Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Times (South Africa), 21 December 2007. <a href="http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599" target="_blank">http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"South Africa: New President Removes Health Minister", allAfrica.com, 25 September 2008. <a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200809250958.html" target="_blank">http://allafrica.com/stories/200809250958.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of the new Cabinet" Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Government Communication and Information System, 10 May 2009. <a href="http://www.info.gov.za/events/2009/new_cabinet.htm" target="_blank">http://www.info.gov.za/events/2009/new_cabinet.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Manto Tshabalala-Msimang has died", Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 16 December 2009. <a href="http://www.timeslive.co.za/news/article235095.ece" target="_blank">http://www.timeslive.co.za/news/article235095.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Manto Tshabalala-Msimang open-in-new

Manto Tshabalala-Msimang