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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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<h2 id="creation-and-history">Creation and history</h2> <p>The need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist <a href="/facts/Friedrich_August_Kekul%25C3%25A9_von_Stradonitz/w1lFwWY9">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a>. This <a href="/facts/Working_group/dFlAPASD">committee</a> was the first international conference to create an international naming system for <a href="/facts/Organic_compounds/gqCNaN45">organic compounds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The ideas that were formulated at that conference evolved into the official <a href="/facts/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry/ElygYu14">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> IUPAC is a legacy of this meeting, making it one of the most important historical international collaborations of <a href="/facts/List_of_chemistry_societies/l5lA8s7z">chemistry societies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> IUPAC as such was established in 1919.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>Since this time, IUPAC has been the official organization with the responsibility of updating and maintaining official <a href="/facts/Organic_nomenclature/ElygYu14">organic nomenclature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>One notable country excluded from early IUPAC was Germany. Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards it by the Allied powers after <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC in 1929. However, <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> was removed from IUPAC during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> During World War II, IUPAC was affiliated with the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">Allied powers</a>, but had little involvement with the war effort itself. <a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6">East</a> and <a href="/facts/West_Germany/oCydk787">West Germany</a> were only readmitted to IUPAC in 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Since World War II, IUPAC has focused on standardizing nomenclature and methods in science. </p><p>In 2016, IUPAC denounced the use of <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a> as a <a href="/facts/Chemical_weapon/AwXDDhAR">chemical weapon</a>. In a letter to Ahmet Üzümcü, director of the <a href="/facts/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons/JdE4bTa9">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW), the organization pointed out their concerns in regards to chlorine weapon usage in the <a href="/facts/Syrian_civil_war/UD2gymjC">Syrian civil war</a> and other places . The letter stated, "Our organizations deplore the use of chlorine in this manner. The indiscriminate attacks, possibly carried out by a member state of the <a href="/facts/Chemical_Weapons_Convention/eP3Vsv5o">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> (CWC), are of concern to chemical scientists and engineers around the globe and we stand ready to support your mission of implementing the CWC." According to the CWC, "the use, stockpiling, distribution, development or storage of any chemical weapons is forbidden by any of the 192 state party signatories."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="committees-and-governance">Committees and governance</h2> <p>IUPAC is governed by several committees that all have different responsibilities. The committees are as follows: Bureau, CHEMRAWN (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) Committee, Committee on Chemistry Education, Committee on Chemistry and Industry, Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications, Evaluation Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols, Project Committee, and Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Each committee is made up of members of different National Adhering Organizations from different countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The steering committee hierarchy for IUPAC is as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>All committees have an allotted budget to which they must adhere.</li> <li>Any committee may start a project.</li> <li>If a project's spending becomes too much for a committee to continue funding, it must take the issue to the Project Committee.</li> <li>The project committee either increases the budget or decides on an external funding plan.</li> <li>The Bureau and Executive Committee oversee operations of the other committees.</li></ul> Committees table<table><tbody><tr><th>Committee name (abbreviation)</th><th>Responsibilities</th></tr><tr><td>Bureau</td><td><ul><li>Discussing and making changes to which committee has authority over a specific project</li><li>Controlling finances for all other committees and IUPAC as a whole</li><li>Discussing general governance of IUPAC<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division (Division I)</td><td><ul><li>Organizing and promoting the international collaboration between scientists in physical and biophysical chemistry and related fields</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/IUPAC_Inorganic_Chemistry_Division/jI4NWmNl">Inorganic Chemistry Division</a> (Division II)</td><td><ul><li>Inorganic and inorganic materials chemistry, isotopes, and atomic weights, <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division (Division III)</td><td><ul><li>Promoting the goals of IUPAC in the field of organic and biomolecular chemistry in the broadest sense</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Polymer Division (Division IV)</td><td><ul><li>The science and technology of macromolecules and polymers</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Analytical Chemistry Division (Division V)</td><td><ul><li>The general aspects of analytical chemistry, separation methods, spectrochemical methods, electrochemical methods, nuclear chemistry methods, and applications to human health and the environment.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Chemistry and the Environment Division (Division VI)</td><td><ul><li>Providing unbiased and timely authoritative reviews on the behavior of chemical compounds in food and the environment.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Chemistry and Human Health Division (Division VII)</td><td><ul><li>Medicinal and clinical chemistry</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><p>Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (Division VIII)</p></td><td><ul><li>Maintaining and developing standard systems for designating chemical structures, including both conventional nomenclature and computer-based systems.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>CHEMRAWN Committee (Chem Research Applied to World Needs)</td><td><ul><li>Discussing different ways chemistry can and should be used to help the world<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Committee on Chemistry Education (CCE)</td><td><ul><li>Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with the educational systems of the world<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI)</td><td><ul><li>Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with <a href="/facts/Industrial_chemistry/3M6gfHer">industrial chemistry</a> needs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Committee on Ethics, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (CEDEI)</td><td><ul><li>Promoting and developing the core values stated in the IUPAC strategic plan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Committee on Publications and Cheminformatics Data Standards (CPCDS)</td><td><ul><li>Designing and implementing IUPAC publications</li><li>Heading the Subcommittee on <a href="/facts/Spectroscopic/mj71FuNK">Spectroscopic</a> Data Standards<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Evaluation Committee (EvC)</td><td><ul><li>Evaluating every project</li><li>Reporting back to the Executive Committee on every project<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Executive Committee (EC)</td><td><ul><li>Planning and discussing IUPAC events</li><li>Discussing IUPAC fundraising</li><li>Reviewing other committees' work<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul><p>Current officers of the Executive Committee:</p><ul><li>President: García Martínez, Javier</li><li>Vice president: Keinan, Ehud</li><li>Past President: Brett, Christopher M. A.</li><li>Treasurer: Koch, Wolfram</li><li>Secretary General: Hartshorn, Richard M.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Finance Committee (FC)</td><td><ul><li>Helping other committees properly manage their budgets</li><li>Advising union officers on investments<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041">Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033323/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (ICGCSD)</td><td><ul><li>Advancing <a href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/">IUPAC Strategic Plan</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230343/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/">Archived</a> 6 April 2018 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> for green and sustainable chemistry</li><li>Coordinating all the work of IUPAC in this area to develop a coherent program of action</li><li>Initiating and coordinating projects in green and sustainable chemistry</li><li>Encouraging activities in these areas from across the Divisions and Standing Committees</li><li>Harmonization, regulation, and standardization in green and sustainable chemistry</li><li>Organizing the series of <a href="/facts/International_Conference_on_Green_Chemistry/Yw0gsDWK">IUPAC International Conferences on Green Chemistry</a></li><li>Managing IUPAC participation in the PhosAgro/UNESCO/IUPAC Green Chemistry for Life awards program</li><li>Managing the <a href="https://www.greenchemistry.school">Green Chemistry Postgraduate Summer School</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104083219/https://www.greenchemistry.school/">Archived</a> 4 January 2023 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> series</li><li>Managing <a href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/">IUPAC CHEMRAWN Prize for Green Chemistry</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053523/https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/">Archived</a> 7 April 2018 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li><li>Working and collaborating with other international organizations and industries</li><li>Seeking additional sponsorship and support from industrial sources</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Interdivisional Committee on Terminology (ICTNS)</td><td><ul><li>Managing <a href="/facts/IUPAC_nomenclature/pepvzNun">IUPAC nomenclature</a></li><li>Working through many projects to standardize nomenclature</li><li>Standardizing measurements</li><li>Discussing atomic weight standardization<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Project Committee (PC)</td><td><ul><li>Managing funds that are under the jurisdiction of multiple projects</li><li>Judging if a project is too large for its funding</li><li>Recommending sources of external funding for projects</li><li>Deciding how to fund meetings in developing countries and countries in crisis<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board (PAC-EAB)</td><td><ul><li>Helping to plan, implement, and publish <a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry/pepvzNun">IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry</a></p> <p>Scientists framed a systematic method for naming organic compounds based on their structures. Hence, the naming rules were formulated by IUPAC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Basic spellings</h3> <p>IUPAC establishes rules for <a href="/facts/Harmonization_(standards)/Q1aAkJNk">harmonized</a> spelling of some chemicals to reduce variation among different local English-language variants. For example, they recommend "<a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a>" rather than "aluminum", "<a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a>" rather than "sulphur", and "<a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">caesium</a>" rather than "cesium".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h3>Organic nomenclature</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry/ElygYu14">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a></p> <p>IUPAC organic nomenclature has three basic parts: the <a href="/facts/Substituents/6y9IE6G0">substituents</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbon_chain/vm7k4zsv">carbon chain</a> length, and chemical affix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The substituents are any functional groups attached to the main carbon chain. The main carbon chain is the longest possible continuous chain. The chemical affix denotes what type of molecule it is. For example, the ending <i>ane</i> denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" (C6H14).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is <a href="/facts/Cyclohexanol/kHdlHrys">cyclohexanol</a>: </p> <ul><li>The substituent name for a <a href="/facts/Ring_compound/TH2ReKIQ">ring compound</a> is <i>cyclo</i>.</li> <li>The indication (substituent name) for a six <a href="/facts/Carbon_chain/vm7k4zsv">carbon chain</a> is <i>hex</i>.</li> <li>The chemical ending for a single bonded carbon chain is <i>ane</i>.</li> <li>The chemical ending for an <a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">alcohol</a> is <i>ol</i>.</li> <li>The two chemical endings are combined for an ending of <i>anol</i> indicating a single bonded carbon chain with an alcohol attached to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Inorganic nomenclature</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry/nzfwwsdG">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</a></p> <p>Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the <a href="/facts/Cation/wrbwhF3z">cation</a> and the <a href="/facts/Anion/wrbwhF3z">anion</a>. The cation is the name for the positively charged <a href="/facts/Ion/3bePpDna">ion</a> and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is <a href="/facts/Potassium_chlorate/rARLS99c">potassium chlorate</a> (KClO3): </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/facts/Potassium/FWPwS7Rj">Potassium</a>" is the cation name.</li> <li>"<a href="/facts/Chlorate/Ypne0mrY">Chlorate</a>" is the anion name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="amino-acid-and-nucleotide-base-codes">Amino acid and nucleotide base codes</h2> <p>IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify <a href="/facts/Amino_acid/WDxYwBny">amino acids</a> and <a href="/facts/Nucleotide/pQKEwlJI">nucleotide</a> bases. IUPAC needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find <a href="/facts/Sequence_homology/mCIVStrA">homologies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> These codes can consist of either a one-letter code or a three-letter code. </p><p>These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a>. The nucleotide bases are made up of <a href="/facts/Purines/9ogLp0Wc">purines</a> (<a href="/facts/Adenine/PSeDFBnl">adenine</a> and <a href="/facts/Guanine/hoTSpz0x">guanine</a>) and <a href="/facts/Pyrimidines/uFRSB8Cq">pyrimidines</a> (<a href="/facts/Cytosine/JW20j33u">cytosine</a> and <a href="/facts/Thymine/A5C8MnLN">thymine</a> or <a href="/facts/Uracil/KUAcYYpQ">uracil</a>). These nucleotide bases make up <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> and <a href="/facts/RNA/HxPeNfNj">RNA</a>. These nucleotide base codes make the genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Nucleic acid code</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Reasoning</th></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>A</td><td><a href="/facts/Adenine/PSeDFBnl"><i>A</i>denine</a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Cytosine/JW20j33u"><i>C</i>ytosine</a></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>G</td><td><a href="/facts/Guanine/hoTSpz0x"><i>G</i>uanine</a></td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td>T</td><td><a href="/facts/Thymine/A5C8MnLN"><i>T</i>hymine</a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>U</td><td><a href="/facts/Uracil/KUAcYYpQ"><i>U</i>racil</a></td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>A or G</td><td><a href="/facts/Purine/9ogLp0Wc">Pu<i>r</i>ine</a></td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td>C, T or U</td><td><a href="/facts/Pyrimidine/uFRSB8Cq">P<i>y</i>rimidines</a></td></tr><tr><td>K</td><td>G, T or U</td><td>Bases that are <a href="/facts/Ketone/BqQXpLo4"><i>k</i>etones</a></td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>A or C</td><td>Bases with <a href="/facts/Amino/SN7W44fv">a<i>m</i>ino groups</a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>C or G</td><td><i>S</i>trong interaction</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>A, T, or U</td><td><i>W</i>eak interaction</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>Not A (i.e. C, G, T, or U)</td><td><i>B</i> comes after A</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>Not C (i.e. A, G, T, or U)</td><td><i>D</i> comes after C</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>Not G (i.e., A, C, T, or U)</td><td><i>H</i> comes after G</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>Neither T nor U (i.e. A, C, or G)</td><td><i>V</i> comes after U</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>A C G T U</td><td><i>N</i>ucleic acid</td></tr><tr><td>X</td><td>Masked</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>Gap of indeterminate length</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The codes for amino acids (22 amino acids and six special codes) are: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Amino acid code</th><th>Meaning</th></tr><tr><td>A</td><td><a href="/facts/Alanine/fphQEdSc">Alanine</a></td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspartic_acid/9DFSFPa1">Aspartic acid</a> or <a href="/facts/Asparagine/KYIft5Jd">asparagine</a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Cysteine/kbqvUm6d">Cysteine</a></td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>Aspartic acid</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td><a href="/facts/Glutamic_acid/7oXbNcvu">Glutamic acid</a></td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td><a href="/facts/Phenylalanine/eyojfW7t">Phenylalanine</a></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td><a href="/facts/Glycine/3nXI1hqW">Glycine</a></td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td><a href="/facts/Histidine/le7781NF">Histidine</a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td><a href="/facts/Isoleucine/sJW4dxnh">Isoleucine</a></td></tr><tr><td>K</td><td><a href="/facts/Lysine/CEetgA9L">Lysine</a></td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td><a href="/facts/Leucine/X7YrkvA5">Leucine</a></td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td><a href="/facts/Methionine/7neydPKo">Methionine</a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Asparagine/KYIft5Jd">Asparagine</a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Pyrrolysine/6cEPrKY7">Pyrrolysine</a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Proline/x1ABSW5A">Proline</a></td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td><a href="/facts/Glutamine/t94zX4SK">Glutamine</a></td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td><a href="/facts/Arginine/y49Hdf1e">Arginine</a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td><a href="/facts/Serine/4duVl30B">Serine</a></td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td><a href="/facts/Threonine/7zffFQ6W">Threonine</a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenocysteine/9ovfzrXW">Selenocysteine</a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td><a href="/facts/Valine/uTMLXBG4">Valine</a></td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td><a href="/facts/Tryptophan/JcUxlxAh">Tryptophan</a></td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td><a href="/facts/Tyrosine/RJhEgE4C">Tyrosine</a></td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td><a href="/facts/Glutamic_acid/7oXbNcvu">Glutamic acid</a> or glutamine</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td><a href="/facts/Leucine/X7YrkvA5">Leucine</a> or isoleucine</td></tr><tr><td>X</td><td>Any</td></tr><tr><td>*</td><td>Translation stop</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>Gap of indeterminate length</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="publications">Publications</h2> <h3>Non-series books</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Book name</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><i>Principles and Practices of Method Validation</i></td><td><p><i>Principles and Practices of Method Validation</i> is a book entailing methods of validating and analyzing many <a href="/facts/Analyte/qWzKoY8L">analytes</a> taken from a single aliquot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Also, this book goes over techniques for analyzing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix-induced effects, and the effect of an equipment setup on an experiment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Fundamental Toxicology</i></td><td><p><i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is a textbook that proposes a <a href="/facts/Curriculum/FEAlV1PH">curriculum</a> for <a href="/facts/Toxicology/L6XHRIJH">toxicology</a> courses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> <i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is based on the book <i>Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> <i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: <a href="/facts/Risk_assessment/vlG9Uf0h">risk assessment</a> and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and <a href="/facts/Ecotoxicology/B4R4EBIb">ecotoxicology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> This book is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Macromolecular Symposia</i></td><td><p><i>Macromolecular Symposia</i> is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the <a href="/facts/European_Polymer_Federation/JRkNjKXv">European Polymer Federation</a>, the <a href="/facts/American_Chemical_Society/Alf3uhaF">American Chemical Society</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Society_of_Polymer_Science/F5VHBe0r">Society of Polymer Science</a> in Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><i>Experimental Thermodynamics</i> book series</h3> <p>The <i>Experimental Thermodynamics</i> books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Book</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><i>Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids</i></td><td><p><i>Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids</i> is a book that is published by <a href="/facts/Wiley-Blackwell/XUkBW8kE">Blackwell Science</a>. The topics that are included in this book are low and high-temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, <a href="/facts/Diffusion_equation/l3CUuLqF">diffusion coefficients</a>, <a href="/facts/Light_scattering/nMou7lEH">light scattering</a>, transient methods for <a href="/facts/Thermal_conductivity/qWnSG3nQ">thermal conductivity</a>, methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating <a href="/facts/Rheometer/tn2DmtEo">viscometers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Solution Calorimetry</i></td><td><p><i>Solution Calorimetry</i> is a book that gives background information on <a href="/facts/Thermal_analysis/eEJvGtqw">thermal analysis</a> and <a href="/facts/Calorimetry/bzA3o7AN">calorimetry</a>. Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</i></td><td><p><i>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</i> is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives the strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: <a href="/facts/Virial/w3qwDrkr">virial</a> equation of state cubic equations; generalized <a href="/facts/Van_der_Waals_equation/HTNIbJDn">Van der Waals equations</a>; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that <i>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</i> goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</i></td><td><p><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</i> is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different <a href="/facts/Thermodynamic_state/Rv6m11Pf">thermodynamic states</a> precisely and accurately. <i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</i> was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases</i></td><td><p><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases</i> is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity <a href="/facts/Coefficients/5Hwq2Wuq">coefficients</a>, <a href="/facts/Interfacial_tension/EuluYmSM">interfacial tension</a>, and <a href="/facts/Parameter/zFvVFMv9">critical parameters</a>. This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Book name</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><i>Atmospheric Particles</i></td><td><p><i>Atmospheric Particles</i> is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. <i>Atmospheric Particles</i> goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: <a href="/facts/Acid_rain/f769GyNz">acid rain</a>; <a href="/facts/Heavy_metals/Cblmy8qI">heavy metal</a> pollution; <a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">global warming</a>; and <a href="/facts/Photochemical/GsXNBWon">photochemical</a> smog. <i>Atmospheric Particles</i> also covers techniques to analyze the atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</i></td><td><p><i>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</i> is a book that discusses environmental <a href="/facts/Colloid/9EVucqND">colloids</a> and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize colloids and particles. <i>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</i> also delves into how these colloids and <a href="/facts/Particle/JHKr2w6h">particles</a> interact.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</i></td><td><p><i>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</i> is meant to give an overview of a technique based on <a href="/facts/Fractal_geometry/sXj38JeN">fractal geometry</a> and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different <a href="/facts/Ecosystems/kVE8mSmR">ecosystems</a>. It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, <i>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</i> shows how to use the fractal approach to understand the reactivity of <a href="/facts/Flocculation/dNLUAP4o">flocs</a>, sediments, soils, microorganisms, and <a href="/facts/Humic/nU58wtUm">humic</a> substances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i></td><td><p><i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. <i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_ecoregion/MbBgAph9">terrestrial systems</a>. This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_animal/AhP2mont">terrestrial</a> life. <i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> gives techniques to analyze minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater</i></td><td><p><i>The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater</i> is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a> and the Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low <a href="/facts/Chlorophyll/1Sb0NyyM">chlorophyll</a> areas in the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</i></td><td><p><i>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</i> is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor <a href="/facts/Marine_ecoregion/mlGBmuFt">aquatic systems</a> and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and <a href="/facts/Microtechnology/91rn0r4q">microtechnology</a>. <i>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</i> is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyze aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</i></td><td><p><i>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</i> is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. <i>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</i> is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of <a href="/facts/Anthropology/W6WK1C3a">anthropology</a>. It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modeling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</i></td><td><p><i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</i> is a book about the effect of <a href="/facts/Trace_metal/tDXmwLAs">trace metals</a> on aquatic life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how <a href="/facts/Bioassays/fPUYjx1I">bioassays</a> can be used to evaluate how an <a href="/facts/Organism/j8JkL09u">organism</a> is affected by trace metals. Also, <i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</i> looks at the limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms.</p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</i></td><td><p><i>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</i> is a book created to aid <a href="/facts/Environmental_scientist/svr8eCse">environmental scientists</a> in fieldwork. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in <a href="/facts/Environment_(biophysical)/PNzMrGrz">environmental systems</a>. <i>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</i> continues from where <i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems</i> leaves off.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IUPAC_book/1lpll88F">IUPAC book</a></p> <p>IUPAC color code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Title</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><i>Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</i></td><td><p>One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee is the <i><a href="/facts/Compendium_of_Analytical_Nomenclature/clk09AD6">Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</a></i> (the "Orange Book"; 1st edition 1978).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions, which led to the third edition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> (journal)</td><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i> is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website.</p><p><i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information.</p><p>Its creation was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, the IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> However, it was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available.</p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i></td><td><p>The <i><a href="/facts/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology/1lpll88F">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by <a href="/facts/Victor_Gold_(chemist)/8BD0Wrj3">Victor Gold</a>. This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> The <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i> was first published in 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> The first edition of this book contains no original material, but is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works.</p><p>The second edition of this book was published in 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> This book made large changes to the first edition of the <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>. These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a> project. This project made an XML version of the book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i> (online publication)</td><td><i>IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i>, also known as the "Blue Book", is a website published by the Advanced Chemistry Department Incorporated with the permission of IUPAC. This site is a compilation of the books <i>A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds</i> and <i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="international-year-of-chemistry">International Year of Chemistry</h2> <p>IUPAC and <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> were the lead organizations coordinating events for the <a href="/facts/International_Year_of_Chemistry/lz6mzc5u">International Year of Chemistry</a>, which took place in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> The International Year of Chemistry was originally proposed by IUPAC at the general assembly in <a href="/facts/Turin/PudIVEnr">Turin</a>, Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> This motion was adopted by UNESCO at a meeting in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> The main objectives of the International Year of Chemistry were to increase public appreciation of chemistry and gain more interest in the world of <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">chemistry</a>. This event is also being held to encourage young people to get involved and contribute to chemistry. A further reason for this event being held is to honour how chemistry has made improvements to everyone's way of life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="iupac-presidents">IUPAC Presidents</h2> <p>IUPAC Presidents are elected by the IUPAC Council during the General Assembly. Below is the list of IUPAC Presidents since its inception in 1919.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Term</th><th>President</th><th>Nationality</th></tr><tr><td>1920–1922</td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Moureu/HIrfPpRs">Charles Moureu</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td></tr><tr><td>1923–1925</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Jackson_Pope/x70oDH8q">William Jackson Pope</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td>1926–1928</td><td><a href="/facts/Ernst_Julius_Cohen/lujsRhI9">Ernst Julius Cohen</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><td>1928–1934</td><td>Einar Biilman</td><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td>1934–1938</td><td>N. Paravano</td><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><td>1938–1947</td><td><a href="/facts/Marston_Taylor_Bogert/M3epwCG3">Marston Taylor Bogert</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td>1947–1951</td><td>Hugo Rudolph Kruyt</td><td> <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><td>1951–1955</td><td><a href="/facts/Arne_Tiselius/eqvyeCz9">Arne Tiselius</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><td>1955–1959</td><td><a href="/facts/Arthur_Stoll/04wLKAWL">Arthur Stoll</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><td>1959–1963</td><td>William Albert Noyes Jr.</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td>1963–1965</td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_R._Todd/7gdbD98F">Lord Todd</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td>1965–1967</td><td><a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Klemm/zlxSUj2e">Wilhelm Klemm</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><td>1967–1969</td><td>V.N. Kondratiev</td><td> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td>1969–1971</td><td><a href="/facts/Albert_Lloyd_George_Rees/bpgsfp3F">Albert Lloyd George Rees</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><td>1971–1973</td><td>Jacques Bénard</td><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td></tr><tr><td>1973–1975</td><td><a href="/facts/Harold_Warris_Thompson/NIJyLLlW">Sir Harold Thompson</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td>1975–1977</td><td><a href="/facts/Robert_W._Cairns/7Fpjtro0">Robert W. Cairns</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td>1977–1979</td><td><a href="/facts/Georges_Smets/bYb4b1bX">Georges Smets</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><td>1979–1981</td><td>Heinrich Zollinger</td><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><td>1981–1983</td><td>Saburo Nagakura</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><td>1983–1985</td><td><a href="/facts/William_G._Schneider/RoMB9e2y">William G. Schneider</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><td>1987–1989</td><td><a href="/facts/Valentin_Koptyug/WHMfTKFD">Valentin A. Koptyug</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td>1989–1991</td><td>Yves P. Jeannin</td><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td></tr><tr><td>1991–1993</td><td><a href="/facts/Allen_J._Bard/9yrxEMJm">Allen J. Bard</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td>1993–1995</td><td>Kiril I. Zamaraev</td><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td>1996–1997</td><td>Albert E. Fischli</td><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><td>1998–1999</td><td><a href="/facts/Joshua_Jortner/D7jMJjpd">Joshua Jortner</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><td>2000–2001</td><td>Alan Hayes</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td>2002–2003</td><td>Pieter Streicher Steyn</td><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td>2004–2005</td><td><a href="/facts/Leiv_Kristen_Sydnes/R1lPMWeo">Leiv Kristen Sydnes</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><td>2006–2007</td><td>Bryan Henry</td><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><td>2008–2009</td><td>Jung-Il Jin</td><td> <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td></tr><tr><td>2010–2011</td><td>Nicole J. Moreau</td><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td></tr><tr><td>2012–2013</td><td>Kazuyuki Tatsumi</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><td>2014–2015</td><td>Mark Cesa</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td>2016–2017</td><td>Natalia Tarasova</td><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td>2018–2019</td><td><a href="/facts/Zhou_Qifeng/lDbb87Il">Zhou Qifeng</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td></tr><tr><td>2020–2021</td><td>Christopher M.A. Brett</td><td> <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><td>2022–2023</td><td><a href="/facts/Javier_Garc%25C3%25ADa_Martinez/qMsAhBQQ">Javier García-Martínez</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td>2024–2025</td><td>Ehud Keinan</td><td> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Chemistry portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CAS_registry_number/zjXjCGPx">CAS registry number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_nomenclature/scv3SqmM">Chemical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights/WJGuHBB3">Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Association_for_Chemical_and_Molecular_Sciences/AsszdSRv">European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_for_Reference_Materials_and_Measurements/ChsCIgPq">Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements</a> (IRMM)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Chemical_Identifier/6yR96JYR">International Chemical Identifier</a> (InChI)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/6Tbm9SPF">International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</a> (IUBMB)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics/ah3BodlS">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP)</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies/vBWIPQ9k">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system/NUzV73WA">Simplified molecular-input line-entry system</a> (SMILES)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://iupac.org/">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"IUPAC National Adhering Organizations". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Council Agenda Book" (PDF). IUPAC. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144448/https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144448/https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Secretariat". Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023. <a href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/secretariat/" target="_blank">https://iupac.org/who-we-are/secretariat/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"IUPAC National Adhering Organizations". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>IUPAC Committees list. Archived 4 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/027" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/027</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Chemdrawn. Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/030" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/030</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Project Committee web page". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Evaluation Committee page. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/014" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/014</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6. <a href="0-86542-878-6" target="_blank">0-86542-878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6. <a href="0-86542-878-6" target="_blank">0-86542-878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>IYC: Introduction. Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010. <a href="https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction" target="_blank">https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6. <a href="0-86542-878-6" target="_blank">0-86542-878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6. <a href="0-86542-878-6" target="_blank">0-86542-878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6. <a href="0-86542-878-6" target="_blank">0-86542-878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About Archived 14 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. IUPAC. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. <a href="https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html" target="_blank">https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition. Pearson Books. ISBN 978-0-13-109686-8. <a href="978-0-13-109686-8" target="_blank">978-0-13-109686-8</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Kaderas, Brigitte (2002). Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts (in German). 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