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Atharvaveda
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<h2 id="etymology-and-nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2> <p>The Veda may be named, states <a href="/facts/Monier_Williams/SDP5WncC">Monier Williams</a>, after the mythical priest named <i>Atharvan</i> who was first to develop prayers to fire, offer Soma, and who composed "formulas and spells intended to counteract diseases and calamities".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The name Atharvaveda, states Laurie Patton, is for the text being "Veda of the Atharvāṇas".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The oldest name of the text, according to its own verse 10.7.20, was <i>Atharvangirasah</i>, a compound of "<a href="/facts/Atharvan/y4wVjXY5">Atharvan</a>" and "<a href="/facts/Angiras/BhmXwYmz">Angiras</a>", both Vedic scholars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Each scholar called the text after itself, such as <i>Saunakiya Samhita</i>, meaning the "compiled text of Saunakiya".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The "Atharvan" and "Angiras" names, states Maurice Bloomfield,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> imply different things, with the former considered auspicious while the latter implying hostile sorcery practices. Over time, the positive auspicious side came to be celebrated and the name Atharva Veda became widespread.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The latter name Angiras which is linked to <a href="/facts/Agni/zA4k3hgF">Agni</a> and priests in the Vedas, states George Brown, may also be related to <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-Europeans/HDhs6TuR">Indo-European</a> <i>Angirôs</i> found in an <a href="/facts/Aramaic/FpvKez1w">Aramaic</a> text from Nippur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Michael_Witzel/GbwFrlQb">Michael Witzel</a> states the etymology of <i>Atharvan</i> is Proto Indo-Iranian <i>*atharwan</i> "[ancient] priest, sorcerer", and it is cognate to Avestan <i>āθrauuan</i> "priest" and possibly related to Tocharian <i>*athr</i>, "superior force".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>The Atharvaveda is also occasionally referred to as <i>Bhrgvangirasah</i> and <i>Brahmaveda</i>, after <a href="/facts/Bhrigu/9c5KYXCV">Bhrigu</a> and <a href="/facts/Brahma/gmJ5YDk0">Brahma</a>, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="dating-and-historical-context">Dating and historical context</h2> <p>The Atharvaveda is dated by Flood at ca. 900 BCE,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> while Michael Witzel gives a dating at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The ancient Indian tradition initially recognized only three Vedas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The Rigveda, the verse 3.12.9.1 of Taittiriya Brahmana, the verse 5.32-33 of Aitareya Brahmana and other Vedic era texts mention only three Vedas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The acceptance of the Atharvanas hymns and traditional folk practices was slow, and it was accepted as another Veda much later than the first three, by both orthodox and heterodox traditions of Indian philosophies. The early Buddhist <a href="/facts/Nikaya/eUI3InTx">Nikaya</a> texts, for example, do not recognize Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda, and make references to only three Vedas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Olson states that the ultimate acceptance of Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda probably came in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> However, notes <a href="/facts/Max_Muller/huQekMHa">Max Muller</a>, the hymns of Atharvaveda existed by the time <a href="/facts/Chandogya_Upanishad/ScNHnN9E">Chandogya Upanishad</a> was completed (~700 BCE), but were then referred to as "hymns of Atharvangirasah".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Frits_Staal/NpkxNWMS">Frits Staal</a> states that the text may be a compilation of poetry and knowledge that developed in two different regions of ancient India, the Kuru region in northern India and the Pancalas region of eastern India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The former was home to Paippalāda, whose name was derived from the sacred fig tree named <i>Pippala</i> (Sanskrit: पिप्पल). This school's compositions were in the Rigvedic style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The Pancalas region contributions came from composer-priests Angirasas and Bhargavas, whose style was unlike the metric Rigvedic composition, and their content included forms of medical sorcery. The Atharvaveda editions now known are a combination of their compositions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>The core text of the Atharvaveda falls within the classical Mantra period of <a href="/facts/Vedic_Sanskrit/V0fnIRdc">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, during the 2nd millennium BC - younger than the <a href="/facts/Rigveda/7dyqIlsJ">Rigveda</a>, and roughly contemporary with the <a href="/facts/Yajurveda/XS4Hepvu">Yajurveda</a> mantras, the Rigvedic <a href="/facts/Khilani/FaSJwuFI">Khilani</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Samaveda/vvKqhL9U"><i>Sāmaveda</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> There is no absolute dating of any Vedic text including the Atharvaveda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The dating for Atharvaveda is derived from the new metals and items mentioned therein; it, for example, mentions <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> (as <i>krsna ayas</i>, literally "black metal"), and such mentions have led Michael Witzel to the estimate that the Atharvaveda hymns were compiled in the early Indian <a href="/facts/Iron_Age_India/0To7yMhA">Iron Age</a>, at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> corresponding to the early <a href="/facts/Kuru_Kingdom/8Uqlu8TH">Kuru Kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>The priests who practised the Atharvaveda were considered to be the lowest tier of <a href="/facts/Brahmin/V3qxzHAP">Brahmins</a>, in comparison to the priests who practised the Rigveda, Samaveda, or Yajurveda [considered by whom?]. A stigma held by some against Atharvaveda priests is documented in <a href="/facts/Odisha/ofAWpAgu">Odisha</a> well into the modern day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="text">Text</h2> <p>The Atharvaveda is a collection of 20 books, with a total of 730 hymns of about 6,000 stanzas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The text is, state Patrick Olivelle and other scholars, a historical collection of beliefs and rituals addressing practical issues of daily life of the Vedic society, and it is not a liturgical Yajurveda-style collection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h3>Recensions</h3> <p>The <i><i>Caraṇavyuha</i></i>, a later era Sanskrit text, states that the Atharvaveda had nine <a href="/facts/Shakha/yyaIUSvc">shakhas</a>, or schools: <i>paippalāda</i>, <i>stauda</i>, <i>mauda</i>, <i>śaunakīya</i>, <i>jājala</i>, <i>jalada</i>, <i>brahmavada</i>, <i>devadarśa</i> and <i>cāraṇavaidyā</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>Of these, only the Shaunakiya recension, and the more recently discovered manuscripts of Paippalāda recension have survived.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The Paippalāda edition is more ancient.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The two recensions differ in how they are organized, as well as content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> For example, the Book 10 of Paippalada recension is more detailed and observed carefully not doing a single mistake, more developed and more conspicuous in describing <a href="/facts/Monism/eskX5hbg">monism</a>, the concept of "oneness of <a href="/facts/Brahman/GM0QaQ9U">Brahman</a>, all life forms and the world".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Organization</h3> <p>The Atharvaveda Samhita originally was organized into 18 books (<i>Kāṇḍas</i>), and the last two were added later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> These books are arranged neither by subject nor by authors (as is the case with the other Vedas), but by the length of the hymns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Each book generally has hymns of about a similar number of verses, and the surviving manuscripts label the book with the shortest hymns as Book 1, and then in an increasing order (a few manuscripts do the opposite). Most of the hymns are poetic and set to different meters, but about a sixth of the book is prose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Most of the hymns of Atharvaveda are unique to it, except for the one sixth of its hymns that it borrows from the <a href="/facts/Rigveda/7dyqIlsJ">Rigveda</a>, primarily from its 10th mandala.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The 19th book was a supplement of a similar nature, likely of new compositions and was added later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The 143 hymns of the 20th book of Atharvaveda Samhita is almost entirely borrowed from the Rigveda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>The hymns of Atharvaveda cover a motley of topics, across its twenty books. Roughly, the first seven books focus primarily on magical poems for all sorts of healing and sorcery, and <a href="/facts/Michael_Witzel/GbwFrlQb">Michael Witzel</a> states these are reminiscent of Germanic and Hittite sorcery stanzas, and may likely be the oldest section.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Books 8 to 12 are speculations of a variety of topics, while Books 13 to 18 tend to be about life cycle <a href="/facts/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)/bU7faVbN">rites of passage</a> rituals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Srautasutra</i> texts <i>Vaitāna Sūtra</i> and the <i>Kauśika Sūtra</i> are attached to the Atharvaveda Shaunaka edition, as are a supplement of Atharvan <i>Prayascitthas</i>, two <i>Pratishakhyas</i>, and a collection of <i>Parisisthas</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> For the Paippalada edition of Atharvaveda, corresponding texts were Agastya and Paithinasi Sutras but these are lost or yet to be discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="contents">Contents</h2> <p>The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of <a href="/facts/Magic_in_the_ancient_world/ttcCLh3A">magical formulas</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> an epithet declared to be incorrect by many scholars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Samhita/1038qMBF">Samhita</a> layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BCE tradition of <a href="/facts/Magico-religious/YoseM9yo">magico-religious</a> rites to address superstitious anxiety, spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons, and herbs- and nature-derived <a href="/facts/Potion/e733LamN">potions</a> as medicine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic and to theosophy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> The text, states Kenneth Zysk, is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the "earliest forms of folk healing of Indo-European antiquity".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p><p>The Atharvaveda Samhita contains hymns many of which were charms, magic spells and incantations meant to be pronounced by the person who seeks some benefit, or more often by a sorcerer who would say it on his or her behalf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> The most frequent goal of these hymns, charms, and spells were long life of a loved one or recovery from some illness. In these cases, the affected would be given substances such as a plant (leaf, seed, root) and an <a href="/facts/Amulet/aTApH0q5">amulet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Some magic spells were for soldiers going to war with the goal of defeating the enemy, others for anxious lovers seeking to remove rivals or to attract the lover who is less than interested, some for success at a sporting event, in economic activity, for bounty of cattle and crops, or removal of petty pest bothering a household.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Some hymns were not about magic spells and charms, but prayer qua prayer and philosophical speculations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> </p><p>The contents of the Atharvaveda contrasts with the other Vedas. The 19th century Indologist Weber summarized the contrast as follows, </p> <blockquote> <p>The spirit of the two collections [Rigveda, Atharvaveda] is indeed widely different. In the Rigveda there breathes a lively natural feeling, a warm love for nature; while in the Atharva there prevails, on the contrary, only an anxious dread of her evil spirits and their magical powers. In the Rigveda we find the people in a state of free activity and independence; in the Atharva we see it bound in the fetters of the hierarchy and superstition. </p> — Albrecht Weber<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></blockquote> <p><a href="/facts/Jan_Gonda/eqWm0EDX">Jan Gonda</a> cautions that it would be incorrect to label Atharvaveda Samhita as mere compilation of magical formulas, witchcraft and sorcery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> While such verses are indeed present in the Samhita layer, a significant portion of the Samhita text are hymns for domestic rituals without magic or spells, and some are theosophical speculations such as "all Vedic gods are One".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> Additionally, the non-Samhita layers of Atharvaveda text include a Brahmana and several influential Upanishads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h3>Samhita</h3> <h4>Surgical and medical treatment</h4> <p>The Atharvaveda includes mantras and verses for treating a variety of ailments. For example, the verses in hymn 4.15 of the recently discovered Paippalada version of the Atharvaveda, discuss how to deal with an open fracture, and how to wrap the wound with Rohini plant (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus/70M2tmEB">Ficus</a> infectoria</i>, native to India):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <blockquote> <p>Let marrow be put together with marrow, and joint together with joint, together what of the flesh fallen apart, together sinew and together your bone. Let marrow come together with marrow, let bone grow over together with bone. We put together your sinew with sinew, let skin grow with skin. </p> — Atharvaveda 4.15, Paippalada Edition<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></blockquote> <h4>Charms against fever, jaundice and diseases</h4> <p>Numerous hymns of the Atharvaveda are prayers and incantations wishing a child or loved one to get over some sickness and become healthy again, along with comforting the family members. The Vedic era assumption was that diseases are caused by evil spirits, external beings or demonic forces who enter the body of a victim to cause sickness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> Hymn 5.21 of the Paippalāda edition of the text, for example, states, </p> <blockquote> <p>Heaven our father, and Earth our mother, Agni the men-watcher, let them send the ten days’ fever far away from us. O fever, these snowy mountains with Soma on their back have made the wind, the messenger, the healer for us, Disappear from here to the Maratas. Neither the women desire you, nor the men whosoever, Neither a small one, nor a grown-up weeps here from desire of fever. Do not harm our grown-up men, do not harm our grown-up women, Do not harm our boys, do not harm our girls. You who simultaneously discharge the balasa, cough, udraja, terrible are your missiles, O fever, avoid us with them. </p> — Atharvaveda 5.21, Paippalada Edition, Translated by Alexander Lubotsky<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></blockquote> <h4>Remedy from medicinal herbs</h4> <p>Several hymns in the Atharvaveda such as hymn 8.7, just like the Rigveda's hymn 10.97, is a praise of medicinal herbs and plants, suggesting that speculations about the medical and health value of plants and herbs was an emerging field of knowledge in ancient India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> The Atharvavedic hymn states (abridged), </p> <blockquote> <p>The tawny colored, and the pale, the variegated and the red, the dusky tinted, and the black – all Plants we summon hitherward. I speak to Healing Herbs spreading, and bushy, to creepers, and to those whose sheath is single, I call for thee the fibrous, and the reed like, and branching plants, dear to Vishwa Devas, powerful, giving life to men. The conquering strength, the power and might, which ye, victorious plants possess, Therewith deliver this man here from this consumption, O ye Plants: so I prepare the remedy. </p> — Atharvaveda 8.7, Shaunakiya Edition<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></blockquote> <h4>Spells and prayers to gain a lover, spouse</h4> <p>The contents of the Atharvaveda have been studied to glean information about the social and cultural mores in the Vedic era of India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> A number of verses relate to spells for gaining a husband, or a wife, or the love of a woman,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> or to prevent any rivals from winning over one's "love interest".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p> <blockquote> <p>May O Agni!, a suitor after our own heart come to us, may he come to this maiden with fortune! May she be agreeable to suitors, charming at festivals, promptly obtain happiness through a husband! As this comfortable cave, O Indra!, furnishing a safe abode hath become pleasing to all life, thus may this woman be a favourite of fortune, beloved, not at odds with her husband! Do thou ascend the full, inexhaustible ship of fortune; upon this bring, hither the suitor who shall be agreeable to thee! Bring hither by thy shouts, O lord of wealth, the suitor, bend his mind towards her; turn thou the attention of every agreeable suitor towards her! </p> — Atharvaveda 2.36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></blockquote> <h4>Speculations on the nature of man, life, good and evil</h4> <p>The Atharvaveda Samhita, as with the other Vedas, includes some hymns such as 4.1, 5.6, 10.7, 13.4, 17.1, 19.53-54, with metaphysical questions on the nature of existence, man, heaven and hell, good and evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> Hymn 10.7 of Atharvaveda, for example, asks questions such as "what is the source of cosmic order? what and where is planted this notion of faith, holy duty, truth? how is earth and sky held? is there space beyond the sky? what are seasons and where do they go? does <i>Skambha</i> (literally "cosmic pillar",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> synonym for <a href="/facts/Brahman/GM0QaQ9U">Brahman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a>) penetrate everything or just somethings? does <i>Skambha</i> know the future? is <i>Skambha</i> the basis of Law, Devotion and Belief? who or what is <i>Skambha</i>?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>The wonderful structure of Man </p> <p>(...) How many gods and which were they, who gathered the breast, the neck bones of man? how many disposed the two teats? who the two collar bones? how many gathered the shoulder bones? how many the ribs? Who brought together his two arms, saying, "he must perform heroism?" (...) Which was the god who produced his brain, his forehead, his hindhead? (...) Whence now in man come mishap, ruin, perdition, misery? accomplishment, success, non-failure? whence thought? What one god set sacrifice in man here? who set in him truth? who untruth? whence death? whence the immortal? </p> — Atharvaveda 10.2.4 - 10.2.14, Paippalāda Edition (Abridged)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></blockquote> <p>The Atharvaveda, like other Vedic texts, states <a href="/facts/William_Norman_Brown/LXsC746W">William Norman Brown</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> goes beyond the duality of heaven and hell, and speculates on the idea of <i>Skambha</i> or <i>Brahman</i> as the all pervasive monism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> Good and evil, <i>Sat</i> and <i>Asat</i> (truth and untruth) are conceptualized differently in these hymns of Atharvaveda, and the Vedic thought, wherein these are not dualistic explanation of nature of creation, universe or man, rather the text transcends these and the duality therein. Order is established out of chaos, truth is established out of untruth, by a process and universal principles that transcend good and evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> </p> <h4>Prayer for peace</h4> <p>Some hymns are prayer qua prayer, desiring harmony and peace. For example, </p> <blockquote> <p>Give us agreement with our own; with strangers give us unity Do ye, O Asvins, in this place join us in sympathy and love. May we agree in mind, agree in purpose; let us not fight against the heavenly spirit Around us rise no din of frequent slaughter, nor Indra's arrow fly, for day is present! </p> — Atharvaveda 7.52<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></blockquote> <h3>Brahmana</h3> <p>The Atharvaveda includes Gopatha <a href="/facts/Brahmana/pan0H4CS">Brahmana</a> text, that goes with Atharva <a href="/facts/Samhita/1038qMBF">Samhita</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> </p> <h3>Upanishads</h3> <p>The Atharvaveda has three primary Upanishads embedded within it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p> <h4>Mundaka Upanishad</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Mundaka_Upanishad/ToQT8upr">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, embedded inside the Atharvaveda, is a poetic-style Upanishad with 64 verses, written in the form of <a href="/facts/Mantra/V8bEogFp">mantras</a>. However, these mantras are not used in rituals; rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> In ancient and medieval era Indian literature and commentaries, the Mundaka Upanishad is referred to as one of the Mantra Upanishads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Mundaka Upanishad</i> contains three <i>Mundakams</i> (parts), each with two sections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> The first Mundakam, states Roer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> defines the sciences of "Higher Knowledge" and "Lower Knowledge", and then asserts that the acts of oblations and pious gifts are foolish and do nothing to reduce unhappiness in the current life or the next - rather, it is knowledge that frees people. The second Mundakam describes the nature of the <a href="/facts/Brahman/GM0QaQ9U">Brahman</a>, the <a href="/facts/Atman_(Hinduism)/8X7tehzj">Atman</a> (Self, Soul), and the path to know Brahman. The third Mundakam continues the discussion and then asserts that the state of knowing Brahman is one of freedom, fearlessness, liberation and bliss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> The <i>Mundaka Upanishad</i> is one of text that discuss the <a href="/facts/Pantheism/jcvmRCAr">pantheism</a> theory in Hindu scriptures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> The text, like other Upanishads, also discusses ethics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p> Through continuous pursuit of <a href="/facts/Satya/cRVcP3GF">Satya</a> (truthfulness), <a href="/facts/Tapas_(Sanskrit)/eaLtQyXC">Tapas</a> (perseverance, austerity), <i>Samyajñāna</i> (correct knowledge), and <a href="/facts/Brahmacharya/9AQTN45f">Brahmacharya</a>, one attains <a href="/facts/%25C4%2580tman_(Hinduism)/8X7tehzj">Atman</a> (Self, Soul).</p>— Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></blockquote> <h4>Mandukya Upanishad</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Mandukya_Upanishad/7hlqXQl3">Mandukya Upanishad</a> is the shortest of all the <a href="/facts/Upanishads/hr64Hhdn">Upanishads</a>, found in the Atharvaveda text.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> The text discusses the syllable <a href="/facts/Om/hpkwzjMH">Om</a>, presents the theory of four states of consciousness, and asserts the existence and nature of the <a href="/facts/%25C4%2580tman_(Hinduism)/8X7tehzj">Atman</a> (Soul, Self).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p><p>The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for inspiring <a href="/facts/Gaudapada/PodAVfas">Gaudapada</a>'s <i>Karika</i>, a classic of the <a href="/facts/Vedanta/CIeFg7fC">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft-cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> </p> <h4>Prashna Upanishad</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Prashna_Upanishad/JcLKUAJw">Prashna Upanishad</a> is from the <i>Paippalada</i> school of Atharvavedins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> </p><p>The text contains six <i>Prashna</i> (questions), and each forms a chapter with a discussion of its answers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> The first three questions are profound metaphysical questions but, states Eduard Roer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> they do not contain any defined philosophical answers; they are mostly embellished mythology and symbolism. The fourth section, in contrast, contains some substantial philosophy. The last two sections discuss the symbol <a href="/facts/Om/hpkwzjMH">Om</a> and the concept of <a href="/facts/Moksha/b3uuA7jI">Moksha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> </p><p>The Prashna Upanishad is notable for its structure and its sociological insights into the education process in ancient India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="manuscripts-and-translations">Manuscripts and translations</h2> <p>The Shaunakiya text was published by Rudolf Roth and <a href="/facts/William_Dwight_Whitney/4IbCcJWY">William Dwight Whitney</a> in 1856, by Shankar Pandurang Pandit in the 1890s, and by Vishva Bandhu in 1960–1962. The first complete English translation was made by Ralph T.H. Griffith in 1895-96,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> followed shortly by Maurice Bloomfield's translation of about one third of the hymns in 1897.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> These were followed by a nearly complete translation (missing Book 20) with textual commentary by William Dwight Whitney, published in 1905, which is still cited in contemporary scholarship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> </p><p>A corrupted and badly damaged version of the <i>Paippalāda</i> text was edited by Leroy Carr Barret from 1905 to 1940 from a single <a href="/facts/Kashmir/Rok34JM5">Kashmirian</a> <i><a href="/facts/%25C5%259A%25C4%2581rad%25C4%2581_script/LNUBbo4L">Śāradā</a></i> manuscript (now in <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25BCbingen/j0rBaILv">Tübingen</a>). <a href="/facts/Durga_Mohan_Bhattacharyya/wjB9CpgB">Durgamohan Bhattacharyya</a> discovered palm leaf manuscripts of the Paippalada recension in <a href="/facts/Odisha/ofAWpAgu">Odisha</a> in 1957.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> His son Dipak Bhattacharya has published the manuscripts. Thomas Zehnder translated Book 2 of the Paippalada recension into German in 1999, and Arlo Griffiths, Alexander Lubotsky and Carlos Lopez have separately published English translations of its Books 5 through 15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p><p>The Gopatha Brahmana was translated by Hukam Chand Patyal as a dissertation at Pune University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="influence">Influence</h2> <h3>Medicine and health care</h3> <p>Kenneth Zysk states that the "magico-religious medicine had given way to a medical system based on empirical and rational ideas" in ancient India by around the start of Christian era, still the texts and people of India continued to revere the ancient Vedic texts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> Rishi Sushruta, remembered for his contributions to surgical studies, credits Atharvaveda as a foundation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> Similarly, the verse 30.21 of the Caraka Samhita, states it reverence for the Atharvaveda as follows, </p> <blockquote> <p>Therefore, the physician who has inquired [in verse 30.20] about [which Veda], devotion to the Atharvaveda is ordered from among the four: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. </p> — Sutrasthara 30.21, Atharvaveda<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></blockquote> <p>The roots of <a href="/facts/Ayurveda/XCgFAdb3">Ayurveda</a> – a traditional medical and health care practice in India—states Dominik Wujastyk, are in the texts called <a href="/facts/Caraka_Samhita/S8oVMUxQ">Caraka Samhita</a> and <a href="/facts/Sushruta_Samhita/GPSYEjCs">Sushruta Samhita</a>, both of which say that doctors, when asked, should assert their allegiance and inspiration to be the <a href="/facts/Vedas/yQgc8B2x">Vedas</a>, especially Atharvaveda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> Khare and Katiyar state that the Indian tradition directly links Ayurveda to Atharvaveda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> </p><p>Wujastyk clarifies that the Vedic texts are a religious discourse and while herbal health care traditions are found in Atharvaveda, the systematic, scholarly medical literature of ancient India is first found in the Caraka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> Kenneth Zysk adds <i><a href="/facts/Bhela_Samhita/WfwDRs5L">Bhela Samhita</a></i> to this list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> </p> <h3>Literature</h3> <p>The verse 11.7.24 of Atharvaveda contains the oldest known mention of the Indic literary genre the <a href="/facts/Purana/AQ7FeRsA">Puranas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> </p><p>The 1st millennium AD <a href="/facts/Buddhist/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a> literature included books of magico-religious mantras and spells for protection from evil influences of non-human beings such as demons and ghosts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> These were called <i>Pirita</i> (Pali: Paritta) and <i>Rakkhamanta</i> ("mantra for protection"), and they share premises and style of hymns found in Atharvaveda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atharvashiras_Upanishad/vcpYWlmT">Atharvashiras Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ayurveda/XCgFAdb3">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charaka_Samhita/S8oVMUxQ">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sushruta_Samhita/GPSYEjCs">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bhela_Samhita/WfwDRs5L">Bhela Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Upanishads/hr64Hhdn">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vedas/yQgc8B2x">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Merseburg_charms/BAq3nUjJ">Merseburg charms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zagovory/MWBUomRC">Zagovory</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gavin_Flood/dnMCaHQN">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-43878-0</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Witzel/GbwFrlQb">Witzel, Michael</a> (1997), <a href="https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"</a> (PDF), in Witzel, Michael (ed.), <i>Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas</i>, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press</li> <li>Witzel, Michael (2001), <a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf">"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"</a> (PDF), <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>, 7 (3): 1–115</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Atharvaveda</i>. <ul><li>Alexander Lubotsky, <i>Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Kanda Five</i>, Harvard College (2002).</li> <li>Thomas Zehnder, <i>Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Buch 2</i>, Idstein (1999).</li> <li>Dipak Bhattacharya, <i>Paippalada-Samhita of the Atharvaveda</i>, Volume 2, The Asiatic Society (2007).</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Sanskrit <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: Atharvaveda (original Sanskrit text) English <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: English translation by William Dwight Whitney English <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ralph_T._H._Griffith/UPKdauYW">Ralph Griffith</a>, <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/index.htm"><i>The Hymns of the Atharvaveda</i></a> 1895-96, full text</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maurice_Bloomfield/jqG6En9G">Maurice Bloomfield</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsofatharvave00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Hymns of the Atharva-veda</i></a>, <i>Sacred Books of the East</i>, v. 42 (1897), selection</li> <li>Śaunaka Recension, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611075751/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/avs/avs.htm">"Atharva Veda Saṁhitā"</a> [Sanskrit]. Published at Titus Project. Accessed, 14 April 2014.</li> <li>William Whitney, <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024644596">Index verborum to the published text of the Atharvaveda Vedas</a>, University of Michigan</li> <li>Madhav M Deshpande, <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674009394">Recitational Permutations of the Saunakiya Atharvaveda</a>, Harvard University Press, based on six Atharvaveda manuscripts found in Pune, India</li> <li><a href="https://search.lib.umich.edu/databases/record/47699">The Kashmiri Paippalada Recension of the Atharvaveda</a>, Images of 16th century birch-bark manuscript of Atharvaveda (University access rights required)</li> <li>George Bolling and Julius Negelein, <a href="http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33462">The Parisistas of the Atharvaveda</a>, Johns Hopkins University (with downloadable PDF file)</li> <li>Listen to the Audiobook version of Atharvaveda on <a href="https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708">Pocket FM</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113812/https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708">Archived</a> 7 February 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, page 38 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pages 13–14 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Laurie Patton (1994), Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791419380, page 57 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Parpola 2015, p. 131. - Parpola, Asko (2015), "The Atharvaveda and the Vrātyas", The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press, Chapter 12, ISBN 978-0-19-022692-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, page 38 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Parpola, Asko (2015), "The Atharvaveda and the Vrātyas", The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press, Chapter 12, ISBN 978-0-19-022692-3 <a href="978-0-19-022692-3" target="_blank">978-0-19-022692-3</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Witzel 2001, pp. 5–6. - Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115 <a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>M. S. Valiathan. The Legacy of Caraka. Orient Blackswan. p. 22. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 605–609 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, "Prasna Upanishad," Oxford University Press, pages xlii–xliii <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for Atharvan, page 17 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, page 38 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Brown, George William (1 January 1921). "Note on Angarôs, in Montgomery's 'Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur'". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 41: 159–160. doi:10.2307/593717. JSTOR 593717.; For the text Brown refers to, see: Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, By James Alan Montgomery, p. PA196, at Google Books, pages 196, 195–200 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia" Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 129, page 38 <a href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp129_prehistoric_central_asia_linguistics.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp129_prehistoric_central_asia_linguistics.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Flood 1996, p. 37. - Flood, Gavin (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Witzel 2001, p. 6. - Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115 <a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, page 13 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Laurie Patton (1994), Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791419380, page 57 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origin, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, page 135 <a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" target="_blank">/wiki/Frits_Staal</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Alex Wayman (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120813212, pages 52-53 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, page 13 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Max Muller, "Chandogya Upanishad" 3.4.1 Oxford University Press, page 39 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/38/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/38/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Michael Witzel (1997). "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. Harvard University, Harvard Oriental Series" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" target="_blank">/wiki/Michael_Witzel</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, page 68 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, page 68 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Witzel 2001, p. 6. - Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115 <a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Michael Witzel. "Early Sanskritization.Origins and Development of the Kuru State" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Michael Witzel (1997). "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. Harvard University, Harvard Oriental Series" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" target="_blank">/wiki/Michael_Witzel</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Gonda, Jan (1975). A History of Indian Literature: I.1 Vedic literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas). Otto Harrassowitz. p. 268. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Maurice Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Patrick Olivelle (2014), Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352429, page 8 footnote 11 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>William Whitney, "History of the Vedic texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 4, pages 254-255 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>BR Modak (1993), The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda, Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, ISBN 9788121506076, pages 15 (footnote 8), 393-394 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 136-137 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 273-274 <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" target="_blank">/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 273-274 <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" target="_blank">/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 296-297 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Max Muller, The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature), p. 455, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>William Whitney, "History of the Vedic texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 4, pages 254-255 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>William Whitney, "History of the Vedic texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 4, pages 254-255 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>William Whitney, "History of the Vedic texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 4, pages 254-255 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Max Muller, The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature), p. 455, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>William Whitney, "History of the Vedic texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 4, pages 254-255 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Ralph Griffith, The Hymns of the Atharva Veda, Volume 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 321-451 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, page 76 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, page 76 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Jan Gonda (1977), "The Ritual Sutras," in A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447018234, pages 543-545 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>SS Bahulkar (2003), "Samskararatnamala: An Atharvanic Prayoga," in Pramodasindhu (Editors: Kalyan Kale et al., Professor Pramod Ganesh Lalye’s 75th Birthday Felicitation Volume), Mansanman Prakashan, pages-28–35 <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, pages 100-101 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, page 38 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Zysk, Kenneth (2012). Alper, Harvey (ed.). Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 123–129. ISBN 978-812080746-4. <a href="978-812080746-4" target="_blank">978-812080746-4</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Zysk, Kenneth (1993). Religious Medicine: The history and evolution of Indian medicine. Routledge. pp. x–xii. ISBN 978-156000076-1. <a href="978-156000076-1" target="_blank">978-156000076-1</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Max Muller, The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature), p. 455, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Max Muller, The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature), p. 455, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Max Muller, The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature), p. 455, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Muller, M., ed. (1987) [1897]. The Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 42 – Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Delhi, IN: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–108. ISBN 81-208-0101-6. Retrieved 19 June 2024. alt. Oxford University Press: Atharvaveda at Google Books <a href="81-208-0101-6" target="_blank">81-208-0101-6</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Atharva Veda. Vol. 1. Translated by Griffith, Ralph. Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1895. pp. 344–352. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n368" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n368</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>"Hymn 13.4". The Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Vol. 2. Translated by Griffith, Ralph (2nd ed.). Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1917. pp. 154–158. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>The Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Vol. 1. Translated by Griffith, Ralph. Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1895. p. v. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n10" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n10</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>William Whitney, Atharvaveda Samhita 13.4, Harvard Oriental Series Vol. 8, Harvard University Press, pages 732-737 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/732/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/732/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, pages 277-297 <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gonda</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 137-139 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 137-139 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Kenneth Zysk (2010), Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814004, pages 7-9 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Alexander Lubotsky (2002), Atharvaveda Paippalada, Kanda Five, Harvard University, ISBN 1-888789050, pages 76-77 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Kenneth Zysk, Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine, Transaction, ISBN 978-1560000761, pages 238-247, 249-255 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Ralph Griffith, Atharva Veda, Hymn VII Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, pages 408-411 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n432/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n432/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803961, pages 162-163, Chapter 8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42, p. 100, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 99-101 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42, p. 107, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 107-108 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42, p. 94, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pages 94-95 <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" target="_blank">/wiki/Max_Muller</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>William Norman Brown (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), India and Indology: Selected Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, OCLC 5025668, pages 18-19 note 7, 45 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Norman_Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Francesco Pellizzi (2007), Anthropology and Aesthetics, Peabody Museum Press, ISBN 978-0873657754, pages 20-25 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>William Norman Brown (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), India and Indology: Selected Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, OCLC 5025668, pages 18-19 note 7, 45 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Norman_Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Ralph Griffith, Atharva Veda, Hymn VII Vol 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 26-34 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n35/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n35/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>WD Whitney, Atharva Veda, Book X.2 Vol 2 Books VIII to XIX, Harvard University Press, pages 568-569 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/566/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/566/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>William Norman Brown (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), India and Indology: Selected Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, OCLC 5025668, pages 18-19 note 7, 45 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Norman_Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>William Norman Brown (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), India and Indology: Selected Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, OCLC 5025668, pages 18-19 note 7, 45 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Norman_Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>William Norman Brown (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), India and Indology: Selected Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, OCLC 5025668, pages 18-19 note 7, 45 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Norman_Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Barbara Holdrege (1995), Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791416402, pages 41-42 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Ralph Griffith, Atharva Veda, Book 7 Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, page 351, Hymn LII <a href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n374/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n374/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 80-82 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣhads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6, pages 1-17 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Max Muller (1962), The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486209937, pages xxvi-xxvii <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Max Muller, Introduction to the Upanishads, Volume XV, Oxford University Press, page xliii <a href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad[permanent dead link] Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164 <a href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Max Muller (1962), "Manduka Upanishad," in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486209937, pages 27-42 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad[permanent dead link] Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164 <a href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad[permanent dead link] Bibliotheca Indica, 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