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<h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>February 4 – <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">Radium</a> E (bismuth-210) becomes the first <a href="/facts/Radioactive/Ya6FVjt4">radioactive</a> element to be made synthetically.</li> <li>December 23 – The first <a href="/facts/Nerve_agent/5UcsLz9R">nerve agent</a>, <a href="/facts/Tabun_(nerve_agent)/HPf5hAL1">Tabun</a>, is discovered (accidentally) by a research team headed by Dr <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Schrader/Fg05guYc">Gerhard Schrader</a> of <a href="/facts/IG_Farben/3cTsQw87">IG Farben</a> in Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>May 28 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Turing/klov9b6g">Alan Turing</a>'s paper "On Computable Numbers" is received by the <a href="/facts/London_Mathematical_Society/jdcf3vhX">London Mathematical Society</a> for publication, introducing the concept of the theoretical "a[utomatic]-machine" or <a href="/facts/Turing_machine/ojCtglYu">Turing machine</a>. Its formal publication is on November 12.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25B3zsa_P%25C3%25A9ter/rXPJ8Waw">Rózsa Péter</a> presents a paper entitled "Über rekursive Funktionen der zweite Stufe" to the <a href="/facts/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians/qQX4kVpe">International Congress of Mathematicians</a> in Oslo,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> helping to found the modern field of <a href="/facts/Recursive_function_theory/pQezUupS">recursive function theory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Inge_Lehmann/hx70xaw4">Inge Lehmann</a> argues that the Earth's molten interior has a solid <a href="/facts/Inner_core/M2qscVcY">inner core</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science-and-technology">History of science and technology</h2> <ul><li>Economist <a href="/facts/John_Maynard_Keynes/4otHjBRu">John Maynard Keynes</a> buys a trunk of <a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton/4L7gTncN">Isaac Newton</a>'s papers at auction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>March – <a href="/facts/Alonzo_Church/b7D52Itv">Alonzo Church</a>'s "A Note on the <i><a href="/facts/Entscheidungsproblem/y8LDal2X">Entscheidungsproblem</a></i>" is published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Dutch mathematician <a href="/facts/Cornelis_Simon_Meijer/2elJ6B92">Cornelis Simon Meijer</a> introduces the <a href="/facts/Meijer_G-function/YCxbgSAl">Meijer G-function</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>First remains of the small Late <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> South American dinosaur <i><a href="/facts/Staurikosaurus/rTN3BWfN">Staurikosaurus</a></i> are found by <a href="/facts/Llewellyn_Ivor_Price/gENE5v6X">Llewellyn Ivor Price</a> in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, the first dinosaur to be discovered there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physiology-and-medicine">Physiology and medicine</h2> <ul><li>July 4 – First publication recognizing <a href="/facts/Stress_(biology)/H29jPp2B">stress</a> as a biological condition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>December 7 – Streptococcous <a href="/facts/Meningitis/4m4STzJB">meningitis</a> (a condition previously 99% fatal) is successfully treated for the first time with a <a href="/facts/Sulfonamide_(medicine)/4vXtwwwm">sulfonamide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>American researcher <a href="/facts/Thomas_Francis_Jr./QmusSyfj">Thomas Francis Jr.</a> isolates <a href="/facts/Influenza_B_virus/Gb9v2xI3">influenza B virus</a>. Also this year, Australian <a href="/facts/Macfarlane_Burnet/huff6JRt">Macfarlane Burnet</a> discovers that <i><a href="/facts/Orthomyxoviridae/3gqqgCMp">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> can be grown in embryonated hens’ eggs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ant%25C3%25B3nio_Egas_Moniz/GtjesMjV">António Egas Moniz</a> publishes his first report of performing a prefrontal <a href="/facts/Leukotomy/TcWkUk2b">leukotomy</a> on a human patient.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Guido_Fanconi/nblNLu4j">Guido Fanconi</a> describes a connection between <a href="/facts/Celiac_disease/AKd5PkTc">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/facts/Cystic_fibrosis/tlNK5BAH">cystic fibrosis</a> of the <a href="/facts/Pancreas/r0WPGjAq">pancreas</a> and <a href="/facts/Bronchiectasis/14qT98Q5">bronchiectasis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Percival_Himsworth/UQFL6f3I">Harry Himsworth</a> distinguishes the two principal types of <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li>Sherif's experiment on <a href="/facts/Conformity/AHpHbocb">conformity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>June 26 – <a href="/facts/Focke-Wulf_Fw_61/uz4HMEbK">Focke-Wulf Fw 61</a>, the first fully controllable <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a>, makes its first flight.</li> <li>November 3 – The world's first regular daily high-definition (at this time defined as at least 200 lines) television broadcast service is begun by the <a href="/facts/British_Broadcasting_Corporation/qFateIz8">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> from <a href="/facts/Alexandra_Palace/7qKqouBI">Alexandra Palace</a> in London (following test transmissions since August). The service initially alternates on a weekly basis between <a href="/facts/John_Logie_Baird/bkngND9Q">John Logie Baird</a>'s 240-line electromechanical system and the <a href="/facts/Marconi_Company/M3gV8oU8">Marconi</a>–<a href="/facts/EMI/MxDTCNeq">EMI</a> all-electronic <a href="/facts/405-line_television_system/pdTwuIJg">405-line television system</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="zoology">Zoology</h2> <ul><li>September 7 – Death of the last recorded <a href="/facts/Thylacine/maFXXmmJ">thylacine</a>, in <a href="/facts/Hobart_Zoo/ymHMptmJ">Hobart Zoo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>November 9 – American explorer <a href="/facts/Ruth_Harkness/2619X7hp">Ruth Harkness</a> encounters and captures in China a live <a href="/facts/Giant_panda/BMbbMGg7">giant panda</a>, a cub named <a href="/facts/Su_Lin_(1930s_giant_panda)/rIYYWGsa">Su Lin</a>, the first to enter the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fields_Medal/khFmkEnm">Fields Prize in Mathematics</a> (first award): <a href="/facts/Lars_Ahlfors/aukXlC2t">Lars Ahlfors</a> and <a href="/facts/Jesse_Douglas/fdfINaVr">Jesse Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Victor_Franz_Hess/8FxbP6zg">Victor Franz Hess</a>, <a href="/facts/Carl_David_Anderson/rIMqD9ax">Carl David Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Peter_Debye/C9rm7nx8">Peter Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – Sir <a href="/facts/Henry_Hallett_Dale/2hjp8cp8">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, <a href="/facts/Otto_Loewi/AvP3kcK8">Otto Loewi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 8 – <a href="/facts/Robert_May%2c_Baron_May_of_Oxford/sg59CXwr">Robert May</a>, Australian-born <a href="/facts/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)/g7PNJgoH">Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)</a> (died <a href="/facts/2020_in_science/t6HkpHEr">2020</a>).</li> <li>January 10 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Walter_Bodmer/vpCMIUSA">Walter Bodmer</a>, German-born British <a href="/facts/Human_genome/VTV85pbn">human geneticist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson/CsmuvVqa">Robert Wilson</a>, American <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> and <a href="/facts/Radio_astronomer/TdjF4LgL">radio astronomer</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>January 27 – <a href="/facts/Barry_Barish/ISj0Aajt">Barry Barish</a>, American <a href="/facts/Gravity/bqAN7DdQ">gravitational</a> physicist, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize</a> winner.</li> <li>March 16 – <a href="/facts/Raymond_Vahan_Damadian/AFnvwX82">Raymond Vahan Damadian</a>, Armenian-American <a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_imaging/Vh9yG9qq">MRI</a> practitioner.</li> <li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/David_Suzuki/ynM8qI4I">David Suzuki</a>, Canadian <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a> and populariser of science.</li> <li>April 1 – <a href="/facts/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan/j2wWPY3X">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> (died <a href="/facts/2021_in_science/jWGfKMyf">2021</a>), Pakistani nuclear physicist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>April 17 – <a href="/facts/Meemann_Chang/mjVx5b9g">Meemann Chang</a>, Chinese <a href="/facts/Paleontologist/60n5yldd">paleontologist</a>.</li> <li>June 29 – <a href="/facts/Leon_O._Chua/v5DWrV5E">Leon O. Chua</a>, American electrical engineer and computer scientist.</li> <li>August 1 – <a href="/facts/W._D._Hamilton/TRMHdePq">W. D. Hamilton</a> (died <a href="/facts/2000_in_science/JwxhmCoM">2000</a>), English <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_biologist/8tBoG55U">evolutionary biologist</a>, widely recognised as one of the greatest <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolutionary</a> theorists of the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>August 17 – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)/EcKvltNs">Margaret Hamilton</a>, American computer scientist, <a href="/facts/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom/wNtowHA6">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> laureate.</li> <li>September 17 – <a href="/facts/Gerald_Guralnik/4oeqlw4V">Gerald Guralnik</a> (died <a href="/facts/2014_in_science/mD8EVD7S">2014</a>), American physicist most famous for his co-discovery of the <a href="/facts/Higgs_mechanism/Vs5Cbxyy">Higgs mechanism</a> and <a href="/facts/Higgs_boson/3LAYXfft">Higgs boson</a>.</li> <li>November 25 – <a href="/facts/John_Taylor_(inventor)/2Kvpak5m">John Taylor</a>, English inventor.</li> <li>December 22 – <a href="/facts/James_Burke_(science_historian)/anwGayS1">James Burke</a>, British historian and populariser of science.</li> <li>December 31 – <a href="/facts/Szilveszter_E._Vizi/SXQdPFtP">Szilveszter E. Vizi</a>, Hungarian physician, neuroscientist and pharmacologist.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 9 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Alfred_Ballance/2ezCovFg">Sir Charles Ballance</a> (born <a href="/facts/1856_in_science/5jhUepAI">1856</a>), English <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a>.</li> <li>February 27 – <a href="/facts/Ivan_Pavlov/z0csSjkm">Ivan Pavlov</a> (born <a href="/facts/1849_in_science/mmaQsEug">1849</a>), Russian <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a>.</li> <li>April 8 – <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25B3bert_B%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1ny/V2NwlAl7">Róbert Bárány</a> (born <a href="/facts/1876_in_science/9BateKlC">1876</a>), Austro-Hungarian-born <a href="/facts/Otologist/JQUWMCzy">otologist</a>, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> winner in medicine.</li> <li>April 9 – <a href="/facts/John_Uri_Lloyd/qjjdPNV4">John Uri Lloyd</a> (born <a href="/facts/1849_in_science/mmaQsEug">1849</a>), American pharmacist and science fiction author.</li> <li>April 27 – <a href="/facts/Karl_Pearson/fXB7GT5Q">Karl Pearson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1857_in_science/QtXS6yHk">1857</a>), English <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>August 25 – <a href="/facts/Maria_von_Linden/qf6XHvVS">Maria von Linden</a> (born <a href="/facts/1869_in_science/CYwoS0jj">1869</a>), German <a href="/facts/Bacteriologist/Xk70D2YU">bacteriologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases". Noblis.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2011-10-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203065700/http://www.noblis.org/AShortHistoryOfTheDevelopmentOfNerveGases.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090203065700/http://www.noblis.org/AShortHistoryOfTheDevelopmentOfNerveGases.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Nerve Agent: GA". Cbwinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-10-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051929/https://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Nerve/GA.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051929/https://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Nerve/GA.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Turing, A. M. (January 1937). "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Series 2. 42: 230–265. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230. Retrieved 2017-12-24. <a href="http://www.abelard.org/turpap2/tp2-ie.asp" target="_blank">http://www.abelard.org/turpap2/tp2-ie.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Rózsa Péter". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 14 April 2014. <a href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Peter.html" target="_blank">http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Peter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Reid, Constance, eds. (1990), "Rozsa Peter 1905–1977", More Mathematical People, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 149 <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._Alexanderson" target="_blank">/wiki/Gerald_L._Alexanderson</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Andrásfai, Béla (1986), "Rózsa (Rosa) Péter", Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering, 30 (2–3): 139–145 <a href="http://www.pp.bme.hu/ee/article/view/4651" target="_blank">http://www.pp.bme.hu/ee/article/view/4651</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P'". Publications du Bureau Central Séismologique International. A14 (3): S.87–115. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bolt, Bruce A. (1987). "50 years of studies on the inner core". Eos. 68 (6): 73, 80–81. Bibcode:1987EOSTr..68Q..73B. doi:10.1029/eo068i006p00073-01. <a href="/wiki/Eos_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Eos_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bryson, Bill (2004). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0767908184. <a href="978-0767908184" target="_blank">978-0767908184</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Church, Alonzo (1936). "A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 1 (1): 40–41. doi:10.2307/2269326. JSTOR 2269326. S2CID 42323521. Submitted April 15 [sic.] <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Symbolic_Logic" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Symbolic_Logic</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Meijer, C. S. (1936). "Über Whittakersche bzw. Besselsche Funktionen und deren Produkte". Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (2) (in German). 18 (4): 10–39. JFM 62.0421.02. <a href="/wiki/JFM_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JFM_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Dodson, Peter; et al. "Staurikosaurus". The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International. p. 45. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6. <a href="0-7853-0443-6" target="_blank">0-7853-0443-6</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Selye, Hans (1936). "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents". Nature. 138 (3479): 32. Bibcode:1936Natur.138...32S. doi:10.1038/138032a0. Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2020-02-16. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Selye" target="_blank">/wiki/Hans_Selye</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Szabo, S.; Yoshida, M.; Filakovszky, J.; Juhasz, G. (2017). ""Stress" is 80 Years Old: From Hans Selye Original Paper in 1936 to Recent Advances in GI Ulceration" (PDF). Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23 (27): 4029–4041. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170622110046. PMID 28641541. <a href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt441957nq/qt441957nq.pdf?t=pewjsu" target="_blank">https://escholarship.org/content/qt441957nq/qt441957nq.pdf?t=pewjsu</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"1936". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610051422/http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/197-1936.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130610051422/http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/197-1936.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Influenza Historic Timeline". CDC. 2019-01-30. 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Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift. 86: 753–756. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Himsworth, H. P. (1936). "Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types". The Lancet. 227 (5864). London: 127–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)36134-2. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Lancet</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Hogg, Michael A.; Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology (4th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0273686992. <a href="0273686992" target="_blank">0273686992</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Paddle, Robert (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53154-3. <a href="0-521-53154-3" target="_blank">0-521-53154-3</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Watson, D. 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