The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) or one thousand million (long scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres. One nanometre can be expressed in scientific notation as 1 × 10−9 m and as 1/1000000000 m.
History
The nanometre was formerly known as the "millimicrometre" – or, more commonly, the "millimicron" for short – since it is 1/1000 of a micrometer. It was often denoted by the symbol mμ or, more rarely, as μμ (however, μμ should refer to a millionth of a micron).123
Etymology
The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek νάνος, nanos, "dwarf") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek μέτρον, metron, "unit of measurement").
Usage
Nanotechnologies are based on physical processes which occur on a scale of nanometres (see nanoscopic scale).4
The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on an atomic scale: the diameter of a helium atom, for example, is about 0.06 nm, and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm. The nanometre is also commonly used to specify the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the visible part of the spectrum: visible light ranges from around 400 to 700 nm.5 The ångström, which is equal to 0.1 nm, was formerly used for these purposes.
Since the late 1980s, in usages such as the 32 nm and the 22 nm semiconductor node, it has also been used to describe typical feature sizes in successive generations of the ITRS Roadmap for miniaturized semiconductor device fabrication in the semiconductor industry.
Unicode
The CJK Compatibility block in Unicode has the symbol U+339A ㎚ SQUARE NM.
External links
Look up nanometre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.References
Svedberg T, Nichols JB (1923). "Determination of the size and distribution of size of particle by centrifugal methods". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 45 (12): 2910–2917. doi:10.1021/ja01665a016. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Svedberg T, Rinde H (1924). "The ulta-centrifuge, a new instrument for the determination of size and distribution of size of particle in amicroscopic colloids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 46 (12): 2677–2693. doi:10.1021/ja01677a011. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Terzaghi K (1925). Erdbaumechanik auf bodenphysikalischer Grundlage. Vienna: Franz Deuticke. p. 32. /wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi ↩
Svedberg T, Nichols JB (1923). "Determination of the size and distribution of size of particle by centrifugal methods". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 45 (12): 2910–2917. doi:10.1021/ja01665a016. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Hewakuruppu YL, Dombrovsky LA, Chen C, Timchenko V, Jiang X, Baek S, Taylor RA (2013). "Plasmonic " pump – probe " method to study semi-transparent nanofluids". Applied Optics. 52 (24): 6041–6050. Bibcode:2013ApOpt..52.6041H. doi:10.1364/AO.52.006041. PMID 24085009. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257069746 ↩