Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Textile performance
open-in-new
<h2 id="serviceability-in-textiles">Serviceability in textiles</h2> <p>Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability. </p> <h3>Concepts of serviceability in textiles</h3> <p>Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h4>Aesthetics</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Aesthetics_(textile)/2yMwSf6n">Aesthetics</a> imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the <a href="/facts/Color_of_clothing/QShCTgf7">color</a>, pattern and <a href="/facts/Texturizing/NA8o5MV4">texture</a> of the <a href="/facts/Textile/PJrVeM5S">material</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h4>Durability</h4> <p>Durability in textiles refers to the product's capacity to endure use; the amount of time the product is regarded adequate for the intended application.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h4>Comfort</h4> <p>The performance of textiles extends to functionality through comfort and protection. The term "comfort" (or "being comfortable") refers to a state of physical or psychological well-being—our perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological requirements are all part of it. After food, It is the clothing that satisfies these comfort needs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Clothing provides comfort on a number of levels, including aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Aesthetic comfort: Aesthetic comfort is associated with visual perception that is influenced by color, fabric construction, finish, style, garment fit, and fashion compatibility. Comfort on an aesthetic level is necessary for psychological and social well-being.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermoregulation_in_humans/VhAvc6fg">Thermoregulation in humans</a> and thermophysiological comfort: Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fibers have unique properties, that make them suitable for use in various environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> <ul><li>Thermal comfort: One primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort. The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a neither very hot nor very cold feel. The optimum temperature for thermal comfort of the skin surface is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius, i.e., a neutral temperature. Thermophysiology reacts whenever the temperature falls below or exceeds the neutral point on either side; it is discomforting below 28 and above 30 degrees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Clothing maintains a thermal balance; it keeps the skin dry and cool. It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Moisture comfort: Moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation. According to Hollies' research, it feels uncomfortable when more than "50% to 65% of the body is wet."</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Touch/0nhRsBnt">Tactile</a> comfort: Tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body. It is related to the smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals. It is possible due to various factors, including allergies, tickling, prickling, skin abrasion, coolness, and the fabric's weight, structure, and thickness. There are specific surface finishes (mechanical and chemical) that can enhance tactile comfort. Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing, for example. Soft, clingy, stiff, heavy, light, hard, sticky, scratchy, prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Pressure comfort: The comfort of the human body's pressure receptors' (present in the skin) sensory response towards clothing. Fabrics with Lycra feels more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort. The sensation response is influenced by the material's structure: snugging, looseness, heavy, light, soft, or stiff structuring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Protection</h4> <p>Protection in textiles refers to a large application area where the performance (of functionality) is more central than aesthetic values. </p> <ul><li>UV protection performance in textiles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> There are tests to quantify the protection values from harmful <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">ultraviolet</a> rays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flame_retardant/0dpdUCYh">Flame retardant</a> textiles<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Water repellant performance of textiles<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Waterproofness<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>Cold and wind protection textiles<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Bacteria and virus protection in textiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Antiviral textiles are a further exploitation of using <a href="/facts/Antimicrobial_surface/MRDvJYIR">antimicrobial surfaces</a> that are applicable to both <a href="/facts/Natural_fiber/E4eyPJ4d">natural</a> and <a href="/facts/Synthetic_fiber/VBcafhnY">synthetic</a> textiles. Exhibiting antiviral properties, these surfaces may inactivate the <a href="/facts/Lipid/TdQR87HX">lipid</a>-coated viruses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> There are particular test methods for assessing the performance of antiviral textiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bulletproof_vest/tLXWe6jM">Bulletproof vest</a></li></ul> <h4>Appearance retention</h4> <p>The ability of a textile product to retain its appearance after being used, washed, and ironed is referred to as appearance retention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h4>Care</h4> <p>The treatment necessary to maintain the appearance of textile products is referred to as care. Textile products need to be cleaned and ironed to keep their look. This includes things like how to wash them and how to dry them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Laundry_symbol/NoW1g2Xu">Care labelling</a> for textile products takes into account the performance of each component as well as the manufacturing methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h4>Cost</h4> <p>It is influenced by a variety of elements. The cost of a textile product includes the raw material, manufacturing, and maintenance costs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h4>Environmental impact</h4> <p>Every textile product has an <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_fashion/zuKnVGlK">impact on the environment</a>. The extent to which textiles harm the environment during manufacturing, care, and disposal is a concept of textile serviceability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The substances which add performance to textiles have a severe impact on the <a href="/facts/Natural_environment/NzGY148M">environment</a> and on <a href="/facts/Health/yzPVrjTs">human health</a>. The halogenated flame retardants, PFC treated stain repellant, and triclosan or triclocarban or silver-containing antimicrobial fabrics certainly have a lot to do with the <a href="/facts/Effluent/HPS1Akbo">effluent</a> and environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name of the substance</th><th>Advantage in textile products</th><th>Associated health risks and environmental impacts</th><th>References</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perfluorooctanoic_acid/My764IGA">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a> ( PFOA), <a href="/facts/Polytetrafluoroethylene/jesBNXKq">Polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (Teflon)</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrophobic_effect/Tn0sGF3A">Hydrophobic effect</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Endocrine_disruptor/Yk2hfnTj">Endocrine disruptor</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fluorocarbon/jA9N6aoT">Fluorocarbon</a> (PFC)</td><td>Hydrophobic effect</td><td>May cause respiratory illness</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">Bromine</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Brominated_flame_retardant/829eRlVp">Brominated flame retardant</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Persistent%2c_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances/TJCJImvK">Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances</a> may cause <a href="/facts/Neurobehavioral_disorders/HJoAq92N">Neurobehavioral disorders</a> and <a href="/facts/Endocrine_disruption/Yk2hfnTj">Endocrine disruption</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a> Or <a href="/facts/Silver_nanoparticle/kM91kTAB">Silver nanoparticle</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Antimicrobial_resistance/jsbAywgx">Antimicrobial resistance</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles/A03zJIWo">Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles</a> and toxic effects on human health</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> Fundamentally, each fiber and fabric has distinct properties, and they are chosen based on their suitability for fitness for purpose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Users have five basic criteria for performance, including appearance, comfort, durability, maintenance, and cost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> These performance expectations are not the same as those of specialist textiles. Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. A few examples of different areas are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sportswear/tSQ4EB4n">Sportswear</a> must have these characteristics: strength, <a href="/facts/Moisture_management/2UVsdFIe">moisture management</a>, <a href="/facts/Elasticity_(physics)/wcJoIFg1">stretch</a>, and <a href="/facts/Clothing_insulation/GgJcK3Xj">thermal</a> comfort.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_uniform/TaKwefyv">Military</a> textiles demand protection from hostile weather. A <a href="/facts/Bulletproof_vest/tLXWe6jM">bulletproof vest</a> necessitates low impact. Camouflage may be needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Firefighting/rEb7fPFy">Firefighting</a> clothing must be flame resistant, thermally resistant, and lightweight. Water resistance and visibility are requirements for <a href="/facts/Bunker_gear/aNcjss57">bunker gear</a>. Turnout gear for firefighters is not a "one size fits all" proposition. It depends on the individual role and duties assigned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Occupational_hazard/alMv8c27">Occupational hazards</a> demand a specific degree of protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Medical_gown/kPq3zH8v">Medical</a> textiles need clothing with barriers and antimicrobial surfaces, such as <a href="/facts/Cleanroom_suit/HqQeppDp">cleanroom suits</a> and <a href="/facts/Hazmat_suit/CMJfa29r">hazmat suits</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wearable_computer/lFFo7LWf">Wearable electronics</a> in <a href="/facts/E-textiles/IEoMj47t">E-textiles</a> require flexibility as well as washability. (See <a href="/facts/Wearable_technology/HBSY4P0x">Wearable technology</a> and <a href="/facts/Hexoskin/zps3bPGC">Hexoskin</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Body_armor/AfAaph2E">Body armor</a> (protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks) demands specific <a href="/facts/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards/e8byHM02">performance standards</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wetsuit/K95FeH5S">Wetsuits</a> are made with <a href="/facts/Neoprene/MtLEdFvE">neoprene</a> and <a href="/facts/Butyl_rubber/4szk5Xn1">butyl rubber</a>. The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Automotive_textiles/Skq3opub">Automotive textiles</a> have specific performance requirements in various sections of the car. The different types of fibers used for separate areas of the car's interior are shown below:</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Car section or part</th><th>Fabric consumption in square meters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></th><th>Material<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></th><th>Properties of fibers</th><th>Performance expectations from the material used<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Airbag/fIygARIw">Airbags</a></td><td>3.5</td><td>Nylon coated with silicone or neoprene from inside</td><td>Strong, elastic, tough and stable in terms of <a href="/facts/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)/1UjTgenI">shrinkage</a></td><td>Capability of holding air when inflated and should be strong enough to withstand the impact without rupturing</td></tr><tr><td>Upholstery</td><td>10.0</td><td>Nylon and polyester</td><td>Abrasion resistance</td><td>Strong abrasion resistance to withstand the friction of sliding objects and passengers. To retain the shape and smoothness of the seats. Colors should be fast to sunlight and rubbing to sustain the exposure.</td></tr><tr><td>Carpet</td><td>4.0</td><td>Nylon</td><td>Strong, tough and abrasion resistant</td><td>Strong enough to stand friction, the material must be tough and resilient</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Trunk_(car)/P6sxHRcr">Trunk</a></td><td>4.0–5.0</td><td>Nylon</td><td>Strong, tough and abrasion resistant</td><td>Strong enough to stand friction, antimicrobial</td></tr><tr><td>Seat belts</td><td>0.5</td><td>Polyester</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Headliner_(material)/jXSpgxd4">Headliner</a></td><td>4.0–6.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Composite_material/UBysQldh">Composite</a>/<a href="/facts/Textile/PJrVeM5S">blended</a>/laminated fabric adheres to melted <a href="/facts/Polyurethane/qNo2KSXA">polyurethane</a> foam</td><td>Strong, insulating</td><td>Aesthetics, feel, stiffness, and sound reduction</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/facts/Tensile_testing/f3vF9ped">Tensile</a> strength, bursting, sensorial comfort, <a href="/facts/Thermophysiological_comfort/GgJcK3Xj">thermal comfort</a>, <a href="/facts/Thermal_resistance/N7VLrDAf">heat transfer</a>, <a href="/facts/Waterproofing/xAmUoTUG">water repellency</a> <a href="/facts/Moisture_vapor_transmission_rate/415Tm6Io">MVTR</a>, air permeability, <a href="/facts/Pill_(textile)/oCn4fNoa">pilling</a>, <a href="/facts/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)/1UjTgenI">shrinkage</a>, <a href="/facts/Colour_fastness/FC1Rq9nq">fading</a>, <a href="/facts/Lightfastness/5rJs3z6F">lightfastness</a>, drape and <a href="/facts/Hand_feel/uMWm1BHm">hand feel</a> are a few performance parameters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <p>Performance of textile products is primarily based on fiber and fabric structure. Fiber properties are fundamentally determined by their physical and chemical properties..<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Specific finishing methods, functional finishes, fit, and product design could all be used to improve the overall performance of a textile product, allowing it to achieve higher performance levels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p><p>Performance has an array of characteristics that affect appearance, durability, and comfort. Performance characteristics are in-built or incorporated into the textile materials. For example, <a href="/facts/Technical_textile/wawl0nrD">technical textiles</a> are classified into twelve separate categories. In which the performance is predetermined, and textiles are manufactured and structured as per the application and end-use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Durable_water_repellent/GYH4BnKR">Durable water repellent</a> is another functional finish that makes fabrics resistant to water (hydrophobic). </p><p><a href="/facts/Clothing_insulation/GgJcK3Xj">Clothing insulation</a> is a property that provides <a href="/facts/Thermal_insulation/j7tVT4uv">thermal insulation</a> for the wearer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> A <a href="/facts/Stain_repellent/gx8Q7Dpt">stain-repellent</a> is an added property of fabrics to make them <a href="/facts/Stain/7VhlycN8">stain</a> resistant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sun_protective_clothing/1dMbahJ1">Sun protective clothing</a> aids in the avoidance of both light and harmful UV rays. </p><p>There is a whole panoply of properties that relate to material functionality and their use in performance fabric applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> These include, <i>inter alia</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Abrasion_(mechanical)/Ttk8nv9J">Abrasion resistance</a>, is the resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Antimicrobial/80ECEmvP">Antimicrobial</a>, In textiles is an application of an agent that kills <a href="/facts/Microorganism/pysJYcE2">microorganisms</a> or stops their growth.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Antistatic/LLQ1lpDz">Antistatic</a>, is an application of a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of <a href="/facts/Static_electricity/tkGDkl7f">static electricity</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_permeability/HylEIRGM">Air permeability</a> is a fabric's ability to allow air to pass through it. While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not compulsory to be air permeable to be breathable.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Breathability/nm5SQ7AN">Breathability</a>, the capacity of a fabric to transmit moisture vapour.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Biodegradable/d1UW4dfR">Biodegradable</a>, is important for sustainability, it is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. <a href="/facts/Natural_fiber/E4eyPJ4d">Natural fibers</a> are easily biodegradable, hence more sustainable.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Biosorption/nzAlowxf">Bioresorbable</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bomb_suit/BvJxMdJH">Bomb suit</a>, is a specialized body armor for protection from explosions.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Colour_fastness/FC1Rq9nq">Colour fastness</a>, characterizes a material's <a href="/facts/Colour/XDvW7ESP">colour</a>'s resistance to <a href="/facts/Color_fade/Xl0D6pej">fading</a> or <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms/WaQ1CXl0">running</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Conductive/BSuyupLP">Conductive</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wrinkle-resistant_fabric/xCEaT6tI">Crease and wrinkle resistance</a> are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non-iron, no-iron, wash and wear, durable press, and easy care. While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified, some wearers experience decreased comfort.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)/1UjTgenI">Dimensional stability (fabric)</a>, also known as shrinkage in fabrics is the change of dimensions in <a href="/facts/Textile/PJrVeM5S">textile products</a> when they are <a href="/facts/Laundry/3v9PoI1u">washed</a> or relaxed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Durable_water_repellent/GYH4BnKR">Durable water repellent</a>, is a functional finish to make fabrics water-resistant (hydrophobic).</li> <li>Enhanced <a href="/facts/Color/XDvW7ESP">coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fire-retardant_fabric/S8U3ebtE">Flame and heat resistance</a>, are textiles that are more <a href="/facts/Fire_safety/uJMCXTU8">resistant to fire</a> than others through chemical treatment or manufactured <a href="/facts/Fireproof/t6MKThD7">fireproof</a> fibers.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fluorescence/qsJVT2qP">Fluorescence</a> Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect. In this scenario, an optical brightener can make an already-white surface appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents, high brightness paper, cosmetics, high-visibility clothing and more.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hand_feel/uMWm1BHm">Hand feel</a>, the property of <a href="/facts/Textile/PJrVeM5S">fabrics</a> related to the <a href="/facts/Somatosensory_system/0nhRsBnt">touch</a> that express <a href="/facts/Sensory_analysis/T4wSzDQm">sensory</a> comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Heated_clothing/p1kwoK7q">Heated clothing</a> is a type of clothing designed for cold-weather sports and activities, such as motorcycle riding, downhill skiing, diving, winter biking, and snowmobiling, trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers and carpenters.</li> <li><a href="/facts/High-visibility_clothing/foFM6kum">High-visibility clothing</a> is a type of safety clothing.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydrophilicity/k8p95WYu">Hydrophilicity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydrophobicity/Ifya0CXQ">Hydrophobicity</a></li> <li>Light responsive, <a href="/facts/Reflection_(physics)/BhcjDs79">Light reflective</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Luminescence/1QkIWyUj">Luminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oleophobicity/vRRaB5El">Oleophobicity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Textile_pilling/oCn4fNoa">Pilling</a> is generally considered an undesirable trait. There are applications that can resist pilling ( a surface defect of textiles) caused by wearing.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Racing_suit/0Y91NAsk">Racing suit</a> is a kind of fire suit due to its <a href="/facts/Fire_retardant/RkwChTJu">fire retardant</a> properties, is clothing such as <a href="/facts/Overall/kaxwb0Xu">overalls</a> worn in various forms of <a href="/facts/Auto_racing/0ErdCCV3">auto racing</a> by <a href="/facts/Racing_driver/0ErdCCV3">racing drivers</a>, crew members.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reinforcement/bn271VLa">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sauna_suit/Iej7vM32">Sauna suit</a> is a garment made from waterproof fabric designed to make the wearer sweat profusely.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Space_suit/dtqNGHUP">Space suit</a> is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">outer space</a>, <a href="/facts/Vacuum_(outer_space)/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a> and temperature extremes.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stain_resistance/gx8Q7Dpt">Stain resistance</a> is a property of fabrics in which they repel stains.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_insulation/j7tVT4uv">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li>Thermal responsive</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultrafiltration/8YXnNeM3">Ultrafiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">Ultraviolet</a> resistance<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Waterproof_fabric/xGSRhVXa">Waterproof fabrics</a> are those that are naturally resistant to water and wetting, or have been treated to be so.</li></ul> <h3>Fiber properties—built in (natural) properties</h3> <p>In terms of performance, wool has been advertised as a "miracle fabric"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> as it naturally possesses a variety of functional properties, including stretch, warmth, water absorption, flame retardance, and the ability to wick away body moisture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Additionally, Merino wool has the ability to protect from harmful UV rays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Natural_fiber/E4eyPJ4d">Natural</a> and <a href="/facts/Synthetic_fiber/VBcafhnY">synthetic fibers</a> have various properties that influence the final textile performance. Most of the natural fibers are suited for comfort, where synthetics are better for aesthetics and durability. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cotton/efXRcjbn">Cotton</a>, <a href="/facts/Wool/AENKRTYl">wool</a> and <a href="/facts/Linen/MHrhhjyW">linen</a> are naturally absorbent fibers.</li> <li>Linen has luster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>Most commonly used synthetic fibers, such as <a href="/facts/Nylon/hBvG9bCw">nylon</a>, <a href="/facts/Polyester/Ivp9CHpl">polyester</a>, <a href="/facts/Polypropylene/HM9PvoCz">polypropylene</a>, and <a href="/facts/Elastane/rcId3DYb">elastane</a>, are <a href="/facts/Hydrophobic/Ifya0CXQ">hydrophobic</a> and <a href="/facts/Thermoplastic/5KJB8dwN">thermoplastic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elastane/rcId3DYb">Elastane</a> is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that is exceptionally elastic.</li></ul> <h3>Added or additional properties</h3> <p>Additional properties are properties other than the inherent properties of the textiles which are specifically added in accordance with the specific needs. They may be added during different <a href="/facts/Textile_manufacturing/Idul45Xb">textile manufacturing</a> steps from fiber to fabric. </p> <h4>High-performance fibers</h4> <p>High-performance fibers are specifically synthesized to achieve unique properties such as higher heat resistance, exceptional strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness, tensile strength, chemical or fire resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> These high-performance fibers are used in protective clothing (PPE) with exceptional characteristics like chemical resistance and fire resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aramid/zQVtXcJL">Aramid</a> fiber, namely <a href="/facts/Kevlar/cFyJP7p0">Kevlar</a>, a strong, abrasion-resistant, durable material with high performance. Fiber and fabric engineering can optimize the functionality of the materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> Kevlar and <a href="/facts/Nomex/mA6BI3Bn">Nomex</a> which is a flame-resistant <a href="/facts/Meta-_(chemistry)/o88a4KQ2">meta</a>-aramid material, are used together in <a href="/facts/Advanced_Bomb_Suit/rkLvHHu5">advanced bomb suits</a>. The suit helps <a href="/facts/Bomb_disposal/FQJI2y4b">bomb disposal</a> soldiers from threats associated with <a href="/facts/Improvised_explosive_device/hwwca28W">improvised explosive devices</a>, including those related to fragmentation, blast overpressure, impact, heat, and flame.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carbon_fibers/BTIgu1Jx">Carbon fibers</a> have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight to strength ratio, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polybenzimidazole_fiber/HbElgr3f">Polybenzimidazole fiber</a>, also known as PBI, has high thermal stability, flame resistance, and moisture recovery, making it suitable for use in protective clothing. PBI are usually yellow to brown solid infusible up to 400 °C or higher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> PBI is also used in <a href="/facts/Space_suit/dtqNGHUP">Space suits.</a> In 1969, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a> selected polybenzimidazole (PBI) for its superior thermal protective performance after a 1967 fire aboard the <a href="/facts/Apollo_1/aJEvDnBM">Apollo 1</a> spacecraft killed three astronauts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> In the early 1970s USAF laboratories experimented with polybenzimidazole fibers for <a href="/facts/Protective_clothing/DF3oEH6B">protective clothing</a> to reduce aircrew deaths from fires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li>Silicon carbide fiber composed of <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a> is used for bulletproof vests.</li> <li>UHMWPE (<a href="/facts/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene/VDuc337R">Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a>) is a high abrasion and wear resistance material suitable for durability, low friction, and chemical resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Finishing methods</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Finishing_(textiles)/Mn7PMJFW">Finishing</a> improves appearance and performance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <h5>Finish</h5> <p>Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> A finish is any process that transforms <a href="/facts/Greige_goods/aBh2qCWS">unfinished products</a> into finished products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.) Mechanical finish purports <a href="/facts/Machine/wTCxFRfs">machine</a> finishes such as embossing, <a href="/facts/Heatsetting/c7slqBP3">heat setting</a>, <a href="/facts/Sanforization/nh6TGwaw">sanforizing</a>, sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Chemical_finishing_of_textiles/XDcshNAN">Chemical finishing</a> refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional properties. Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the <a href="/facts/Finishing_(textiles)/Mn7PMJFW">textile finishing process</a> where the emphasis is on <a href="/facts/Chemical_substance/EWcXU41d">chemical substances</a> instead of mechanical finishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles. These properties may vary from Normal to Advanced or High Tech. Softening of textiles, durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> </p><p>Cravenette was an old chemical finish of the early 20th century that makes cloths water repellant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p> <h4>Functional finishes or special purpose finishes</h4> <p>The first modern waterproof raincoat was created following the patent by Scottish <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a> <a href="/facts/Charles_Macintosh/1RPQpG4P">Charles Macintosh</a> in 1824 of new <a href="/facts/Tarpaulin/PpM2MYTk">tarpaulin</a> fabric, described by him as "India rubber cloth," and made by sandwiching a rubber softened by <a href="/facts/Naphtha/DpzLNMey">naphtha</a> between two pieces of fabric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> Application of performance finishes are not a new concept; <a href="/facts/Oilcloth/SRKhnBA9">Oilcloth</a> is the first known <a href="/facts/Coated_fabrics/lGxH7dFY">coated fabric</a>. Boiling linseed oil is used to make oilcloth. Boiling oils have been used from the year 200 AD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> The "special purpose finishes" or ''Performance finishes'' are that improve the performance of textiles for a specific end-use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas. These finishes enable treated textiles with different characteristics, which may be opposite to their natural or inherent nature. Functional finishes add value other than hand feel and aesthetics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> Certain finishes can alter the performance suiting for thermal comfort (thermal regulation), antimicrobial, UV protection, easy care (crease resistant cotton fabrics), and insect repellant etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p> <h4>Nanotechnology</h4> <p>Nanotechnology in textiles is a branch of <a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">nano-science</a> in which molecular systems at the nano-scale of size (1–100 <a href="/facts/Nanometre/a98sjHyu">Nanometre</a>) are applied in the field of textiles to improve performance or add functions to textiles. Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields, such as material <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">science</a>, <a href="/facts/Physics/a7aH2y08">physics</a>, <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">chemistry</a>, <a href="/facts/Biology/1M1ee3pB">biology</a> and <a href="/facts/Engineering/RFVg8H3I">engineering</a>. For example: <a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">Nano</a>coating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with <a href="/facts/Visible_light/jeofpMn4">visible light</a>) in textiles for <a href="/facts/Biomimetics/9TrIy29q">biomimetics</a> is the new method of <a href="/facts/Structural_coloration/vg3zYCd9">structural coloration</a> without <a href="/facts/Dye/a1NSlcsG">dyes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> </p><p>See further <a href="/facts/Nanofabrics/dL742vkG">Nanofabrics</a> </p> <h5>Surface tension biomimetics</h5> <p><a href="/facts/Surface_tension_biomimetics/9Ps3Hf5x">Surface tension biomimetics</a> is a phenomenon of exploitation of biomimetics properties to create functional effects such as <a href="/facts/Dermal_denticle/MS2brwuo">shark skin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lotus_(genus)/tyRJDdAj">lotus leaf</a> that have the ability to repel water and self-cleaning. In textiles, surfaces with hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties are formed with the help of coatings and applied finishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> </p> <h4>Surface treatments</h4> <p>Certain technologies can alter the surface characterizations of textiles. </p> <h4>Plasma</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Plasma_(physics)/1d3btMVU">Plasma</a> is a highly reactive state that activates the substrate, and the oxidized surface of the <a href="/facts/Plasma_treatment_(textiles)/cXXLpKS9">plasma-treated textile</a> improves <a href="/facts/Dyeing/6I8w1TyN">dyeing</a> while reducing environmental impacts. Plasma can also be used to treat textiles to obtain waterproofing and oil repellent properties. Different gases in the same fiber may have other effects, and various gases are chosen for different results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Plasma process with</th><th>By using <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">chemical element</a></th><th>Result on treated textile<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Noble_gas/j0yHMEAE">Noble gas</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Helium/yRul93TG">Helium</a>, <a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">argon</a></td><td>Etching</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Oxidizing_agent/1FQzB8pQ">Oxidizing</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">Oxygen</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a></td><td>Cleaning, functionalisation and etching</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">Hydrocarbon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">Nitrogen</a> or <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> containing hydrocarbons</td><td>Plasma polymerization</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Laser</h4> <p>Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) irradiation is used to modify the structural and surface properties of textiles, as well as to texturize them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> </p> <h4>3D textiles</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/3D_textiles/Ef8LsMDm">3D textiles</a></p> <p>3D textiles are used in versatile applications, like military textiles, bulletproof jackets, protective clothing, manufacturing 3D composites, and medical textiles. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics, which are used in treating a wound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="testing-standards">Testing standards</h2> <p>Standards vary with the use and application areas. Military textiles, industrial textiles have separate tests to analyze performance in extreme conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/American_National_Standards_Institute/p3d1TQCb">American National Standards Institute</a> approves the textile performance standards set by <a href="/facts/ASTM_International/xzdCexYJ">ASTM International</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> Other testing agencies or bodies which are recognized or accepted as international standards depending on the contracts:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Standards organisation</th></tr><tr><td>ASTM</td><td><a href="/facts/ASTM_International/xzdCexYJ">ASTM International</a></td></tr><tr><td>AATCC</td><td><a href="/facts/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists/UD0rC1qr">American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists</a></td></tr><tr><td>BS</td><td><a href="/facts/British_Standards/BI8HMUjL">British Standards</a></td></tr><tr><td>ISO</td><td><a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">International Organization for Standardization</a></td></tr><tr><td>IWTO</td><td><a href="/facts/International_Wool_Textile_Organisation/629hkcJY">International Wool Textile Organisation</a></td></tr><tr><td>EN</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Standard/53q0NbI3">European Standard</a></td></tr><tr><td>Oekotex</td><td><a href="/facts/Oeko-Tex/6Vrs9eFK">Oeko-Tex</a></td></tr><tr><td>AS/NZS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Special test methods</h3> <p>The comfort performance of textiles is the foremost requirement that influences product acceptance. Following comfort, safety and protection are the top priorities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> Numerous tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of textiles. </p> <h4>Sweating guarded hot plate test</h4> <p>The test method evaluates the thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of fabrics, which bear on the garment's comfort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>ISO 11092:2014 (the test for physiological effects — Test for measuring thermal resistance and water-vapor resistance)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li>ASTM F1868 (test for measuring thermal and evaporative resistance)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Breathability test</h4> <p>Water vapor transmission rate also called <a href="/facts/Moisture_vapor_transmission_rate/415Tm6Io">moisture vapor transmission rate</a> (MVTR) is a method of testing or measuring the <a href="/facts/Permeation/aEELFYd3">permeability</a> for <a href="/facts/Vapor_barrier/WnJKwJeL">vapor barriers</a>. </p> <ul><li>ASTM F2298 – 03 (test for clothing materials such as protective clothing, laminates, and membranes) a similar test by <a href="/facts/Japanese_Standards_Association/upVL7v8m">Japanese Standards Association</a> is JSA – JIS L 1099.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Air permeability</h4> <p>The air permeability test method is for measuring the ability of air to pass through textile materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>ASTM D737-96 alternative test method is</li> <li>ISO 9237:1995</li></ul> <h4>Moisture management test</h4> <p>The moisture wicking or moisture management test is for testing moisture management properties such as wicking capabilities and drying efficiencies. </p> <ul><li>AATCC test method 195</li> <li>ISO 13029:2012 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Qmax test</h4> <p>The Qmax test method is used to evaluate the surface warm-cool sensations of fabric and to indicate the instantaneous thermal feeling sensed when the fabric first comes into contact with the skin surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> </p> <h4>Manikin test</h4> <p>A <a href="/facts/Thermal_manikin/oD5EE5CM">thermal manikin</a> is a device for analysing the thermal interface of the human body and its environment. It assesses the <a href="/facts/Thermal_comfort/IbnM7Mpj">thermal comfort</a> and <a href="/facts/Clothing_insulation/GgJcK3Xj">insulation</a> properties of clothing, such as protective gear for the military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> </p> <h4>Kawabata evaluation system</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Kawabata_evaluation_system/oj0xR0Ar">Kawabata evaluation system</a> measures the mechanical properties of the textiles such as <a href="/facts/Tension_(physics)/waNGYp3a"> tensile strength</a>, <a href="/facts/Shear_stress/aWWnzIhE"> shear strength</a>, surface friction and roughness, The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness. Additionally, it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="picture-gallery">Picture gallery</h2> <p>Clothing serves a variety of functions in our daily lives, from the home to occupational hazards. The role of textiles in comfort, recreation, and safety. The performance aspects of textiles through images. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Clothtech/7uQJwRnc">Clothtech</a>, technical textiles for clothing and footwear applications.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Composite_materials/UBysQldh">Composite materials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Clothing_physiology/Bgpk6Qnv">Clothing physiology</a></li></ul> <h3>Notes</h3> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Allerkamp, Dennis (8 September 2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&q=kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53"><i>Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Springer_Science_%2526_Business_Media/nAesf6nT">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 53. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-642-13974-1.</li> <li>Au, K.F. (2011). <i>Advances in Knitting Technology</i>. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-372-5.</li> <li>Bhuiyan, A.L. (1982). <i>Some problems encountered with degradation mechanisms of addition polymers (in Synthesis and degradation, rheology and extrusion)</i>. Berlin u.a.: <a href="/facts/Springer_Publishing/JfRev59b">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-11774-2.</li> <li>Bonaldi, R.R. (2018). "Functional finishes for high-performance apparel". <i>High-Performance Apparel</i>. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 129–156. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7">10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-08-100904-8.</li> <li>Brown, P.; Stevens, K. (17 October 2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaujAgAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles"><i>Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 409, 417, 470. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-373-2.</li> <li>Collier, Billie J. (2000). <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll"><i>Understanding textiles</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/facts/Prentice_Hall/bynWAuat">Prentice Hall</a>. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Corbman, Bernard P. (1983). <a href="https://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006"><i>Textiles: fiber to fabric</i></a>. New York: Gregg Division, <a href="/facts/McGraw-Hill/oG8VpKJT">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 542. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-013137-8 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Das, A.; Alagirusamy, R. "Improving tactile comfort in fabrics and clothing". In Song (2011), pp. 216–244.</li> <li>Fulton, Robert E. (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnFRAAAAMAAJ"><i>Managing Engineering Data: Emerging Issues: Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31 – August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California</i></a>. <a href="/facts/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers/gpM3UR6G">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a>.</li> <li>Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado"><i>Textiles</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/facts/Bobbs-Merrill_Company/jznF0d6e">Bobbs-Merrill Company</a>. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado"><i>Textiles</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/facts/Pearson_Prentice_Hall/bynWAuat">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. p. 53. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-13-118769-6 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6"><i>High Performance Textiles and Their Applications</i></a> (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier.</li> <li>Lyle, Dorothy Siegert (1982). <a href="https://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02edlyle"><i>Modern textiles</i></a>. New York: <a href="/facts/John_Wiley_%2526_Sons/53g3LqJc">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 29. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-471-07805-0 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Miao, Menghe; Xin, John H, eds. (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5HDgAAQBAJ"><i>Engineering of High-Performance Textiles</i></a>. The Textile Institute Book Series. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-08-101885-9.</li> <li>Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (29 September 2020). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmruDwAAQBAJ&q=The+substances+which+add+performance+in+textiles+have+a+severe+impact+on+human+health+and+the+environment.&pg=PA59"><i>Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. p. 59. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-12-820497-9.</li> <li>Parsons, Ken (26 December 2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxA6W_Os50C&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA182"><i>Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition</i></a>. <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. p. 182. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-23792-5.</li> <li>Paul, Roshan, ed. (19 February 2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354"><i>High Performance Technical Textiles</i></a>. <a href="/facts/John_Wiley_%2526_Sons/53g3LqJc">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 110, 121. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-119-32505-5.</li> <li>Shishoo, Roshan, ed. (20 October 2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ&q=automotive+textile"><i>Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Elsevier/jkPSAEmR">Elsevier</a>. p. 15. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-504-0.</li> <li>Smith, Betty F. (1982). <a href="https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit"><i>Textiles in perspective</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: <a href="/facts/Prentice-Hall/bynWAuat">Prentice-Hall</a>. pp. vii, 65. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-13-912808-0 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ"><i>Improving Comfort in Clothing</i></a>. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-539-2.</li> <li>Tobler-Rohr, Marion I. (27 June 2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnlwAgAAQBAJ&q=Textiles+protect+as+cold,+heat,+and+rain.&pg=PA224"><i>Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Elsevier/jkPSAEmR">Elsevier</a>. p. 224. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85709-286-1.</li> <li>Tortora, Phyllis G.; Collier, Billie J. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex00tort"><i>Understanding textiles</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/facts/Bobbs-Merrill_Company/jznF0d6e">Bobbs-Merrill Company</a>. pp. 20, 21. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-13-439225-7 – via Internet Archive.</li> <li>Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (10 January 1996). <i>Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles</i> (7th ed.). New York: <a href="/facts/Fairchild_Publications/aCWPq2Lr">Fairchild Publications</a>. p. 567. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87005-707-6.</li> <li>Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ"><i>Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-08-100578-1.</li> <li>Williams, J. T. (29 September 2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222"><i>Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 222. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84569-717-4.</li> <li>Yarborough, Portia Dalecene; Nelson, Cherilyn N. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA27"><i>Performance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets: 8th Symposium</i></a>. <a href="/facts/ASTM_International/xzdCexYJ">ASTM International</a>. p. 27. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8031-3488-1.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tortora & Merkel 1996, p. 567. - Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (10 January 1996). Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles (7th ed.). New York: Fairchild Publications. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-87005-707-6. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-03-050723-6 – via Internet Archive. <a href="978-0-03-050723-6" target="_blank">978-0-03-050723-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tortora & Merkel 1996, p. 567. - Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (10 January 1996). Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles (7th ed.). New York: Fairchild Publications. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-87005-707-6. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Miao & Xin 2017. - Miao, Menghe; Xin, John H, eds. (2017). Engineering of High-Performance Textiles. The Textile Institute Book Series. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-08-101885-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5HDgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5HDgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Fulton 1988, p. 120. - Fulton, Robert E. (1988). Managing Engineering Data: Emerging Issues: Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31 – August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnFRAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EnFRAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kawabata, S.; Niwa, Masako (1989). "Fabric Performance in Clothing and Clothing Manufacture". The Journal of the Textile Institute. 80 (1). The Textile Institute: 19–50. doi:10.1080/00405008908659184. <a href="/wiki/The_Textile_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Textile_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sieben, Wanda Kay Alphin (1985). Economic Analysis of the Impact of Imperfect Consumer Information Regarding Performance of Textile Products. University of Minnesota. pp. 14, 21, 51. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-15. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jqo0BaLjkUwC&q=Performance+of+textile+product" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Jqo0BaLjkUwC&q=Performance+of+textile+product</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Song 2011, p. 3–4. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Song 2011, p. 22. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Song 2011, p. 440. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Lyle 1982, p. 29. - Lyle, Dorothy Siegert (1982). Modern textiles. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-471-07805-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02edlyle" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/moderntextiles02edlyle</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Cubrić, Ivana Salopek; Skenderi, Zenun (March 2013). "Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis". Collegium Antropologicum. 37 (1): 57–64. PMID 23697251. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Stevens, Katy (2008). Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments. University of Leeds (School of Design). Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwKXtwAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VwKXtwAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Textile Trends. Eastland Publications. 2001. p. 16. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXRQAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=hXRQAAAAYAAJ&q=Thermophysiological+comfort</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Conference, Textile Institute (Manchester, England) (1988). Pre-print of Conference Proceedings: Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference, Sydney, Australia, 10–13 July. Textile Institute. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-870812-08-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-1-870812-08-5" target="_blank">978-1-870812-08-5</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Ruckman, J.E.; Murray, R.; Choi, H.S. (1999). "Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort: The effect of openings". International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 11 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1108/09556229910258098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Varshney, R. K.; Kothari, V. K.; Dhamija, S. (17 May 2010). "A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross-sectional shapes". Journal of the Textile Institute. 101 (6): 495–505. doi:10.1080/00405000802542184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Collier 2000, p. 539. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Gagge, A.P.; Stolwijk, J.A.J.; Hardy, J.D. (June 1967). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. PMID 5614624. For steady exposure to cold and warm environments, thermal comfort and neutral temperature sensations lie in the range for physiological thermal neutrality (28°–30°C), in which there is no physiological temperature regulatory effort. Discomfort increases more rapidly below 28°C than above 30°C, while thermal sensation for both heat and cold increases rapidly each side of neutral. Discomfort correlates best with lowering average skin temperature toward cold environments and with increased sweating toward hot environments. In general, discomfort is associated with a change of average body temperature from 36.5°C. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Gagge, A. P.; Stolwijk, J. A. J.; Hardy, J. D. (1 June 1967). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. PMID 5614624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Song 2011, p. 149, 166. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Au 2011. - Au, K.F. (2011). Advances in Knitting Technology. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-372-5. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Song 2011, p. 167, 192, 208, 223, 235, 237, 427. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Das & Alagirusamy 2011, pp. 216–244. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Song 2011, p. 25, 235, 432. - Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XElWAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Li, Y.I.; Wong, Anthony S.W. (2006). "Dimensions of sensory comfort perceptions". Clothing Biosensory Engineering. pp. 151–166. doi:10.1533/9781845691462.151. ISBN 978-1-85573-925-3. Pressure comfort is more complex and involves a number of synthetic sensations such as snug, loose, heavy, lightweight, soft and stiff. This factor mainly corresponds to the pressure receptors in skin and may come from a combination of a number of simple sensory responses. Fabric bulk mechanical behavior and overall fitness of garment to the body may be responsible for this dimension of comfort. Fabric handle properties are also highly related to this factor. <a href="978-1-85573-925-3" target="_blank">978-1-85573-925-3</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Ray, Amal; Singha, Kunal; Pandit, Pintu; Maity, Subhankar (2020). "Advanced ultraviolet protective agents for textiles and clothing". Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles. pp. 243–260. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820257-9.00011-4. ISBN 978-0-12-820257-9. <a href="978-0-12-820257-9" target="_blank">978-0-12-820257-9</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Almeida, Laurindo. (20 October 2014). Paul, Roshan (ed.). Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Cambridge England: Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-85709-845-0. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14. <a href="978-0-85709-845-0" target="_blank">978-0-85709-845-0</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Pan, N.; Sun, G. (21 June 2011). Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection and Health. Elsevier. pp. 99–125. ISBN 978-0-85709-287-8. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14. <a href="978-0-85709-287-8" target="_blank">978-0-85709-287-8</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Mansdorf, Seymour Zack; Sager, Richard (1988). Performance of Protective Clothing: Second Symposium. ASTM International. ISBN 978-0-8031-1167-7. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14. <a href="978-0-8031-1167-7" target="_blank">978-0-8031-1167-7</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Williams 2009, p. 222. - Williams, J. T. (29 September 2009). Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel. Elsevier. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84569-717-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Williams 2009, p. 222. - Williams, J. T. (29 September 2009). Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel. Elsevier. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84569-717-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7--iAgAAQBAJ&q=wind+protective+textiles&pg=PA222</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Iyigundogdu, Zeynep Ustaoglu; Demir, Okan; Asutay, Ayla Burcin; Sahin, Fikrettin (2017). "Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 181 (3): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5. PMC 7091037. PMID 27734286. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Iyigundogdu, Zeynep Ustaoglu; Demir, Okan; Asutay, Ayla Burcin; Sahin, Fikrettin (2017). "Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 181 (3): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5. PMC 7091037. PMID 27734286. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"A quantitative test method to assess the antiviral performance". www.iso.org. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-06-14. <a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:18184:ed-2:v1:en" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:18184:ed-2:v1:en</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Corbman 1983, p. 542. - Corbman, Bernard P. (1983). Textiles: fiber to fabric. New York: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-07-013137-8 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textilesfibertof0006</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Hoguet, Deidre (10 April 2014). "Sustainability and performance in textiles: can you have it all?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-09-02. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-performance-textiles-wool-environment" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-performance-textiles-wool-environment</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Muthu 2020, p. 59. - Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (29 September 2020). Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion. Woodhead Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-12-820497-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmruDwAAQBAJ&q=The+substances+which+add+performance+in+textiles+have+a+severe+impact+on+human+health+and+the+environment.&pg=PA59" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BmruDwAAQBAJ&q=The+substances+which+add+performance+in+textiles+have+a+severe+impact+on+human+health+and+the+environment.&pg=PA59</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Betts, Kellyn S. (2007). "PERFLUOROALKYL ACIDS: What Is the Evidence Telling Us?". Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (5): A250 – A256. doi:10.1289/ehp.115-a250. PMC 1867999. PMID 17520044. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867999" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867999</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA): 1. What is PFOA and what is it used for?". www.greenfacts.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01. <a href="https://www.greenfacts.org/en/pfoa-cookware-waterproofing/l-2/index.htm" target="_blank">https://www.greenfacts.org/en/pfoa-cookware-waterproofing/l-2/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Hays, Hannah L.; Mathew, Dana; Chapman, Jennifer (2021), "Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Toxicity", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613550, archived from the original on 2021-08-11, retrieved 2021-07-01 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430799/" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430799/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Brominated Flame retardants in the Environment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01. <a href="https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/pbde.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/pbde.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Ermini, Maria Laura; Voliani, Valerio (27 April 2021). "Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age". ACS Nano. 15 (4): 6008–6029. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c10756. PMC 8155324. PMID 33792292. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155324" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155324</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>AshaRani, P. V.; Low Kah Mun, Grace; Hande, Manoor Prakash; Valiyaveettil, Suresh (24 February 2009). "Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Cells". ACS Nano. 3 (2): 279–290. doi:10.1021/nn800596w. PMID 19236062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Vigo, Tyrone L, ed. (1994). "Textile Performance: End Use and Relevant Tests". Textile Processing and Properties - Preparation, Dyeing, Finishing and Performance. Textile Science and Technology. Vol. 11. pp. 346–442. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-88224-0.50011-4. ISBN 978-0-444-88224-0. <a href="978-0-444-88224-0" target="_blank">978-0-444-88224-0</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Textile-based materials - Textile-based materials - AQA - GCSE Design and Technology Revision - AQA". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-30. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjc3rwx/revision/1" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjc3rwx/revision/1</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"Sources and origins – Textiles – Edexcel – GCSE Design and Technology Revision – Edexcel". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-30. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfr3rwx/revision/1" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfr3rwx/revision/1</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Smith 1982, pp. vii, 65. - Smith, Betty F. (1982). Textiles in perspective. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. vii, 65. ISBN 978-0-13-912808-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Wang 2016, pp. 25, 19. - Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN 978-0-08-100578-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>E.g., bomb suit, emergency medical, fall protection, HazMat, industrial flash fire, PASS, proximity firefighting, which requires a fire proximity suit, SCBA, fire station/work uniforms, structural firefighting, thermal imaging cameras, urban search and rescue or wildland firefighting.[50] <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" target="_blank">/wiki/Bomb_disposal</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Wang 2016, pp. 25, 19. - Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN 978-0-08-100578-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Wetsuit Materials". Wetsuit Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-20. <a href="https://wetsuitwarehouse.com.au/pages/pages-wetsuit_materials" target="_blank">https://wetsuitwarehouse.com.au/pages/pages-wetsuit_materials</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Shishoo 2008, p. 15. - Shishoo, Roshan, ed. (20 October 2008). Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry. Elsevier. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84569-504-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ&q=automotive+textile" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ&q=automotive+textile</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 544, 545. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 544, 545. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Tobler-Rohr 2011, p. 224. - Tobler-Rohr, Marion I. (27 June 2011). Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production. Elsevier. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-85709-286-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnlwAgAAQBAJ&q=Textiles+protect+as+cold,+heat,+and+rain.&pg=PA224" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lnlwAgAAQBAJ&q=Textiles+protect+as+cold,+heat,+and+rain.&pg=PA224</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). "Repellent finishes". Principles of Textile Finishing. pp. 149–194. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00007-2. ISBN 978-0-08-100646-7. Performance textiles are a new paradigm for the textile industry and represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of the industry. Performance textiles are textiles that provide additional functions such as repellency, resistance or protection from a specified element including fabrics that resist wrinkles, soils, or odours and/or protect from environmental conditions. <a href="978-0-08-100646-7" target="_blank">978-0-08-100646-7</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Smith 1982, pp. vii, 65. - Smith, Betty F. (1982). Textiles in perspective. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. vii, 65. ISBN 978-0-13-912808-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textilesinperspe0002smit</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). "Repellent finishes". Principles of Textile Finishing. pp. 149–194. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00007-2. ISBN 978-0-08-100646-7. Performance textiles are a new paradigm for the textile industry and represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of the industry. Performance textiles are textiles that provide additional functions such as repellency, resistance or protection from a specified element including fabrics that resist wrinkles, soils, or odours and/or protect from environmental conditions. <a href="978-0-08-100646-7" target="_blank">978-0-08-100646-7</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Paul, R. (20 October 2014). Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-85709-845-0. <a href="978-0-85709-845-0" target="_blank">978-0-85709-845-0</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Rasheed, Abher (2020). "Classification of Technical Textiles". Fibers for Technical Textiles. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. pp. 49–64. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49224-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-49223-6. <a href="978-3-030-49223-6" target="_blank">978-3-030-49223-6</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Schiavon, S.; Lee, K. H. (2012). "Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures" (PDF). Building and Environment. 59: 250–260. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21. <a href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3338m9qf/qt3338m9qf.pdf?t=mapmig" target="_blank">https://escholarship.org/content/qt3338m9qf/qt3338m9qf.pdf?t=mapmig</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>"Stain Resistance". Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform. Textile Centre of Excellence. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19. <a href="http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/" target="_blank">http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"Stain Resistance". Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform. Textile Centre of Excellence. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19. <a href="http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/" target="_blank">http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"Stain Resistance". Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform. Textile Centre of Excellence. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19. <a href="http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/" target="_blank">http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/stain-resistance/</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Hoguet, Deidre (10 April 2014). "Sustainability and performance in textiles: can you have it all?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-09-02. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-performance-textiles-wool-environment" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-performance-textiles-wool-environment</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>"Advertising and Merchandising are Major Factors in ASPC's Product Promotion Mix". The National Wool Grower. 68 (12). American Sheep Industry Association: 14. December 1978 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/sim_national-lamb-wool-grower_1978-12_68_12" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/sim_national-lamb-wool-grower_1978-12_68_12</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Peter Hughes (25 January 2021). "Merino wool: using blockchain to track Australia's 'miracle fibre'". Everledger. Retrieved 2021-08-31. <a href="https://everledger.io/merino-wool-using-blockchain-to-track-australias-miracle-fibre/" target="_blank">https://everledger.io/merino-wool-using-blockchain-to-track-australias-miracle-fibre/</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>"Wool Fibre – Properties, Facts & Benefits". www.woolmark.com. The Woolmark Company. Retrieved 2021-08-21. <a href="https://www.woolmark.com/fibre/" target="_blank">https://www.woolmark.com/fibre/</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>"Functional Benefits". Lavalan. Retrieved 2021-08-21. <a href="https://www.lavalan.com/functional-benefits/" target="_blank">https://www.lavalan.com/functional-benefits/</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Madhu, P.; Praveenkumara, J.; Sanjay, M.R.; Siengchin, Suchart; Gorbatyuk, Sergey (2022). "Introduction to bio-based fibers and their composites". Advances in Bio-Based Fiber. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824543-9.00014-1. ISBN 978-0-12-824543-9. The characteristics of the wool fibers are good elasticity, soft and durable, resilience, good wear and tear resistance and it is less resistant to acids and bases. <a href="978-0-12-824543-9" target="_blank">978-0-12-824543-9</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>"Focus Topic – Functional Fabric Fair 2020". www.functionalfabricfair.com. Retrieved 2021-08-21. <a href="https://www.functionalfabricfair.com/new-york/en-us/focus-topic-inspired-by-nature.html" target="_blank">https://www.functionalfabricfair.com/new-york/en-us/focus-topic-inspired-by-nature.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Kadolph 2007, p. 53. - Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-13-118769-6 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Motlogelwa, S. (2018). "Comfort and durability in high-performance clothing". High-Performance Apparel. pp. 209–219. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00012-2. ISBN 978-0-08-100904-8. <a href="978-0-08-100904-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-100904-8</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). "Repellent finishes". Principles of Textile Finishing. pp. 149–194. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00007-2. ISBN 978-0-08-100646-7. <a href="978-0-08-100646-7" target="_blank">978-0-08-100646-7</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Paul 2019, pp. 110, 121. - Paul, Roshan, ed. (19 February 2019). High Performance Technical Textiles. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 110, 121. ISBN 978-1-119-32505-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>O'Mahony, Marie (2002). Sportstech : revolutionary fabrics, fashion and design. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51086-5 – via Internet Archive. <a href="978-0-500-51086-5" target="_blank">978-0-500-51086-5</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>"Carbon woven fabrics". Compositesplaza. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-17. Carbon woven fabrics from Compositesplaza are used in the following applications:Model building, Yachts- and Boats construction, Automotive (car parts), Sporting goods, Orthopedic parts, Aviation parts, industrial Construction, Luxury items and jewelry, Motorsport parts. <a href="https://compositesplaza.com/products/carbon/carbon-woven-fabrics" target="_blank">https://compositesplaza.com/products/carbon/carbon-woven-fabrics</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Lomov, Stepan V.; Gorbatikh, Larissa; Kotanjac, Željko; Koissin, Vitaly; Houlle, Matthieu; Rochez, Olivier; Karahan, Mehmet; Mezzo, Luca; Verpoest, Ignaas (February 2011). "Compressibility of carbon woven fabrics with carbon nanotubes/nanofibres grown on the fibres". Composites Science and Technology. 71 (3): 315–325. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.11.024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Bhuiyan 1982. - Bhuiyan, A.L. (1982). Some problems encountered with degradation mechanisms of addition polymers (in Synthesis and degradation, rheology and extrusion). Berlin u.a.: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-540-11774-2. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Haertsch, Emilie; Meyer, Michal (2016). "Tough Stuff". Distillations. 2 (2): 12–13. Archived from the original on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2018-03-26. <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tough-stuff" target="_blank">https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tough-stuff</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"Statement of Hon. Grant L. Hansen, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research and Development)". Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1972. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1971. p. 612. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210017813369" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210017813369</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Paul 2019, pp. 110, 121. - Paul, Roshan, ed. (19 February 2019). High Performance Technical Textiles. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 110, 121. ISBN 978-1-119-32505-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1sOKDwAAQBAJ&q=mobiltech&pg=PA354</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Kadolph 2007, pp. 330, 331. - Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-13-118769-6 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy (29 April 2017). Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-08-100661-0. <a href="978-0-08-100661-0" target="_blank">978-0-08-100661-0</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Hollen, Norma R. (1988). Textiles. New York: Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-02-367530-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="978-0-02-367530-0" target="_blank">978-0-02-367530-0</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1, 2. ISBN 978-1-84569-037-3. <a href="978-1-84569-037-3" target="_blank">978-1-84569-037-3</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 337–340. ISBN 978-0-03-050723-6 – via Internet Archive. <a href="978-0-03-050723-6" target="_blank">978-0-03-050723-6</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-84569-037-3. <a href="978-1-84569-037-3" target="_blank">978-1-84569-037-3</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 285, 300–316. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Schindler, W.D.; Hauser, P.J. (2004). "Chemical finishing processes". Chemical Finishing of Textiles. pp. 7–28. doi:10.1533/9781845690373.7. ISBN 978-1-85573-905-5. Chemical finishing can be defined as the use of chemicals to achieve a desired fabric property. Chemical finishing, also referred to as 'wet' finishing, includes processes that change the chemical composition of the fabrics that they are applied to. In other words, an elemental analysis of a fabric treated with a chemical finish will be different from the same analysis done prior to the finishing. <a href="978-1-85573-905-5" target="_blank">978-1-85573-905-5</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-84569-037-3. <a href="978-1-84569-037-3" target="_blank">978-1-84569-037-3</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). "Softening". Principles of Textile Finishing. pp. 109–148. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00006-0. ISBN 978-0-08-100646-7. <a href="978-0-08-100646-7" target="_blank">978-0-08-100646-7</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 285, 300–316. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>"Definition of CRAVENETTE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-07-24. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cravenette" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cravenette</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Catalog. Sears, Roebuck and Company. 1922. p. 67. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0t4pAAAAYAAJ&q=cravenette&pg=PA67" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0t4pAAAAYAAJ&q=cravenette&pg=PA67</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>The Saturday Evening Post. 1952. pp. 64, 87. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQHCnpcQy5UC&q=cravenette" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EQHCnpcQy5UC&q=cravenette</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Winge, Jane (1981). Fabric Finishes. Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University. p. 7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWhpvCyL5zUC&q=cravenette" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VWhpvCyL5zUC&q=cravenette</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>United States Department of the Treasury (1905). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, and Other Laws: Including the Decisions of the Board of General Appraisers and the Court of Customs Appeals. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOg9AQAAMAAJ&q=cravenette" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VOg9AQAAMAAJ&q=cravenette</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>"Charles Macintosh: Chemist who invented the world-famous waterproof raincoat". The Independent. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2021-06-20. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-macintosh-chemist-google-doodle-who-is-he-when-waterproof-coat-a7499871.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-macintosh-chemist-google-doodle-who-is-he-when-waterproof-coat-a7499871.html</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>"History of the Raincoat". LoveToKnow. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2021-06-20. <a href="http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/history-raincoat" target="_blank">http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/history-raincoat</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>"MoreInfo-Staining and Finishing for Muzzeloading Gun Builders – Methods and Materials 1750–1850". 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2021-08-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530042026/http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130530042026/http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Kadolph 1998, p. 301. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. - Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Collier 2000, pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. - Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex0000coll</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Bonaldi 2018, pp. 129–156. - Bonaldi, R.R. (2018). "Functional finishes for high-performance apparel". High-Performance Apparel. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 129–156. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7. ISBN 978-0-08-100904-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Mishra, Rajesh; Militky, Jiri (14 November 2018). Nanotechnology in Textiles: Theory and Application. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 195–220. ISBN 978-0-08-102627-4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-02. <a href="978-0-08-102627-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-102627-4</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Yetisen, Ali K.; Qu, Hang; Manbachi, Amir; Butt, Haider; Dokmeci, Mehmet R.; Hinestroza, Juan P.; Skorobogatiy, Maksim; Khademhosseini, Ali; Yun, Seok Hyun (22 March 2016). "Nanotechnology in Textiles" (PDF). ACS Nano. 10 (3): 3042–3068. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b08176. PMID 26918485. <a href="http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/27012926/Nanotechnology_in_Textiles.pdf" target="_blank">http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/27012926/Nanotechnology_in_Textiles.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>"The Role of Nanotechnology in the Production of Fabrics". AZoNano.com. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02. <a href="https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5501" target="_blank">https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5501</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Rivero, Pedro J.; Urrutia, Aitor; Goicoechea, Javier; Arregui, Francisco J. (December 2015). "Nanomaterials for Functional Textiles and Fibers". Nanoscale Research Letters. 10 (1): 501. Bibcode:2015NRL....10..501R. doi:10.1186/s11671-015-1195-6. PMC 4695484. PMID 26714863. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695484" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695484</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Shao, J.; Liu, G.; Zhou, L. (2016). "Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles". Active Coatings for Smart Textiles. Duxford, UK: Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 269–299. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5. ISBN 978-0-08-100263-6. <a href="978-0-08-100263-6" target="_blank">978-0-08-100263-6</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>"What Is Nanotechnology?". National Nanotechnology Initiative. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-07-02. <a href="https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition" target="_blank">https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>"How will nanotechnology improve textiles?". Nano Magazine – Latest Nanotechnology News. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02. <a href="https://nano-magazine.com/news/2018/9/5/how-will-nanotechnology-improve-textiles" target="_blank">https://nano-magazine.com/news/2018/9/5/how-will-nanotechnology-improve-textiles</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Brown & Stevens 2007, pp. 409, 417, 470. - Brown, P.; Stevens, K. (17 October 2007). Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 409, 417, 470. ISBN 978-1-84569-373-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaujAgAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=iaujAgAAQBAJ&q=Nanotechnology+in+Textiles</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>"Technology Overview". Sharklet Technologies, Inc. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-29. <a href="http://www.sharklet.com/our-technology/technology-overview/" target="_blank">http://www.sharklet.com/our-technology/technology-overview/</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Wei, David W.; Wei, Haiying; Gauthier, Alec C.; Song, Junlong; Jin, Yongcan; Xiao, Huining (February 2020). "Superhydrophobic modification of cellulose and cotton textiles: Methodologies and applications". Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 5 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2020JBiBi...5....1W. doi:10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.001. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jobab.2020.03.001" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jobab.2020.03.001</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Lawrence 2014, pp. 70–75, 80–82. - Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. ISBN 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier. <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6" target="_blank">https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Lawrence 2014, pp. 70–75, 80–82. - Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. ISBN 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier. <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6" target="_blank">https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Lawrence 2014, pp. 70–75, 80–82. - Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. ISBN 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier. <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6" target="_blank">https://www.elsevier.com/books/high-performance-textiles-and-their-applications/lawrence/978-1-84569-180-6</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Chen, Xiaogang (28 May 2015). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-1-78242-219-8. <a href="978-1-78242-219-8" target="_blank">978-1-78242-219-8</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Wang 2016. - Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN 978-0-08-100578-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>USA Standard Performance Requirements for Textile Fabrics. United States of America Standards Institute. 1968. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pbpgzrd5RY8C&q=performance+fabrics" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Pbpgzrd5RY8C&q=performance+fabrics</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Tortora & Collier 1997, p. 20, 21. - Tortora, Phyllis G.; Collier, Billie J. (1997). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 978-0-13-439225-7 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtex00tort" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingtex00tort</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Wang 2016, pp. 25, 19. - Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN 978-0-08-100578-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oABKCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>"Comfort Performance". Textile Protection And Comfort Center. NC State University. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/" target="_blank">https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Occupational Health and Safety ; Protective Clothing. ASTM. 2007. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-8031-4412-5. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="978-0-8031-4412-5" target="_blank">978-0-8031-4412-5</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Huang, Jianhua (August 2006). "Sweating guarded hot plate test method". Polymer Testing. 25 (5): 709–716. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.03.002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>"ISO 11092:2014". ISO. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/59/65962.html" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/59/65962.html</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>"ASTM F1868 – 17 Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate". www.astm.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1868.htm" target="_blank">https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1868.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>"JSA – JIS L 1099 – Testing methods for water vapor permeability of textiles | Engineering360". standards.globalspec.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1592586/JIS%20L%201099" target="_blank">https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1592586/JIS%20L%201099</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>"Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03. <a href="https://csbs.uni.edu/sites/default/files/Air_Permeability.pdf" target="_blank">https://csbs.uni.edu/sites/default/files/Air_Permeability.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>"ISO Standard". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-05-26. <a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:13029:ed-1:v1:en" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:13029:ed-1:v1:en</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Park, Junghyun; Yoo, Hwa-Sook; Hong, Kyong Ha; Kim, Eunae (September 2018). "Knitted fabric properties influencing coolness to the touch and the relationship between subjective and objective coolness measurements". Textile Research Journal. 88 (17): 1931–1942. doi:10.1177/0040517517715079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>今井, 順子; 米田, 守宏; 丹羽, 雅子 (1987). "Sensory tests for objective evaluation of fabric warm/Cool touch". 繊維製品消費科学. 28. doi:10.11419/senshoshi1960.28.414. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11419%2Fsenshoshi1960.28.414" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11419%2Fsenshoshi1960.28.414</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Parsons 2002, p. 182. - Parsons, Ken (26 December 2002). Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-415-23792-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxA6W_Os50C&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA182" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxA6W_Os50C&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA182</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Yarborough & Nelson 2005, p. 27. - Yarborough, Portia Dalecene; Nelson, Cherilyn N. (2005). Performance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets: 8th Symposium. ASTM International. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8031-3488-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA27" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pbnN_SL4H9AC&q=thermal+manikin&pg=PA27</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Allerkamp 2010, p. 53. - Allerkamp, Dennis (8 September 2010). Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-642-13974-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&q=kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&q=kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Harwood, R J; Weedall, P J; Carr, C (February 1990). "The use of the Kawabata Evaluation System for product development and quality control". Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 106 (2): 64–68. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb01244.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>