United States Army Futures Command

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">Transformation of the United States Army § Four Army commands</a>
<h3>2018</h3>
Army Futures Command was established by Secretary of the Army Mark Esper to improve Army acquisition by creating better requirements and reducing the time to develop a system to meet them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Between 1995 and 2009, the Army spent $32 billion on programs such as the <a href="/facts/Future_Combat_System/B7XU2oMh">Future Combat System</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> that were later cancelled with no harvestable content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> As of 2021, the Army had not fielded a new combat system in decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
General <a href="/facts/Mark_Milley/8GPDS7dB">Mark Milley</a>, then Army Chief of Staff, helped establish the Army Futures Command.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy played a major role in its development. Its first commander was General <a href="/facts/John_M._Murray/UBeQyzeV">John Murray</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> formerly the Army's <a href="/facts/Deputy_Chief_of_Staff_G-8_Programs_of_The_United_States_Army/FePmdN1t">G-8</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Over his tenure as Army Secretary, Esper led a process known as "night court", working with other top service officials, to free up and shift billions of dollars into modernization programs and based the new command in Austin, Texas, an area known for its innovative, technology-focused workforce.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The Army gave the command's chief and the leaders of new groups, dubbed "§ cross-functional teams", the authority to manage requirements and the leeway to direct dollars.
At its founding, Futures Command was focused on six priorities:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Long-range precision fires, <a href="/facts/Next_Generation_Combat_Vehicle/L0pLYa6v">Next Generation Combat Vehicle</a>, <a href="/facts/Future_Vertical_Lift/rPFTLoKw">Future Vertical Lift</a> platforms, a mobile & expeditionary Army network, air and missile defense capabilities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and soldier lethality.
Murray announced plans to stand up an Army Applications Lab<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> to accelerate acquisition and deployment of materiel to the soldiers, including by using <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI).
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Murray also said he would hire a <a href="/facts/Chief_technology_officer/0JRJyEoL">chief technology officer</a> for AFC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
A fundamental strategy was formulated, involving simultaneous integrated operations across domains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> This strategy involves pushing adversaries to <a href="/facts/Conflict_continuum/NzIzFFmH">standoff</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> by presenting them with multiple simultaneous dilemmas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> A goal is that by 2028, the ability to project rapid, responsive power across domains will have become apparent to potential adversaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
In 2018, Army Secretary <a href="/facts/Ryan_D._McCarthy/RjRRz1px">Ryan McCarthy</a> said Futures Command would have three areas of focus:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>

<ol><li>Futures and Concepts: assess gaps (needs versus opportunities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> given a threat).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Concepts for realizable future systems (with readily harvestable content)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>: for definitions of terms, such as '6.3'  will flow into TRADOC doctrine, manuals, and training programs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li>
<li>Combat Development: stabilized concepts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Acquisition_Corps/EQnwp7LE">acquisition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> (See Value stream)</li>
<li>Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li></ol>
Army Secretary <a href="/facts/Mark_Esper/dlvYG6ha">Mark Esper</a> said that the 2018 administrative infrastructure for the Futures and Concepts Center (formerly <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Capabilities_Integration_Center/4ElUhcen">ARCIC</a>) and United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC, now called DEVCOM, (formerly RDECOM)) remains in place at their existing locations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> What has changed or will change is the layers of command (operational control, or OPCON)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> needed to make a decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h3>2019</h3>
AFC declared its full operational capability in July 2019,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> after an initial one-year period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> The <a href="/facts/Military_budget_of_the_United_States/AJq91bxq">FY2020 military budget</a> allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over next five years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> More than 30 projects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> were envisioned to become the materiel basis needed for <a href="/facts/Overmatch/uwoYqnP9">overmatching</a> any potential competitors in the '<a href="/facts/Conflict_continuum/NzIzFFmH">continuum of conflict</a>' over the next ten years<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> in multi-domain operations (<a href="/facts/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">MDO</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
From an initial 12 people at its headquarters in 2018, AFC grew to more than 17,000 people<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> across 25 states and 15 countries in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> research facilities and personnel (including ARCIC and RDECOM) moved from other commands and parts of the Army such as the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory/CULgwaW6">United States Army Research Laboratory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>

<h3>2020</h3>
<a href="/facts/ASA(ALT)/N2mXMtIn">ASA(ALT)</a> Bruce Jette started xTechsearch to reward private innovators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> The <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a> led the Army to run an xTechsearch <a href="/facts/Ventilator/6zXnEMlB">Ventilator</a> Challenge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> TRX Systems won an xTechsearch award for technology that allows navigation in a GPS-denied environment.

<h3>2021</h3>
On 13 October 2021, Army officials said most of AFC's 31 signature systems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> and the four rapid capability projects of the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office would be fielded by fiscal year 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h3>2022</h3>
In 2022, Army leaders projected that 24 of the top-35 priority modernization programs would be deployed by fiscal 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
Army Secretary <a href="/facts/Christine_Wormuth/YLyHzgbG">Christine Wormuth</a> announced the top six areas for the Army of 2030:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>: minute 43:30  1) improved intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; 2) "Coordination at greater speed";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> 3) "Win the Fires fight"; 4) concealment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> via improved mobility and reduced signature; 5) "talk often and quickly";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> and 6) logistics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> 
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
By 2022, Futures Command was conducting the third annual iteration of <a href="/facts/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">Project Convergence</a>: experiments and joint tests of 300 technologies by the Defense Department and its allies and partners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
In October 2022, Wormuth assigned AFC to work on "Army of 2040" concepts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>: minute 51:00 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Two months later, Futures Command hosted a conference with representatives from AMC, TRADOC, FORSCOM, and Headquarters Department of the Army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> AFC is leading the development of a new Army Operating Concept (v. 1.0) for the Army of 2030 to 2040.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>

<h3>2024</h3>
The 'All-domain sensing cross-functional team' (CFT) is standing up to support the plethora of data coming from data sources across the joint and combined services, allies, and partners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> This CFT is built from the existing PNT (positioning, navigation, and tracking) CFT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> See Combined <a href="/facts/JADC2/75v6e3FL">JADC2</a>. The contested logistics CFT was stood up in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>

<h2 id="organization">Organization</h2>
The commanding general is assisted by three deputy commanders.

<ul><li>The Futures and Concepts Center:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> The first commander was AFC deputy commanding general General <a href="/facts/Eric_J._Wesley/8JHVJI62">Eric J. Wesley</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> and it was led in 2021 by Lieutenant General <a href="/facts/Scott_McKean/9ghvrnBz">Scott McKean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> The center operates along four lines of effort: science and technology,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> experiments, concepts development,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> and requirements development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></li>
<li>Combat Development:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Helps AFC commander to assess and integrate the future operational environment, emerging threats, and technologies to develop and deliver concepts, requirements, and future force designs.
<ul><li>The capability development integration directorate (CDID) of each <a href="/facts/Center_of_excellence/GtN5dmy2">Center of Excellence</a>, works with its CFT<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> and its research, development and engineering center to develop operational experiments and prototypes to test.</li>
<li>The Battle Labs and the Research Analysis Center<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> prototype and analyze the concepts to test.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Brigade_Modernization_Command/TpytPhTI">Joint Modernization Command</a> (JMC) provides live developmental experiments to test those concepts or capabilities, "scalable from company level to corps, amid tough, realistic multi-domain operations".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command/KRjUDypE">Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDC, or DEVCOM), the former RDECOM, part of the Combat Development element. Stood up on 3 February 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Acquisition and Systems (founded as Combat Systems in 2018):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>
<ul><li>Gen. Robert Abrams has tasked III Corps with providing soldier feedback for the Next Generation Combat Vehicles CFT, XVIII Corps for the soldier feedback on the soldier lethality CFT, the Network CFT, as well as the Synthetic Training CFT, and I Corps for the Long Range Precision Fires CFT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a></li>
<li>Combat Systems refines, engineers, and produces the developed solutions from Combat Development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<h3>Cross-functional teams</h3>
When AFC was created in 2018, it was given eight cross-functional teams, or CFTs: one for each of the Army's six modernization priorities, and two others for broader capabilities. These teams are Long-Range Precision Fires, Next-Generation Combat Vehicles, Future Vertical Lift, the Network to include Precision Navigation and Timing, Air-and-Missile Defense, Soldier Lethality and Synthetic Training Environment.
In 2023, the Army announced that it would create a ninth team, for Contested Logistics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> The 2023 exercises for IndoPacom will test its prepositioned stocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> The CG of Army Materiel Command is taking the lead for contested logistics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>
In 2018, McCarthy characterized a CFT as a team of teams, led by a requirements leader, program manager, sustainer and tester.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> Some CFTs also have representatives of U.S. allies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> Each CFT lead is mentored by a 4-star general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> Each CFT can have a Capability Development Integration Directorate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> For example, the Aviation Center of Excellence at <a href="/facts/Fort_Rucker%2c_Arizona/c0Abrtlc">Fort Rucker</a>, in coordination with the Aviation Program Executive Officer (PEO), contains the Vertical Lift CFT and the Aviation CDID. "We were never above probably a total of eight people", the Aviation CFT's Brigadier General Wally Rugen said in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> Four of the eight CFT leads have now shifted from dual-hat jobs to full-time status.
Each CFT must strike a balance amid constraints—the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment—to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
The <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Acquisition_Corps/EQnwp7LE">Army Requirements Oversight Council</a> (AROC) itself serves as a kind of CFT,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> operating at a higher level<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> as response to Congressional oversight, budgeting, funding, policy, and authorization for action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a>

AFC and the CFTs are expected to unify control of the Army' s $30 billion modernization budget.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>
<h3>Partners</h3>

AFC has given research funding to more than 300 colleges and universities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> with one-year program cycles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> "We will come to you. You don't have to come to us," Murray said on 24 August 2018",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a>: minute 6:07 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a>
Multiple incubator tech hubs are available in Austin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> especially Capital Factory, with offices of <a href="/facts/Defense_Innovation_Unit/1DYdUVKY">Defense Innovation Unit</a> (DIU) and AFWERX (USAF tech hub).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>
AFC will work with other organizations such as Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) as needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>

<h2 id="locations">Locations</h2>

AFC's headquarters is based in <a href="/facts/Austin%2c_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin, Texas</a> where it spreads across three locations totaling 75,000 ft2;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> One location is a <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_System/daArjxHw">University of Texas System</a> building at 210 W. Seventh St. in downtown Austin, on the 15th and 19th floors; UT Regents did not charge rent to AFC through December 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a>

AFC personnel also operate in and from dozens of military installations around the country, including:

<ul><li>AFSG Army Future Studies Group,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> 2530 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA 22202</li>
<li>AFC Futures and Concepts Center,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> formerly <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Capabilities_Integration_Center/4ElUhcen">ARCIC</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Eustis/o0oVyfSe">Fort Eustis</a> VA</li>
<li>JMC <a href="/facts/Brigade_Modernization_Command/TpytPhTI">Joint Modernization Command</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Bliss/T6Jhs8uF">Fort Bliss</a>, which is contiguous to WSMR</li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_Sands_Missile_Range/JUsgxDjF">White Sands Missile Range</a> NM,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> also houses ARL,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> TRAC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command/adk8T4aA">Army Test and Evaluation Command</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>: minute 1:19:00 </li>
<li>FT LVN Operations research: Mission Command Battle Lab,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> Capability development integration directorate (CDID),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> The Research Analysis Center (TRAC), formerly TRADOC Analysis Center,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Leavenworth/V7qEnos1">Fort Leavenworth</a> KS
<ul><li>CFT: Synthetic Training Environment (STE):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> The HQ for STE has opened in Orlando (28 January 2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a>: p.27 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a></li></ul></li>
<li>CCOE Cyber CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Eisenhower/jyxCso2k">Fort Eisenhower</a> GA
<ul><li>CFT: Mobile and Expeditionary Network<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a></li></ul></li>
<li>MCOE Maneuver CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Moore/KdETJfCu">Fort Moore</a> GA
<ul><li>CFT: <a href="/facts/Next_Generation_Combat_Vehicle/L0pLYa6v">Next Generation Combat Vehicle</a> (NGCV)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a></li>
<li>CFT: Soldier Lethality</li></ul></li>
<li>AVNCOE <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Aviation_Center_of_Excellence/clkDGMmj">Aviation CoE</a> - (its CDID),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> at <a href="/facts/Fort_Novosel/zPXv0klG">Fort Novosel</a>
<ul><li>CFT: Future Vertical Lift (FVL)</li></ul></li>
<li>FCOE Fires CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> Doctrine updates to support strategic fires<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Sill/Mt9zDkag">Fort Sill</a> OK
<ul><li>CFT: Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a></li>
<li>CFT: Air and Missile Defense</li></ul></li>
<li>ICOE Intelligence CoE - (its CDID),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Huachuca/ojSre2d4">Fort Huachuca</a> AZ</li>
<li>MSCOE Maneuver Support CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Leonard_Wood/Sgn1mLyR">Fort Leonard Wood</a> MO</li>
<li>SCOE Sustainment CoE - (its CDID),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> <a href="/facts/Fort_Gregg-Adams_(Virginia)/BX6ISNaW">Fort Gregg-Adams</a> VA</li>
<li>APG<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> <a href="/facts/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground/Rjp4aEGj">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, Aberdeen MD, also houses Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC, now called DEVCOM),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> formerly RDECOM, Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (<a href="/facts/AMSAA/jgcY146q">AMSAA</a>), and C5ISR center<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> (the Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center was formerly <a href="/facts/CERDEC/GKTITvMw">CERDEC</a>)
<ul><li>CFT: Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a></li>
<li>CFT: Network CFT (N-CFT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a>: p.5 </li>
<li>CFT: Long Range Precision Fires,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center/EU1nHh41">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (formerly Armament research, development and engineering center—ARDEC), <a href="/facts/Picatinny_Arsenal/E4yY7AXC">Picatinny Arsenal</a>, PEO AMMO
<ul><li>CFT: Long Range Precision Fires</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army_CCDC_Ground_Vehicle_Systems_Center/A3HGuz24">CCDC Ground Vehicle Systems Center</a> (formerly Tank Automotive research, development and engineering center—TARDEC), <a href="/facts/Detroit_Arsenal_(Warren%2c_Michigan)/PtKnxTfI">Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)</a>
<ul><li>CFT: <a href="/facts/Next_Generation_Combat_Vehicle/L0pLYa6v">Next Generation Combat Vehicle</a> (NGCV)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Center/9VSsMUwm">Army Aviation and Missile Center</a> (formerly Aviation and Missile research, development and engineering center—AMRDEC), <a href="/facts/Redstone_Arsenal/b3Qymu8L">Redstone Arsenal</a>, Huntsville AL<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>
<ul><li>CFT: Air and Missile Defense</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center/slQdhBWB">CCDC Soldier Center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> (formerly Natick Soldier research, development and engineering center—NSRDEC), <a href="/facts/Harold_J._Greene/NQBD8Geb">General Greene</a> Ave, Natick, MA</li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory/CULgwaW6">Army Research Laboratory (ARL)</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> Adelphi MD</li>
<li>ARL-Orlando Army Research Laboratory,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a>: p.27 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> Orlando FL</li>
<li>ARL West, <a href="/facts/Playa_Vista/94aoHArB">Playa Vista</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> CA</li>
<li>ARL-RTP Army Research Laboratory, <a href="/facts/Raleigh-Durham/HE5PQFhE">Raleigh-Durham</a> NC</li>
<li>AI task force at <a href="/facts/Carnegie-Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie-Mellon University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="work">Work</h2>
<h3>AI</h3>
In 2018, the Army secretary ordered AFC to draft an execution order to create an Army AI Task Force (A-AI TF) to support the <a href="/facts/Joint_Artificial_Intelligence_Center/DJFETaTB">DoD Joint AI center</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> The Army AI task force establish scalable machine learning projects at Carnegie Mellon University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a>
That same year, the Army Applications Laboratory was established along with AFC to help connect Army-future efforts and commercial products and ideas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a>
In 2019, the <a href="/facts/Army_Chief_Information_Officer%2fG-6/3PSDsdKR">Army CIO/G-6</a> was ordered to create an Identity, Credential, and Access Management system to efficiently issue and verify credentials to non-person entities (AI agents and machines)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> As well, DCS G-2 will coordinate with CG AFC, and director of A-AI TF, to provide intelligence for Long-Range Precision Fires. CG AMC will provide functional expertise and systems for maintenance of materiel with AI. AFC and A-AI TF will establish an AI test bed for experimentation, training, deployment, and testing of machine learning capabilities and workflows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a>
In 2022, DEVCOM Analysis Center (DAC) signed a cooperative agreement with Northeastern University's Kostas Research Institute (KRI) to build on KRI's analytic framework, with six other universities on artificial intelligence and assistive automation (AI/AA), to further Army sub-goals ("mission effectiveness analysis, ontology for decision making, automatic target recognition, human systems integration, cyber resilience/electronic warfare threat defense, and assessing autonomous maneuver/mobility").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a>

<h3>Software</h3>
Futures Command was to stand up Army Software Factory in August 2021, to immerse soldiers and Army civilians of all ranks in modern software development, in Austin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> Like the Training with Industry program, participants are expected to take these practices back with them, to influence other Army people in their future assignments, and to build up the Army's capability in software development. The training program lasts three years, and will produce skill sets for trainees as product managers, user experience and user interface designers, software engineers, or platform engineers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> The Al Work Force Development program and this Software Factory will complement the Artificial Intelligence Task Force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> The Army has identified soldiers who can already code at Ph.D.-level, but who are in unexpected MOSs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> In March 2023 the Marine Corps moved its software factory to the Army's software factory in Austin, Texas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a>

Data
The Army looks for ideas from defense contractors In 2018, for example, the Network CFT and the Program Executive Office Command, Control, Communications—Tactical (PEO C3T) hosted a forum so vendors could learn what products might soon work as testable or deployable systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> Vendors submitted hundreds of white papers; ones with "very mature ideas" were passed to the Army's acquisition community and to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Communications-Electronics_Research%2c_Development_and_Engineering_Center/GKTITvMw">Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center</a> (CERDEC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a>
The Army is interested in ways to accelerate acquisition programs. For example, this was an explicit request in the 2019 solicitation for requests for information about <a href="/facts/Future_Vertical_Lift/rPFTLoKw">Future Vertical Lift</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a> In January 2020, the optionally manned fighting vehicle solicitation was cancelled when its requirements added up to an unobtainable project;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a> 

Robotic combat vehicles
 By October 2021, experiments with a company-sized tele-operated / unmanned formation were underway at <a href="/facts/Camp_Grayling/p5RXnnNT">Camp Grayling</a>, Michigan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> The 18 light and medium <a href="/facts/Next_Generation_Combat_Vehicle/L0pLYa6v">robotic combat vehicles</a> (RCV), in concert with surrogate heavy RCVs (modified <a href="/facts/M113_armored_personnel_carrier/N3aekwcp">M113 armored personnel carriers</a>), proxy manned control vehicles (MET-Ds), and drones for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (<a href="/facts/Intelligence%2c_surveillance%2c_target_acquisition%2c_and_reconnaissance/MUkzKVxz">ISR</a>), were to complete ATEC (Army Test and Evaluation Command) safety testing in May 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> and live-fire drills in August 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a>
By June 2022, Army RCVs had demonstrated some disruptive capabilities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> in preparation for <a href="/facts/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">Project Convergence 2022</a>. At PC22, resupply by unmanned helicopters and other autonomous capabilities were demonstrated by systems from the US, Australia, and UK.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>: min 25:30 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a>
In May 2023, Army Futures Command disclosed concepts for robotic combat platoons,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> akin to the <a href="/facts/Collaborative_combat_aircraft/L3QAIpul">collaborative combat aircraft</a> (CCA) of the Air Force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a>

<h4>Acquisition</h4>
Futures Command works with the <a href="/facts/ASA(ALT)/N2mXMtIn">ASA(ALT)</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> who as Army Acquisition Executive (AAE),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> has milestone decision authority (MDA)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> at multiple points in a materiel development decision (MDD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> AFC consolidates expertise into the relevant CFT, which balances the constraints needed to realize a prototype, beginning with requirements, science and technology, test, etc., then enters the acquisition process (typically the Army prototypes on its own and, as of 2019, initiates acquisition at Milestone B in order to have the Acquisition Executive, with the concurrence of the Army Chief of Staff, decide on production as a <a href="/facts/Government_procurement_in_the_United_States/XW7wXHea">Program of Record</a> at Milestone C).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> Next, refine the prototype to address the factors needed to pass the Milestone decisions A, B, and C which require Milestone decision authority (MDA) in an acquisition process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> This consolidation of expertise thus reduces the risks in a Materiel development decision (MDD), for the Army to admit a prototype into a program of record.) The existing processes (as of April 2018) for a Materiel development decision (MDD) have been updated to clarify their place in the Life Cycle of a program of record:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> over 1,200 programs/projects were reviewed;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> by October 2019, over 600 programs of record had been moved from the acquisition phase to the sustainment phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> An additional life cycle management action is underway, to re-examine which of these projects or programs should be cancelled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a>

Futures Command picks which programs to develop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> Each CFT works with the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Acquisition_Corps/EQnwp7LE">Army Acquisition Corps</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> <a href="/facts/U.S._Army_Acquisition_Support_Center/EhK5Vn6A">U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center</a> (USAASC), and <a href="/facts/Army_Contracting_Command/6TBv20LV">Army Contracting Command</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> The Principal Military Deputy to the <a href="/facts/ASA(ALT)/N2mXMtIn">ASA(ALT)</a> is also deputy commanding general for Combat Systems, Army Futures Command,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> and leads the <a href="/facts/Program_Executive_Officer/S0NJygmw">Program Executive Officers</a> (PEO); he has directed each PEO who does not have a CFT to coordinate with, to immediately form one, at least informally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a><blockquote>The current acquisition system has pieces all throughout the Army. ... There's chunks of it in TRADOC and chunks of it in AMC and then other pieces. So really all we're trying to do is get them all lined up under a single command…..from concept, S&T, RDT&E, through the requirements process, through the beginnings of the acquisition system—Milestone A, B, and C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a>— Defense Secretary Mark Esper</blockquote>
The PEOs work closely with their respective CFTs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> Operationally, the CFTs reduce degrees of separation between Army echelons,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> and provide a point of contact for Army reformers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a>

<h4>Prototyping and experimentation</h4>
The development process will consist of one or more cycles (prototype, demonstration/testing, and evaluation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>) meant to find and discard unrealistic requirements before a project becomes a program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> "Our new approach is really to prototype as much as we can to help us identify requirements, so our reach doesn't exceed our grasp. ... A good example is <a href="/facts/Future_Vertical_Lift/rPFTLoKw">Future Vertical Lift</a>: The prototyping has been exceptional," Esper said in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a>
AFC activities include at least one cross-functional team, its capability development integration directorate (CDID),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a>: Para. 2b  and the associated Battle Lab,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a>: Para. 2b  for each Army Center of Excellence. Each CDID and associated Battle Lab work with their CFT to develop operational experiments and prototypes to test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a>
ASA(ALT), in coordination with AFC, has dotted-line relationships between its PEOs and the CFTs. In particular, the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office of ASA(ALT) has a PEO to develop experimental prototype "units of action" for rapid fielding. In June 2019, the prototypes were for long-range hypersonic weapons, high-energy laser defense, and space,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a> The Army tripled its spending on speed and range capabilities from 2017 to 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>
CFTs and PEOs order up tests run by <a href="/facts/Brigade_Modernization_Command/TpytPhTI">JMC</a> and <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Missile_Range/JUsgxDjF">White Sands Missile Range</a>, which hosts <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command/adk8T4aA">United States Army Test and Evaluation Command</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> Test results are analyzed by the Research and Analysis Center at <a href="/facts/Fort_Leavenworth/V7qEnos1">Fort Leavenworth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a>
CCDC, now called DEVCOM (formerly RDECOM, at APG) includes the several Army research laboratory locations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> as well as research, development and engineering centers listed:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a>
CCDC is focusing on long-range precision fires the six RDECs and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory/CULgwaW6">Army Research Laboratory</a>. As of September 2018, RDECOM's "concept of operation" is first to support the LRPF CFT,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> with <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Armament_Research%2c_Development_and_Engineering_Center/EU1nHh41">ARDEC</a>. <a href="/facts/Aviation_and_Missile_Research%2c_Development%2c_and_Engineering_Center/9VSsMUwm">AMRDEC</a> is looking to improve the energetics and efficiency of projectiles. <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Tank_Automotive_Research%2c_Development_and_Engineering_Center/A3HGuz24">TARDEC</a> Ground Vehicle Center is working on high-voltage components for extended range cannon artillery that save on size and weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> Two dedicated RDECOM people support the LRPF CFT, with reachback support from two dozen more at RDECOM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> In January 2019, RDECOM was renamed CCDC; General Murray noted that CCDC will have to support more soldier feedback, and that prototyping and testing will have to begin before a project ever becomes a program of record.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a>
Acquisition specialists are being encouraged to accept lateral transfers to RDECs where their skills are needed: Ground Vehicle Systems Center (formerly TARDEC, at <a href="/facts/Detroit_Arsenal_(Warren%2c_Michigan)/PtKnxTfI">Detroit Arsenal. Michigan</a>), Aviation and Missile Center (formerly AMRDEC, at <a href="/facts/Redstone_Arsenal/b3Qymu8L">Redstone Arsenal</a>), C5ISR Center (formerly CERDEC, at <a href="/facts/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground/Rjp4aEGj">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>), Soldier Center (formerly NSRDEC, Natick, Massachusetts), and Armaments Center (formerly ARDEC, at <a href="/facts/Picatinny_Arsenal/E4yY7AXC">Picatinny Arsenal</a>) listed below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a>
Esper said AFC will reduce the time needed to define requirements for a new program from 60 to 12 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a> Requirements may be reduced to "a simple statement of a problem."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a>: minute 41:50 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a>: minute 11:00 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> The development process will consist of repeated prototyping, demonstration/testing, and evaluation, designed to find and eliminated unrealistic requirements. ASA(ALT) Bruce Jette says the acquisition community should seek to fail and find a new solution rather than commit a program to a drawn-out failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a>
Esper scrubbed through 800<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a> modernization programs to reprioritize funding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a> for the top six modernization priorities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> which will consume 80% of the modernization funding,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> of 18 systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a> His "night court" budget review process shifted $2.4 billion for modernization from programs that were not tied to modernization or to the 2018 National Defense Strategy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a>
Budgets will likely restrict the fielding of new materiel to one Armor BCT per year;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> at that rate, updates would take decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a>
In 2019, the <a href="/facts/Army_Chief_Information_Officer%2fG-6/3PSDsdKR">CIO/G6</a> piloted "enterprise IT-as-a-service"-style service contracts at AFC. In July 2019, such a contract set up a <a href="/facts/Sensitive_compartmented_information_facility/RQ7xwwXg">sensitive compartmented information facility</a> at AFC headquarters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a>
In February 2020, the Army vice chief of staff said Army modernization was perceptibly speeding up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a>
This Life Cycle Management (formulated in 2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> was intended to exert the kind of operational control (OPCON)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a> needed just for the sustainment function (AMC's need for Readiness today),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a> rather than for its relevance to modernization for the future. AFC now serves as the deciding authority when moving a project in its Life Cycle, out of the Acquisition phase and into the Sustainment phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a>
During the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States/GxNQUR2v">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the Acquisition Executive and the AFC commander created a COVID-19 task force to try to project supplier problems 30, 60, and 90 days out. In 2020, they tracked 800 programs and 35 priorities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a>
The CFTs must balance requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a>
Some modernization work will be done via the <a href="/facts/DOTMLPF/BMolfonl">Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and education, Personnel and Facilities (DOTMLPF)</a> framework.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a>
The plan is to have an MDO-capable Army by 2028<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a> and an MDO-ready Army by 2035.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a>
In 2018, McConville said <a href="/facts/TRADOC/hcRDGA7W">TRADOC</a>, ASA (ALT), and AFC are tied together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a> The ASA(ALT) will coordinate the acquisition reform with AFC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a>: Para. 1c <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> He also said AFC will have to be "a little bit disruptive" to institute reforms within budget in a timely way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a>
Congress has given the Army Other Transaction Authority (OTA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a> which allows the PEOs to enter into Full Rate Production quicker by permitting the services to control their own programs of record, rather than DoD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a> This strips out one layer of bureaucracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a>
Middle tier acquisition authority is another tool.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a>
There is now a <a href="/facts/Program_Executive_Officer/S0NJygmw">PEO</a> for Rapid Capabilities (RCO) with two program managers, one for rapid prototyping, and one for rapid acquisition, of a capability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a> Requirements are developed by the Cross-functional team (CFT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a> In 2019 RCO became the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a>
In 2019, Futures Command was formulating multiyear enterprise campaign plans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a> The planning process includes Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC), AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs), Futures and Concepts (FCC), Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC), and Army Reserve's Houston-based 75th Innovation Command. Pne goal is to formulate the plans in simple, coherent language which nests within the national security strategic documents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a>
By October 2022 Field Manual 3-0 said "Multi-domain Operations are at the root of all Army operations".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a>: § 1-11, p.1-3 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a>: minute 28:09 to 36:00 
A goal of AFC is <a href="/facts/Overmatch/uwoYqnP9">overmatch</a> of the capability of a competitor or adversary, particularly the imposition of multiple simultaneous dilemmas upon a competitor or adversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a> By 2021, Army leaders recognized that the <a href="/facts/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">multi-domain operations</a> task force<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a> could do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a>: min 30:45 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a>
Planning for the Army of 2040 is underway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a>

<h3>Futures</h3>

<ul><li>Long-range precision fires developments include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hypersonic_flight/3QudmJ0F">Hypersonic materiel development</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a> the Strategic long range cannon (SLRC), for a hypersonic projectile,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a> is meant to have a range up to 1,000 nautical miles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a> An early ballistic test took place at <a href="/facts/Naval_Support_Facility_Dahlgren/S4aGTWA7">Naval Support Facility Dahlgren</a>, as announced at AUSA in October 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a> SLRC was cancelled in March 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Extended_Range_Cannon_Artillery/cKV8WqVk">Extended Range Cannon Artillery</a> (ERCA) development at Picatinny Arsenal: evaluate several manufacturing technologies, tied to the XM1113 munition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a> ERCA was cancelled in March 2024;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a> Gen. Rainey has ceded towed artillery as at its end-of-life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a></li>
<li>Targeting with thousand-mile missiles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a> "streamlining the sensor-shooter link at every echelon"—BG<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> John Rafferty,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a> in Integrated fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Mobile & Expeditionary Network<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a> / <a href="/facts/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">MDO</a> Multi-domain operations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a>
<ul><li>Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a>
<ul><li>An A-PNT event was scheduled at <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Missile_Range/JUsgxDjF">WSMR</a> for August 2019<ul><li><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a>: pp220-3 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a>: pp220-1 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Prototype jam-resistant GPS kits are being fielded to <a href="/facts/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)/djEk1YPJ">2nd Cavalry Regiment</a> in <a href="/facts/United_States_European_Command/6raWrnU4">US European Command</a> (EUCOM) before year-end 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a> More than 300 Strykers of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment are being fitted with the Mounted Assured Precision Navigation & Timing System (MAPS), with thousands more planned for <a href="/facts/EUCOM/6raWrnU4">EUCOM</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a></li>
<li>A Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) to Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) is under development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a>
<ul><li>Low Earth orbit satellites for Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing—"When you look at the sheer number of satellites that go up and the reduced cost to do it, it gives us an array of opportunities on how to solve the problems" in A-PNT<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a></li></ul></li>
<li>ARL researchers have proposed and demonstrated a way for small ground-based robots with mounted antennas to configure <a href="/facts/Phased_array/5wvA9WLV">phased arrays</a>, a technique which usually takes a static laboratory to develop. Instead the researchers used robots to covertly create and focus a highly directional parasitic array (see <a href="/facts/Yagi_antenna/lu6FNjcl">Yagi antenna</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a></li>
<li>ARL's Army Research Office is funding researchers at <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas at Austin</a>, and <a href="/facts/University_of_Lille/AS49wHGE">University of Lille</a> who have built a new 5G component using hexagonal <a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">boron nitride</a> which can switch at performant speeds, while remaining 50 times more energy-efficient than current materials—the "thinnest known insulator with a thickness of 0.33 <a href="/facts/Nanometre/a98sjHyu">nanometers</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a></li>
<li>ARL's Army Research Office is seeking diamond <a href="/facts/Colloid/9EVucqND">colloids</a>, microscopic spheres which can assemble bottom-up into promising structures for laser action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a></li>
<li>A demonstration of proof of concept allows soldiers to communicate their position using a wearable tracking unit. The technology allows soldiers (or robots) to prosecute a fight even indoors or underground, even if GPS were lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Air, Missile Defense:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a> An <a href="/facts/Integrated_Air_and_Missile_Defense_Battle_Command_System/17Q5s3DM">Integrated Air and Missile Battle Command System</a> (IBCS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a> award, including next software build.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a> of $238 million also funds initial prototypes of the command and control system for fielding in fiscal 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a>
<ul><li><ul><li>Hypersonic glide vehicle launch preparations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a> beginning in 2020, and continuing with launches every six months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a></li>
<li>At <a href="/facts/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake/0Q6h2uWP">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a>, an FVL CFT-sponsored demonstration of interconnected sensors handed off control of a glide munition which had been launched from a Grey Eagle drone. When another group of sensors picked up a higher-priority target, another operator at the Tactical Operations Center redirected the glide munition to the higher-priority targe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Soldier lethality
<ul><li>Network CFT sponsors sensor-to-shooter prototype for multi-domain battle, 2019 operational assessment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a></li>
<li>Night vision goggles thermal polarimetric camera.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_Visual_Augmentation_System/tUX8Mhk3">Integrated Visual Augmentation System</a> (IVAS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a> The Synthetic Training Environment (STE) is available to some of the troops outfitted with IVAS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a> Army Secretary <a href="/facts/Christine_Wormuth/YLyHzgbG">Christine Wormuth</a> said Army work on a common operating picture will be a foundation for joint operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a></li>
<li>CCDC ARL researchers are developing a flexible, waterproof, <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion battery</a> of any size and shape, for soldiers to wear; the electrolyte is water itself. In 2020 the batteries were engineering prototypes; by 2021 soldiers will wear the battery for themselves for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a>
<ul><li>CCDC ARL and DoE's PNNL are examining the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) as it first forms during the initial charging of a lithium-ion battery. They have found an inner SEI (thin, dense, and inorganic—most likely <a href="/facts/Lithium_oxide/XgwmJIzA">lithium oxide</a>) between the copper electrode, and an outer SEI which is organic and permeable—a finding which will be useful when building future batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a></li></ul></li>
<li>CCDC ARL and MIT researchers are formulating atomically thin materials to be layered upon soldiers' equipment and clothing for MDO information display and processing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a></li>
<li>Integrated, wearable cabling for capabilities such as IVAS, <a href="/facts/Next_Generation_Squad_Weapon/WJqvw04B">Next Generation Squad Weapon</a> (NGSW), or <a href="/facts/Nett_Warrior/sBw65J1h">Nett Warrior</a> are under development;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a> the potential exists to reduce 20 pounds of batteries to half that weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a></li>
<li>CCDC ARL is studying <a href="/facts/3D_printing/lbvWU3t0">additive manufacturing</a> (3D printing) for munitions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a></li>
<li>Natick Soldier RDEC has awarded an Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contract to prototype soldier exoskeletons which augment human leg strength under harsh conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541">541</a></li>
<li>DEVCOM Chem Bio Center (CBC) is developing sensors to detect contaminants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542">542</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Infantry_Squad_Vehicle/YXb8V9YL">Infantry Squad Vehicle</a> (ISV)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543">543</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544">544</a> is meant to be airdropped for a squad of nine paratroopers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545">545</a> The GM design was selected; first unit is expected at 1/82nd AB division in February 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546">546</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547">547</a>
<ul><li>A-PNT devices are being miniaturized, with more redundant positioning sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548">548</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549">549</a>: pp220-3 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550">550</a></li>
<li>In September 2019 in the Maneuver <a href="/facts/Center_of_excellence/GtN5dmy2">CoE</a>'s Battle Lab at <a href="/facts/Fort_Moore/KdETJfCu">Fort Moore</a>, OneSAF simulations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551">551</a> of a platoon augmented by UAS drones, ground robots, and AI were able to dislodge a defending force 3 times larger, repeatedly. But by current doctrine, a near-battalion would have been required to accomplish that mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552">552</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
In February 2024 the department of the Air Force announced its intention to create the Space Futures Command.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553">553</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554">554</a> The US Air Force is seeking to launch Integrated Capabilities Command by year-end 2024 to set future requirements for the USAF.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555">555</a>

<h2 id="list-of-commanding-generals">List of commanding generals</h2>

Lieutenant General <a href="/facts/John_M._Murray/UBeQyzeV">John M. Murray</a> became Army Futures Command's first commanding general upon its <a href="/facts/Change_of_command/N2b9HCqU">activation</a> on 24 August 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556">556</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557">557</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558">558</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559">559</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560">560</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561">561</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562">562</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563">563</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564">564</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565">565</a> Lieutenant General <a href="/facts/James_E._Rainey/NPv2bqXy">James E. Rainey</a> (promoted to general on 7 October 2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566">566</a> became AFC's second commanding general on 4 October 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567">567</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th>No.</th><th>Portrait</th><th>Name and rank</th><th>Took office</th><th>Left office</th><th>Term length</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/John_M._Murray/UBeQyzeV">John M. Murray</a></td><td>24 August 2018</td><td>3 December 2021</td><td>3 years, 101 days</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)/B4rVa2LV">Lieutenant General</a><a href="/facts/James_M._Richardson_(general)/oHECby3G">James M. Richardson</a>Acting</td><td>3 December 2021</td><td>4 October 2022</td><td>305 days</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td>General<a href="/facts/James_Rainey/NPv2bqXy">James E. Rainey</a></td><td>4 October 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td>2 years, 221 days</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Military_acquisition/74PpVAoe">Military acquisition § In the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Military_budget_of_the_United_States/AJq91bxq">Military budget of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Command_systems_in_the_United_States_Army/0Vwqo9s4">Command systems in the United States Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/U.S._Army_Futures_Command_air_and_missile_defense_(priority)/aQ1ybsJK">Air and Missile Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center/slQdhBWB">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center § Soldier Lethality</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Space_Warfighting_Analysis_Center/wXGoPcQN">Space Warfighting Analysis Center</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.army.mil/futures">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://armyfuturescommand.com/events/">See AFC Events for the upcoming events: Association of the United States Army (AUSA) 26–28 March 2019: Multi-Domain Operations. Previous event: 8–10 October 2018</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820023812/https://armyfuturescommand.com/events/">Archived</a> 20 August 2019 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">US Army "Army announces Austin as the home of new Army Futures Command". C-SPAN. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/208477/army_announces_austin_as_the_home_of_new_army_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/208477/army_announces_austin_as_the_home_of_new_army_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Organization". Organization | The United States Army. Archived from the original on 8 July 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.army.mil/organization/" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/organization/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf section 20-2a, p.27 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War". www.armyupress.army.mil. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Sébastien Roblin (11 Oct. 2019) China's stealth drones and hypersonic missiles surpass—and threaten—the U.S. Archived 12 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Binkov (11 Oct 2019) New game changing weapons shown at Chinese military parade; October 2019 Archived 13 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Binkov explains and animates Hypersonic glide trajectories for under-the-radar operation; Binkov estimates which weapons displays are mockups; Compares and contrasts Chinese, Russian, and US capabilities
 <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/china-s-stealth-drones-hypersonic-missiles-surpass-threaten-u-s-ncna1064841" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/china-s-stealth-drones-hypersonic-missiles-surpass-threaten-u-s-ncna1064841</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Lauren C. Williams (14 Sep 2018) Army Futures Command to set up DIU-like innovation lab Archived 17 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

Ronald Sega, CTO for AFC, Starts 1 July 2019 Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
Ronald "Ron" Michael Sega Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Ronald M. Sega
 <a href="https://fcw.com/articles/2018/09/14/futures-command-innovation-lab.aspx" target="_blank">https://fcw.com/articles/2018/09/14/futures-command-innovation-lab.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. Army Applications Lab Archived 9 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine: (23 October 2018) Army Futures Command Wants YOU (To Innovate) Archived 24 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
—Adam Jay Harrison's list for types of Funding Authority
 <a href="https://aal.army/" target="_blank">https://aal.army/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (25 October 2017). "Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators?". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"75th Innovation Command Page - About Us". US Army Reserve. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021. <a href="https://www.usar.army.mil/Commands/Functional/75th-Innovation-CMD/About-Us/" target="_blank">https://www.usar.army.mil/Commands/Functional/75th-Innovation-CMD/About-Us/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (7 May 2018). "Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper On Futures Command (EXCLUSIVE)". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/05/permanent-evolution-secarmy-esper-on-futures-command-exclusive/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/05/permanent-evolution-secarmy-esper-on-futures-command-exclusive/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Barone, Chelsea (7 August 2018). "The Army Futures Command Finds a Home in Austin, TX". Modern Battlespace. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://modernbattlespace.com/2018/08/07/army-futures-command-finds-home-in-austin/" target="_blank">https://modernbattlespace.com/2018/08/07/army-futures-command-finds-home-in-austin/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Authority Transfers Begin to Army Futures Command". AUSA. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.ausa.org/news/authority-transfers-begin-army-futures-command" target="_blank">https://www.ausa.org/news/authority-transfers-begin-army-futures-command</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Cox, Matthew (13 July 2018). "It's Official: Austin Is Home of New Army Futures Command". Military.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2018/07/13/its-official-austin-home-new-army-futures-command.html" target="_blank">https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2018/07/13/its-official-austin-home-new-army-futures-command.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 August 2014) Pentagon Struggles To Get Small-Biz Tech Archived 22 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine: FCS misuse of OTA, other acquisition issues. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2014/08/pentagon-struggles-to-get-small-biz-tech/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2014/08/pentagon-struggles-to-get-small-biz-tech/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Dan Lamothe Washington Post (2018-07-12) Army to unveil details about new Futures Command in biggest reorganization in 45 years Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/12/army-to-unveil-details-about-new-futures-command-in-biggest-reorganization-in-45-years/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/12/army-to-unveil-details-about-new-futures-command-in-biggest-reorganization-in-45-years/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Thomas E. Ricks (MARCH 2, 2015)Why hasn't the Army's regular acquisition process produced anything in decades? --Future of War conference". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/02/why-hasnt-the-armys-regular-acquisition-process-produced-anything-in-decades/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/02/why-hasnt-the-armys-regular-acquisition-process-produced-anything-in-decades/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Matthew Cox (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed Archived 11 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html" target="_blank">https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard Army.mil (6 September 2018) Safer, smarter, faster: An interview with Gen. James McConville Archived 7 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.militarynews.com/peninsula-warrior/features/army_features/safer-smarter-faster-an-interview-with-gen-james-mcconville/article_6af79dce-b16d-11e8-9c32-17be6e92ab04.html" target="_blank">https://www.militarynews.com/peninsula-warrior/features/army_features/safer-smarter-faster-an-interview-with-gen-james-mcconville/article_6af79dce-b16d-11e8-9c32-17be6e92ab04.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">""US edge has eroded to a dangerous degree"". CBS News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live/video/20181114222400-the-u-s-could-lose-the-next-war-it-fights-after-appearing-to-lose-its-military-edge/?ftag=CNM15cf32c" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/live/video/20181114222400-the-u-s-could-lose-the-next-war-it-fights-after-appearing-to-lose-its-military-edge/?ftag=CNM15cf32c</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 March 2019) Army 'Big Six' Ramp Up in 2021: Learning From FCS Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-big-six-ramp-up-in-2021-learning-from-fcs/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-big-six-ramp-up-in-2021-learning-from-fcs/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Jaspreet Gill (4 May 2022) EXCLUSIVE: New Army directive shakes up modernization enterprise Archived 5 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (24 August 2018). "How McCain & Milley Created Army Futures Command: It Almost Didn't Happen". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/how-mccain-milley-created-army-futures-command-it-almost-didnt-happen/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/how-mccain-milley-created-army-futures-command-it-almost-didnt-happen/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Carlson, Kara "'Modernizing is key': Austin-based Army Futures Command continues to grow, adapt". Austin-American Statesman. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022. <a href="https://www.statesman.com/story/business/2021/05/11/austin-based-army-futures-command-continues-grow-adapt/5042406001/" target="_blank">https://www.statesman.com/story/business/2021/05/11/austin-based-army-futures-command-continues-grow-adapt/5042406001/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Jen Judson (28 Aug 2018) Can Austin make the Army weird? Archived 8 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/08/28/can-austin-make-the-army-weird/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/08/28/can-austin-make-the-army-weird/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Judson, Jen (9 October 2018). "Army's 'night court' finds $25 billion to reinvest in modernization priorities". Defense News. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/armys-night-court-finds-25-billion-to-reinvest-in-modernization-priorities/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/armys-night-court-finds-25-billion-to-reinvest-in-modernization-priorities/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Back to the (Army's) Future: A Conversation with Secretary of the Army Mark Esper". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.aei.org/events/back-to-the-armys-future-a-conversation-with-secretary-of-the-army-mark-esper/" target="_blank">https://www.aei.org/events/back-to-the-armys-future-a-conversation-with-secretary-of-the-army-mark-esper/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Beinart, Matthew (8 February 2019). "Esper: Army Cut $25 Billion From Low-Tier Programs To Fund Modernization Priorities". Defense Daily. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.defensedaily.com/esper-army-cut-25-billion-low-tier-programs-fund-modernization-priorities/army/" target="_blank">https://www.defensedaily.com/esper-army-cut-25-billion-low-tier-programs-fund-modernization-priorities/army/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use subject-matter experts (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using CFTs for:

Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty  ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
Next Generation Combat Vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Geoffrey Norman Archived 1 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine   ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence—Lead: BG Jeth Rey  ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
Assured Position Navigation and Timing—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
Soldier lethality
Soldier Lethality—(Fort Moore, Georgia) Lead: BG Larry Q. Burris, Jr. ... PEO Soldier
Synthetic Training Environment—(Orlando, Florida) Lead: BG William Glaser  ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
Contested logistics—(Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: Army Materiel Command (AMC) stood up in 2023

Todd South (11 August 2019) This 3-star Army general explains what multi-domain operations mean for you Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine "think, assess and employ all domains when necessary"—General Wesley
 <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IN11019.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IN11019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies' Standoff Capabilities Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Summary of standoff <a href="https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities" target="_blank">https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 January 2020) Army Chief Seeks 'Minimally Manned' Vehicles, Joint C2 Archived 15 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-chief-seeks-minimally-manned-vehicles-joint-c2/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-chief-seeks-minimally-manned-vehicles-joint-c2/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (2021) Army Chief To Navy, Air Force: We've Got 'Speed & Range' Archived 26 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine "The future is all about range and speed" —Gen. McConville <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/army-chief-to-navy-air-force-weve-got-speed-range/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/army-chief-to-navy-air-force-weve-got-speed-range/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Chief of Staff paper #1, Headquarters, Department of the Army (16 March 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Unclassified version by 40th Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. James C. McConville <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf" target="_blank">https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Chief of Staff paper #2 (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf" target="_blank">https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">As informed by lessons learned in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" target="_blank">/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux Archived 26 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (25 October 2017). "Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators?". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux Archived 26 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5) <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5) <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Neil Hollenbeck and Benjamin Jensen (6 December 2017) Why the Army needs a Futures Command Archived 5 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Enable a culture of experimentation, and develop concepts and technology together. <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2017/12/army-needs-futures-command/" target="_blank">https://warontherocks.com/2017/12/army-needs-futures-command/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Andrew Eversden (17 Dec 2021) Here's the Army's 24 programs in soldiers' hands by 2023
Precision Strike Missile (§ PrSM)
Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA)
Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) will not deploy by 1 Oct 2023.[76]
Mid-range capability (§ MRC) missile, also called Strategic Mid-Range Fires (SMRF)[77]
Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV)
Robotic Combat Vehicle (§ RCV)
Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF)
Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems/ Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System (FUAS)/(FTUAS)[78][79]
Integrated Tactical Network (§ ITN) unified with § echelons above brigade, and the multi-domain task forces
Common Operating Environment: Command Post Computing Environment[80]/Mounted Computed Environment (CPCE)/(MCE) See Common operational picture 
Command Post Integrated Infrastructure (CPI2)
Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (MAPS)[81][82]
Dismounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (DAPS)[81]
Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) using high-energy lasers
Indirect Fires Protection Capability: Iron Dome
Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor ([[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System
Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor|§ LTAMDS]])[83] - Patriot radar replacement
Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (§ IBCS)
Directed Energy Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (DE M-SHORAD)[84] High energy lasers
Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW)
Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS)
Enhanced Night Vision Goggle – Binocular (ENVG-B)
Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer (RVCT) - Synthetic training environment
IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer (SiVT) - Synthetic training environment
One World Terrain/ Training Management Tools/ Training Simulation Software (OWT) / (TMT) / (TSS) - Synthetic training environment,[85]

[74][75][86]
[87][88]
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/heres-the-armys-24-programs-in-soldiers-hands-by-2023/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/heres-the-armys-24-programs-in-soldiers-hands-by-2023/</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.[89][90] The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.[91] <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Judson, Jen (6 September 2022). "Futures Command faces identity crisis as Army shifts mission". Defense News. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2023. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Andrew Eversden (15 Sep 2022) Wormuth: Here are the 6 areas the Army must be prepared for in 2030 Archived 15 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/wormuth-here-are-the-6-areas-the-army-must-be-prepared-for-in-2030/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/wormuth-here-are-the-6-areas-the-army-must-be-prepared-for-in-2030/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Christine Wormuth, 25th Secretary of the Army (10 Oct 2022) AUSA 2022 Opening Ceremony Archived 9 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine hour 0:37:50 to 1:05:41 <a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" target="_blank">/wiki/Christine_Wormuth</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Patrick Tucker (14 Sep 2022) Ukraine War Offers Clues to Future War, Joint Chiefs Chairman Says Archived 17 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/09/ukraine-war-offers-clues-future-war-joint-chiefs-chairman-says/377150/" target="_blank">https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/09/ukraine-war-offers-clues-future-war-joint-chiefs-chairman-says/377150/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">The Economist (30 Nov 2022) What is the war in Ukraine teaching Western armies? Archived 7 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine "It shows the importance of dispersal, firepower and stockpiles" <a href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/11/30/what-is-the-war-in-ukraine-teaching-western-armies?" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/11/30/what-is-the-war-in-ukraine-teaching-western-armies?</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond (28 Feb 2020) America's future battle network is key to multidomain defense JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force" <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations (ADO)
"A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
"forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
"it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-domain-operations/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-domain-operations/</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Andrew Eversden (15 Sep 2022) Wormuth: Here are the 6 areas the Army must be prepared for in 2030 Archived 15 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/wormuth-here-are-the-6-areas-the-army-must-be-prepared-for-in-2030/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/wormuth-here-are-the-6-areas-the-army-must-be-prepared-for-in-2030/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (24 Oct 2022) Army of 2030: Collaboration key to Army modernization Archived 26 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/261388/army_of_2030_collaboration_key_to_army_modernization" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/261388/army_of_2030_collaboration_key_to_army_modernization</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Chief of Staff paper #1, Headquarters, Department of the Army (16 March 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Unclassified version by 40th Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. James C. McConville <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf" target="_blank">https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Chief of Staff paper #2 (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf" target="_blank">https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">US Army Public Affairs (10 Oct 2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow's Fight Archived 11 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine Gen. McConville, Gen.(Ret) Perkins, DepUnderSec Diaz, Gen. Rainey, LTG Beagle, Prof. Greer (SAMS) <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Caitlin Kenny (10 Oct 2022) Divisions, Corps to Replace Brigades As Army's Wartime Formation Of Choice Archived 28 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine "Brigades that operated largely independently in Iraq and Afghanistan will fight as part of larger units in future conflicts, officials said". <a href="https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/10/divisions-corps-replace-brigades-armys-wartime-formation-choice/378234/" target="_blank">https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/10/divisions-corps-replace-brigades-armys-wartime-formation-choice/378234/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Jen Judson (29 Mar 2023) US Army has a 'gigantic problem' with logistics in the Indo-Pacific Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine AMC is lead, AFC sets requirements <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">TRADOC (13 Apr 2022) The Operational Environment and the Changing Character of Warfare Archived 28 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine TP 525-92 <a href="https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-92.pdf" target="_blank">https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-92.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Colin Demarest (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed". <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/21/project-convergence-shows-jadc2-alignment-leaders-from-3-services-say/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/21/project-convergence-shows-jadc2-alignment-leaders-from-3-services-say/</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Jason Cutshaw (5 Dec 2022) Experiment demos Army space capabilities Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine to test 300 technologies <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/262533/experiment_demos_army_space_capabilities" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/262533/experiment_demos_army_space_capabilities</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Megan Eckstein and Colin Demarest (8 Dec 2022) Project Overmatch: US Navy preps to deploy secretive multidomain tech Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/outlook/2022/12/05/project-overmatch-us-navy-preps-to-deploy-secretive-multidomain-tech/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/outlook/2022/12/05/project-overmatch-us-navy-preps-to-deploy-secretive-multidomain-tech/</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Jen Judson (7 Feb 2023) Army sets sights on 2024 for next Project Convergence Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/07/army-sets-sights-on-2024-for-next-project-convergence/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/07/army-sets-sights-on-2024-for-next-project-convergence/</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Ashley Roque (8 Feb 2023) No Convergence in 2023: Army deliberating the path ahead for signature JADC2 exercise Archived 10 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/no-convergence-in-2023-army-deliberating-the-path-ahead-for-signature-jadc2-exercise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/no-convergence-in-2023-army-deliberating-the-path-ahead-for-signature-jadc2-exercise/</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Signal (10 Oct 2022) The Army Takes an Extended View to 2040 Archived 28 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/army-takes-extended-view-2040" target="_blank">https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/army-takes-extended-view-2040</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Christine Wormuth, 25th Secretary of the Army (10 Oct 2022) AUSA 2022 Opening Ceremony Archived 9 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine hour 0:37:50 to 1:05:41 <a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" target="_blank">/wiki/Christine_Wormuth</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (24 Oct 2022) Army of 2030: Collaboration key to Army modernization Archived 26 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/261388/army_of_2030_collaboration_key_to_army_modernization" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/261388/army_of_2030_collaboration_key_to_army_modernization</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Jaspreet Gill (19 Oct 2022) As Project Convergence tries new 'tech gateways', 2 AI algorithms to transition to programs of record Archived 23 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine Todd Army 2040 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/with-new-tech-gateways-army-identifies-promising-ai-algorithms-at-project-convergence/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/with-new-tech-gateways-army-identifies-promising-ai-algorithms-at-project-convergence/</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Parth Satam (15 Nov 2022) Decoding HIMARS' 'Design Philosophy', Latest Images Show Russia Could Be Analyzing Deadly US Rockets Archived 15 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://eurasiantimes.com/decoding-himars-design-philosophy-latest-images-show-russia-could-be-analyzing-deadly-us-rockets/" target="_blank">https://eurasiantimes.com/decoding-himars-design-philosophy-latest-images-show-russia-could-be-analyzing-deadly-us-rockets/</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command (3 January 2023) AFC hosts inaugural Army Future Readiness Conference Archived 5 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/263056/afc_hosts_inaugural_army_future_readiness_conference" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/263056/afc_hosts_inaugural_army_future_readiness_conference</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Jen Judson (8 Feb 2023) New Futures Command chief shifts main effort to designing Army of 2040 Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/08/new-futures-command-chief-shifts-main-effort-to-designing-army-of-2040/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/08/new-futures-command-chief-shifts-main-effort-to-designing-army-of-2040/</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">John Ferrari (2 Mar 2023) Congress can put Army modernization back on track Archived 29 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine "AEI's John Ferrari asks five important questions that the Army needs to answer before committing to high-dollar procurments [sic] during its modernization push". <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/congress-can-put-army-modernization-back-on-track/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/congress-can-put-army-modernization-back-on-track/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Jen Judson (4 Apr 2023) The US Army moves to tweak its formations for future conflicts Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine AFC to work with TRADOC <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/us-army-moves-tweak-formations-195558014.html" target="_blank">https://news.yahoo.com/us-army-moves-tweak-formations-195558014.html</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Jen Judson (31 July 2023) Army Futures Command drafting next operating concept Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/07/31/army-futures-command-drafting-next-operating-concept/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/07/31/army-futures-command-drafting-next-operating-concept/</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (19 May 2023) LANPAC 2023: Army faces most 'disruptive' period since World War II Archived 2 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/266836/lanpac_2023_army_faces_most_disruptive_period_since_world_war_ii" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/266836/lanpac_2023_army_faces_most_disruptive_period_since_world_war_ii</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Ashley Rocque ( Army creates new 'All-Domain Sensing' cross-functional team out of 'success' of PNT team <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Ashley Rocque ( Army creates new 'All-Domain Sensing' cross-functional team out of 'success' of PNT team <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Ashley Rocque (9 Oct 2023) Army’s contested logistics team close to ‘fully’ operational: General Rainey <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-creates-new-all-domain-sensing-cross-functional-team-out-of-success-of-pnt-team/</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Jen Judson (29 Mar 2023) US Army has a 'gigantic problem' with logistics in the Indo-Pacific Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine AMC is lead, AFC sets requirements <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Army Futures Command YouTube clip (7 December 2018) ARCIC Transition of Authority Ceremony 7 Dec 2018 Archived 19 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine to Futures and Concepts Center, AFC <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDTizak7Ja0" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDTizak7Ja0</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Army Futures Command FCC Leadership (20 February 2020). "Futures and Concepts Center". Futures and Concepts Center. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509025829/https://futuresconcepts.army.mil/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190509025829/https://futuresconcepts.army.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">US Army (15 August 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond Archived 16 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Federal News Radio Army has picked a location for its new Futures Command, but now comes the hard part Archived 2 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://federalnewsradio.com/on-dod/2018/08/the-army-has-picked-a-location-for-its-new-futures-command-but-now-comes-the-hard-part/" target="_blank">https://federalnewsradio.com/on-dod/2018/08/the-army-has-picked-a-location-for-its-new-futures-command-but-now-comes-the-hard-part/</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5) <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Scott McKean (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Army Futures Command Concept for Command and Control - Pursuing decision dominance AFCC-C2 is the future communications network. 14 Jul 2021 see: FUTURES AND CONCEPTS CENTER resources <a href="/wiki/Scott_McKean" target="_blank">/wiki/Scott_McKean</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">As an example, any number of effects can be weaponized (see p.1 The New York Times 2 September 2018 "Invisible strikes may be cause of envoy's ills", describing the Microwave auditory effect), or else countered. Hypersonic vehicles are a countermeasure to ballistic missiles. <a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" target="_blank">/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">BETSY WOODRUFF SWAN, ANDREW DESIDERIO, LARA SELIGMAN and ERIN BANCO (22 Apr 2021) Pentagon investigated suspected Russian directed-energy attacks on U.S. troops Archived 5 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/22/pentagon-russia-attacks-us-troops-484150" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/22/pentagon-russia-attacks-us-troops-484150</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (25 October 2017). "Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators?". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">TRADOC Analysis Center. Combined Arms training center. Fort Leavenworth Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.trac.army.mil/MS_TRAC.html" target="_blank">http://www.trac.army.mil/MS_TRAC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"Mission Command Battle Lab (MCBL)". usacac.army.mil. US Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115054501/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid/mcbl" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180115054501/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid/mcbl</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">CRS Insight (IN11019) (17 January 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service (CRS)

Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
 <a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_expert" target="_blank">/wiki/Subject-matter_expert</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Freedberg Jr, Sydney (14 August 2018). "Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">US Army (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development) Archived 27 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Headquarters, Department of the Army (29 Jun 2021) Army Regulation 71–9 Force Management. Warfighting Capabilities Determination Archived 23 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine °1-6c, p.1) tasks for CG,AFC; °2-24 p.13) CG,AFC is a principal member of AROC, with 43 duties a through qq; °3-1 ch.3 pp20-21) AROC is a forum for requirements decisions (RDF); °4-1 p.24) CG,AFC is responsible for force design; °6-4 p39) figure 6-1 Deliberate staffing and review process; figures for more staffing and review processes follow. <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31331-AR_71-9-000-WEB-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31331-AR_71-9-000-WEB-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Research, Development, and Acquisition AR 71–9 (2009) Warfighting Capabilities Determination Archived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Aug 15, 2019 update <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11041_AR71-9_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11041_AR71-9_FINAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">HQDA (3 May 2022) Army Directive 2022-07 (Army Modernization Roles and Responsibilities) Archived 7 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine AD2022-07 is 6 pages <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN35370-ARMY_DIR_2022-07-000-WEB-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN35370-ARMY_DIR_2022-07-000-WEB-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Research, Development, and Acquisition (22 Jul 2011) Army Acquisition Policy Archived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine AR 70-1 <a href="https://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/ccap/cc/jcchb/Files/FormsPubsRegs/Pubs/Army%20Regulation%2070-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/ccap/cc/jcchb/Files/FormsPubsRegs/Pubs/Army%20Regulation%2070-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Jared Serbu (11 Mar 2016) Army puts its chief of staff 'at the center' of acquisition decisions Archived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2016/03/army-puts-chief-staff-center-acquisition-decisions/" target="_blank">https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2016/03/army-puts-chief-staff-center-acquisition-decisions/</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">USAASC, Army ALT Magazine, Best Practices (16 February 2018) A Model and Process for Transitioning Urgent Acquisition Archived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine - USAASC (United States Army Acquisition Corps) <a href="https://asc.army.mil/web/news-a-model-and-process-for-transitioning-urgent-acquisition/" target="_blank">https://asc.army.mil/web/news-a-model-and-process-for-transitioning-urgent-acquisition/</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5) <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Jen Judson (6 Sep 2022) Futures Command faces identity crisis as Army shifts mission Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/futures-command-faces-identity-crisis-as-army-shifts-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Andrew Eversden (24 Jun 2022) House lawmakers ask Army: Who's in charge of massive modernization program? Archived 7 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine 180 day timer after FY2023 NDAA takes effect, could trigger rescission of AD2022-07. To find an Army document, enter the pub form identifier, such as "ar 71-9" in the menu: ARMY PUBLISHING INDEX Archived 16 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/house-lawmakers-ask-army-whos-in-charge-of-massive-modernization-program/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/house-lawmakers-ask-army-whos-in-charge-of-massive-modernization-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Judson, Jen (6 September 2022). "Army's next Futures Command leader could come 'in short order'". Defense News. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/armys-next-futures-command-leader-could-come-in-short-order/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/09/06/armys-next-futures-command-leader-could-come-in-short-order/</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Eversden, Andrew (7 September 2022). "After months of delay, Army nominates new commander for Futures Command". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2022/09/after-months-of-delay-army-nominates-new-commander-for-futures-command/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2022/09/after-months-of-delay-army-nominates-new-commander-for-futures-command/</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">"Army announces new Futures Command leader as Texas senator calls for clarity on innovating force". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-09-08/army-futures-command-ndaa-texas-7260624.html" target="_blank">https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-09-08/army-futures-command-ndaa-texas-7260624.html</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Sydney Freedberg (29 August 2018) Army Futures Command: $100M, 500 Staff, & Access To Top Leaders Archived 31 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-futures-command-100m-500-staff-access-to-top-leaders/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-futures-command-100m-500-staff-access-to-top-leaders/</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 July 2019) "Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command". www.army.mil. 11 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 July 2019) "Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command". www.army.mil. 11 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">SARA ARL (29 Jun 2021) Army program introduces new software for robot autonomy Archived 1 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine AIMM ERP (Artificial Intelligence for Maneuver and Mobility Essential Research Program) <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/247978/army_program_introduces_new_software_for_robot_autonomy" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/247978/army_program_introduces_new_software_for_robot_autonomy</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">"Army Futures Command Press Conference". DVIDS. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/621108/army-futures-command-press-conference" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/621108/army-futures-command-press-conference</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Sean Kimmons "Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond", Army News Service, 15 August 2018, archived from the original on 16 August 2018, retrieved 16 August 2018 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Lamothe, Dan (14 July 2018), "Why the Army decided to put its new high-tech Futures Command in Texas", Washington Post, archived from the original on 5 September 2018, retrieved 5 September 2018 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/14/understanding-the-armys-reasons-for-putting-its-new-high-tech-futures-command-in-texas/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/07/14/understanding-the-armys-reasons-for-putting-its-new-high-tech-futures-command-in-texas/</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Lea, Maj. Brett (5 September 2018), "Army establishes Futures Command; U.S. Army JMC at Fort Bliss is operational arm", Fort Bliss Bugle <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">US Army (15 August 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond Archived 16 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Technology Review (19 December 2016) The Pentagon's Innovation Experiment Archived 19 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603084/the-pentagons-innovation-experiment/" target="_blank">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603084/the-pentagons-innovation-experiment/</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Sean Kimmons "Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond", Army News Service, 15 August 2018, archived from the original on 16 August 2018, retrieved 16 August 2018 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">University of Texas System (13 July 2018) University of Texas System to serve as home base for U.S. Army Futures Command Archived 19 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.utsystem.edu/news/2018/07/13/university-texas-system-serve-home-base-us-army-futures-command" target="_blank">https://www.utsystem.edu/news/2018/07/13/university-texas-system-serve-home-base-us-army-futures-command</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Ralph K.M. Haurwitz - American-Statesman Staff (10 August 2018) UT regents give Army's Futures Command free use of space temporarily Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.mystatesman.com/news/local/regents-give-army-futures-command-free-use-space-temporarily/Vg3OqBPmFazj5LXcNrgkHK/" target="_blank">https://www.mystatesman.com/news/local/regents-give-army-futures-command-free-use-space-temporarily/Vg3OqBPmFazj5LXcNrgkHK/</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5) <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1194/MR1194.appb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Army Futures Command YouTube clip (7 December 2018) ARCIC Transition of Authority Ceremony 7 Dec 2018 Archived 19 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine to Futures and Concepts Center, AFC <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDTizak7Ja0" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDTizak7Ja0</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Lea, Maj. Brett (5 September 2018), "Army establishes Futures Command; U.S. Army JMC at Fort Bliss is operational arm", Fort Bliss Bugle <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">"Team White Sands Organizations". www.wsmr.army.mil. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203200750/https://www.wsmr.army.mil/testcenter/twso/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191203200750/https://www.wsmr.army.mil/testcenter/twso/Pages/default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">"Locations and Facilities – DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory". www.arl.army.mil. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://arl.devcom.army.mil/who-we-are/" target="_blank">https://arl.devcom.army.mil/who-we-are/</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">"TRAC makes official move to Futures Command". www.army.mil. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/214721/trac_makes_official_move_to_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/214721/trac_makes_official_move_to_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">"DoD (16 May 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request". YouTube. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">"Mission Command Battle Lab (MCBL)". usacac.army.mil. US Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115054501/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid/mcbl" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180115054501/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid/mcbl</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Judson, Jen (26 February 2018). "US Army's war-gaming is under-resourced, three-star says". Defense News. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/02/26/armys-conceptual-experimentation-is-under-resourced-three-star-says/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/02/26/armys-conceptual-experimentation-is-under-resourced-three-star-says/</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Maj. Chris Parker, Dr. Paul Reese, Director, Fielded Force Integration Division, COL E.J. Karlberg, Director, Combined Arms Integration Directorate, and Mr. Rich Creed, Director, Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, Breaking Doctrine podcast at Fort Leavenworth (2020) Breaking Doctrine: Episode 14 - Transitioning the Army to MDO Archived 12 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 1:02:44 How a Concept becomes Doctrine at TRADOC Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth DOTMLPF-P <a href="https://podcast.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/cadd/Episode%2014/BREAKING%20DOCTRINE%20-%20Transitioning%20the%20Army%20to%20MDO.mp3" target="_blank">https://podcast.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/cadd/Episode%2014/BREAKING%20DOCTRINE%20-%20Transitioning%20the%20Army%20to%20MDO.mp3</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18314_ADP%206-0%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18314_ADP%206-0%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities" <a href="https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/" target="_blank">https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">"Mission Command Center Of Excellence (MC-CoE CDID)". Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208184338/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180208184338/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/cdid</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">"TRAC makes official move to Futures Command". www.army.mil. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/214721/trac_makes_official_move_to_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/214721/trac_makes_official_move_to_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">TRADOC Analysis Center. Combined Arms training center. Fort Leavenworth Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.trac.army.mil/MS_TRAC.html" target="_blank">http://www.trac.army.mil/MS_TRAC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Maj. Gen. Maria R. Gervais (31 August 2018) The Synthetic Training Environment revolutionizes sustainment training Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Maria_R._Gervais" target="_blank">/wiki/Maria_R._Gervais</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Jacqueline M. Hames and Margaret C. Roth (14 January 2019) Virtual battlefield represents future of training Archived 15 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Training as a service; more content at scale needed. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/216068/virtual_battlefield_represents_future_of_training" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/216068/virtual_battlefield_represents_future_of_training</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Army ALT Magazine (29 January 2019) THEN AND NOW: TRAINING FOR THE FUTURE Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine critique <a href="https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/" target="_blank">https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">"STE CFT Cuts Ribbon in Orlando". www.army.mil. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/218753/ste_cft_cuts_ribbon_in_orlando" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/218753/ste_cft_cuts_ribbon_in_orlando</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">"Army pursuing improved realism in live and virtual training". www.army.mil. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/230567/army_pursuing_improved_realism_in_live_and_virtual_training" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/230567/army_pursuing_improved_realism_in_live_and_virtual_training</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Jen Judson (17 May 2019) US Army's jumping to the next level in virtual training Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine reconfigurable virtual collective trainers (RVCTs) <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/05/17/us-armys-jumping-to-next-level-in-virtual-training-world/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/05/17/us-armys-jumping-to-next-level-in-virtual-training-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">ASA(ALT) (2018) Weapon Systems Handbook update Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.
By Modernization priority
By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely—°Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.[52][27][54][55][41]
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">"Cyber CoE - (its CDID)". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809223923/https://cybercoe.army.mil/index.php/direct-reporting-units/cdid" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200809223923/https://cybercoe.army.mil/index.php/direct-reporting-units/cdid</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">David Vergun (29 March 2018) Army network modernization efforts spearheaded by new Cross-Functional Teams. The Army conducts a network demonstration at Fort Bliss, Texas. The Army is pursuing network modernization through Cross-Functional Teams. Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-light-viewer/6613-pdfs/page-00013.pdf" target="_blank">http://apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-light-viewer/6613-pdfs/page-00013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">"Maneuver CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab)". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/" target="_blank">https://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">"Bob Purtiman, NGCV Cross-Functional Team (17 September 2018) Preparing for future battlefields: The Next Generation Combat Vehicle". 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/211236/preparing_for_future_battlefields_the_next_generation_combat_vehicle" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/211236/preparing_for_future_battlefields_the_next_generation_combat_vehicle</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">"Aviation CoE - (its CDID)". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015100751/http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/directorates/cdid/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181015100751/http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/directorates/cdid/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">"Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability". www.army.mil. August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225269/aviation_industry_days_army_aviation_aims_for_more_lethal_multi_domain_operations_capability" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225269/aviation_industry_days_army_aviation_aims_for_more_lethal_multi_domain_operations_capability</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Matthew Murch, Futures and Concepts Center (30 Jan 2023) Fires CDID: Supporting war-winning future readiness Archived 2 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/263570/fires_cdid_supporting_war_winning_future_readiness" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/263570/fires_cdid_supporting_war_winning_future_readiness</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">"Fires CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab)". Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://sill-www.army.mil/cdid/index.html" target="_blank">https://sill-www.army.mil/cdid/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Col. Yi Se Gwon, Fort Sill Fires Bulletin (September–October 2018) The Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center (16 July 2019) Target Mensuration Only Archived 25 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine TMO <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4PHht7nSsk" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4PHht7nSsk</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs: (SEPTEMBER 4, 2019) Target Mensuration course: Bulldog Brigade trains target acquisition with precision Target Mensuration Only (TMO) Including TMO in a unit training plan
Maj. Anthony Clas (28 August 2019) Bulldog Brigade Trains Target Acquisition with Precision
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226393/bulldog_brigade_trains_target_acquisition_with_precision" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226393/bulldog_brigade_trains_target_acquisition_with_precision</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">Mitch Meador, Fort Sill Tribune (August 27, 2020) Lawton Fort Sill welcomes 'Fires Five,' families Archived 29 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
DOTMLPF-P formulated at Fort Sill—Mitch Meador, Fort Sill Tribune (August 13, 2020) Ceremony recognizes new Air Defense Artillery capability manager Archived 29 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/238566/lawton_fort_sill_welcomes_fires_five_families" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/238566/lawton_fort_sill_welcomes_fires_five_families</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">"Karen Flowers, Fort Sill Tribune (4 September 2020) Air defense Army Capability Manager gets new director". 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/238797/air_defense_army_capability_manager_gets_new_director" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/238797/air_defense_army_capability_manager_gets_new_director</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army's Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Col. Yi Se Gwon, Fort Sill Fires Bulletin (September–October 2018) The Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">"Intelligence CoE - no information on its CDID". 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/190910/usaicoe_fort_huachuca_command_changes_hands" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/190910/usaicoe_fort_huachuca_command_changes_hands</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">"Maneuver Support CoE - (its CDID and Battle Lab)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209171036/https://www.wood.army.mil/newweb/documents/cdid2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170209171036/https://www.wood.army.mil/newweb/documents/cdid2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">Sustainment CoE CDID not found <a href="https://cascom.army.mil/s_staff/cpg/" target="_blank">https://cascom.army.mil/s_staff/cpg/</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">APG Guide (12 January 2019) Aberdeen Proving Ground 2019 Your road map to the 'Home of Innovation' Archived 7 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine with more than 90 tenant organizations <a href="https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">PEO Command Control Communications - Tactical (PEO C3T) (12 September 2018) ASA(ALT) MilDep talks APG's role in Futures Command Archived 18 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Paul Ostrowski is PMILDEP to ASA(ALT) <a href="http://apgnews.com/inside-the-innovation/asaalt-mildep-talks-apgs-role-in-futures-command/" target="_blank">http://apgnews.com/inside-the-innovation/asaalt-mildep-talks-apgs-role-in-futures-command/</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Argie Sarantinos-Perrin, CCDC HQ Public Affairs (31 January 2019) RDECOM transitions to Army Futures Command Archived 1 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/216858/rdecom_transitions_to_army_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/216858/rdecom_transitions_to_army_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Suits, Devon L. (22 August 2019), Army showcases new electronic warfare tech, Army News Service, archived from the original on 26 August 2019, retrieved 26 August 2019 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Caitlin O'Neill, PM PNT staff writer (17 November 2017) Army's PNT programs transition to PEO IEW&S Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/197066/armys_pnt_programs_transition_to_peo_iews" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/197066/armys_pnt_programs_transition_to_peo_iews</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs (19 November 2019) C5ISR Center hosts CCDC commander for town hall, lab tours Archived 23 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine "a renewed emphasis on collaboration across CCDC's eight research centers" <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/230030/c5isr_center_hosts_ccdc_commander_for_town_hall_lab_tours" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/230030/c5isr_center_hosts_ccdc_commander_for_town_hall_lab_tours</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Suits, Devon L. (22 August 2019), Army showcases new electronic warfare tech, Army News Service, archived from the original on 26 August 2019, retrieved 26 August 2019 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226082/army_showcases_new_electronic_warfare_tech</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Andrew Eversden (25 Oct 2021) Army Seeks 'Cutting Edge' Network-Aided PNT Technologies For Battle Archived 8 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine 
Army Applications Lab (19 Oct 2021) Broad Agency Announcement Special Notice W911NF-19-S-0004 Network Aided Position Navigation and Timing solutions for dismounted Soldiers Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/army-seeks-cutting-edge-network-aided-pnt-technologies-for-battle/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/army-seeks-cutting-edge-network-aided-pnt-technologies-for-battle/</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">Theresa Hitchens (1 Nov 2021) Sandia's Atomic 'Avocado' Could Allow GPS-Free PNT Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/sandias-atomic-avocado-could-allow-gps-free-pnt/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/sandias-atomic-avocado-could-allow-gps-free-pnt/</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">Tobias Naegele (27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force Archived 29 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "one B-2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS".—Gen. B.Chance Saltzman, Space Force <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/qa-the-new-chief-of-space-operations-on-empowering-the-force/" target="_blank">https://www.airandspaceforces.com/qa-the-new-chief-of-space-operations-on-empowering-the-force/</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">APG Guide (12 January 2019) Aberdeen Proving Ground 2019 Your road map to the 'Home of Innovation' Archived 7 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine with more than 90 tenant organizations <a href="https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/APG-Guide-January-10-2019-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, CG RDECOM (25 September 2018) RDECOM's road map to modernizing the Army: Long-range precision fires Archived 6 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine First in a series <a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" target="_blank">/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">RCCTO is located in Huntsville (26 August 2019): RCCTO- About us Archived 24 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine 
Tolson, Amy (10 December 2019), CCDC commanding general pays first visit to Aviation, Missile Center, Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs, archived from the original on 30 April 2023, retrieved 20 December 2019
Lee Roop (17 Sep 2019) Lockheed Martin opens plant to test hypersonics in Alabama Archived 20 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/about/" target="_blank">https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/about/</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">Thomas Brading, Army News Service (23 August 2019) Soldiers 'at the heart of' modernizing warfighter gear Archived 26 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226075/soldiers_at_the_heart_of_modernizing_warfighter_gear" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226075/soldiers_at_the_heart_of_modernizing_warfighter_gear</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (25 February 2019) Army-funded researcher wins Nobel Prize Archived 6 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/217754/army_funded_researcher_wins_nobel_prize" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/217754/army_funded_researcher_wins_nobel_prize</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">Argie Sarantinos-Perrin, CCDC (21 August 2019) Army develops cold spray technology to repair Bradley gun mounts Archived 29 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225994/army_begins_transitioning_cold_spray_technology_for_bradley_turret_gun_mount_repairs" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225994/army_begins_transitioning_cold_spray_technology_for_bradley_turret_gun_mount_repairs</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">Army Research Laboratory (ARL) "Army releases top 10 list of coolest science, technology advances". www.army.mil. 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162040/https://www.army.mil/article/231039/army_releases_top_10_list_of_coolest_science_technology_advances" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162040/https://www.army.mil/article/231039/army_releases_top_10_list_of_coolest_science_technology_advances</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (3 February 2020) Army develops big data approach to neuroscience Archived 11 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Dr. Jonathan Touryan, co-author

The Cognition and Neuroergonomics Collaborative Technology Alliance
Automated EEG mega-analysis I: Spectral and amplitude characteristics across studies NeuroImage Volume 20, 15 February 2020, 116361
(19 Sep 2018) Automated EEG mega-analysis II: Cognitive aspects of event related features Archived 6 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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<li id="fn:259">"STE CFT Cuts Ribbon in Orlando". www.army.mil. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/218753/ste_cft_cuts_ribbon_in_orlando" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/218753/ste_cft_cuts_ribbon_in_orlando</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">"Army pursuing improved realism in live and virtual training". www.army.mil. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/230567/army_pursuing_improved_realism_in_live_and_virtual_training" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/230567/army_pursuing_improved_realism_in_live_and_virtual_training</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">ASA(ALT) (2018) Weapon Systems Handbook update Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.
By Modernization priority
By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely—°Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.[52][27][54][55][41]
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">LATechdigest.com (15 April 2016) US Army Research Lab Opens at USC ICT in Playa Vista Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://latechdigest.com/us-army-research-lab-opens-at-usc-ict-in-playa-vista/" target="_blank">http://latechdigest.com/us-army-research-lab-opens-at-usc-ict-in-playa-vista/</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">Defense.gov (12 February 2019) SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY Archived 13 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF" target="_blank">https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (8 February 2019). "Army R&D Chief: 'I Don't Think We Went Far Enough' – But Futures Command Can". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">Defense.gov (12 February 2019) SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY Archived 13 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF" target="_blank">https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">Ashton Carter (2012-11-21) Autonomy in Weapon Systems Archived 7 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Most recent DoD guideline: 2012 <a href="https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">Army AI task force Army Directive 2018-18 (Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force in Support of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2 October 2018 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13011_AD2018_18_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13011_AD2018_18_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">Terri Moon Cronk "Artificial intelligence experts address getting capabilities to warfighters", army.mil, 13 December 2018, archived from the original on 15 December 2018, retrieved 13 December 2018 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/215029/artificial_intelligence_experts_address_getting_capabilities_to_warfighters" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/215029/artificial_intelligence_experts_address_getting_capabilities_to_warfighters</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">Carnegie Mellon University (1 February 2019) Carnegie Mellon Hosts Activation of U.S. Army AI Task Force Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Brigadier General Matt Easley is Director of Army Artificial Intelligence task force (A-AI TF) <a href="https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2019/february/army-ai-task-force.html" target="_blank">https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2019/february/army-ai-task-force.html</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">Gary Sheftick (13 August 2019) AI Task Force taking giant leaps forward Archived 14 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Coordinating with: NREC, Talent management task force, the CFTs, and DOD's Joint AI Center <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225642/ai_task_force_taking_giant_leaps_forward" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225642/ai_task_force_taking_giant_leaps_forward</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. Army Applications Lab Archived 9 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine: (23 October 2018) Army Futures Command Wants YOU (To Innovate) Archived 24 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
—Adam Jay Harrison's list for types of Funding Authority
 <a href="https://aal.army/" target="_blank">https://aal.army/</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">Douglas Scott (6 August 2019) New wearable authentication more than a "token" gesture Archived 6 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Tactical Identity and Access Management (TIDAM) see Army AI task force (A-AI TF) <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225197/new_wearable_authentication_more_than_a_token_gesture" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225197/new_wearable_authentication_more_than_a_token_gesture</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (27 February 2020) Army researchers enhance AI critical to Soldier-machine teamwork Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Explainability & tellability: coalition situational understanding (CSU) & human-agent knowledge fusion (HAKF)
Alun Preece, Dave Braines, Federico Cerutti, Tien Pham (16 Oct 2019) Explainable AI for Intelligence Augmentation in Multi-Domain Operations Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/233174/army_researchers_enhance_ai_critical_to_soldier_machine_teamwork" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/233174/army_researchers_enhance_ai_critical_to_soldier_machine_teamwork</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">RDECOM Research Laboratory Public Affairs (18 December 2018) Black Hawk helicopter pilot interns with Army researchers Archived 21 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/215291/black_hawk_helicopter_pilot_interns_with_army_researchers" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/215291/black_hawk_helicopter_pilot_interns_with_army_researchers</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">"Army aligning modernization programs with other services". www.army.mil. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (11 September 2020) JAIC Wants AI 'Victory Gardens' Across DoD Archived 12 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/jaic-wants-ai-victory-gardens-across-dod/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/jaic-wants-ai-victory-gardens-across-dod/</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Kaylan Hutchison, DAC Strategic Communications (22 Jun 2022) Collaborative agreement propels Army analysis of artificial intelligence Archived 27 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/257531/collaborative_agreement_propels_army_analysis_of_artificial_intelligence" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/257531/collaborative_agreement_propels_army_analysis_of_artificial_intelligence</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">Eversden, Andrew "Army Software Factory experiments with a new culture to unleash coders in its ranks". C4ISRNet. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2021/04/14/army-software-factory-experiments-with-a-new-culture-to-unleash-coders-in-its-ranks/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2021/04/14/army-software-factory-experiments-with-a-new-culture-to-unleash-coders-in-its-ranks/</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Army Futures Command "STAND-TO!". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021. Army Software Factory <a href="https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/08/21/" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/08/21/</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">Katie Davis Skelley, DEVCOM Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (27 May 2022) Software Factory helps transform Army from industrial to information age Archived 12 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine 16-week boot camp. Four different tracks (platform engineer, software developer, product manager and designer). Anyone (soldier or Army civilian) can submit a problem to the Factory; A team interviews the problem, performs an initial scoping, and then decides whether to accept the problem to work on. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/256990/software_factory_helps_transform_army_from_industrial_to_information_age" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/256990/software_factory_helps_transform_army_from_industrial_to_information_age</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">Lindsay Grant (25 May 2022) New Army application enhances equipment readiness Archived 12 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine PMCS app developed by first cohort in ASF; allows soldiers to gain access to field manuals without a CAC card, using only a cell phone. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/256992/new_army_application_enhances_equipment_readiness" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/256992/new_army_application_enhances_equipment_readiness</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">USAF Assistant Secretary of Acquisition, Chief Software Office (19 Dec 2019) SpaceCAMP Archived 24 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine USAF Software Factory <a href="https://software.af.mil/softwarefactory/spacecamp/" target="_blank">https://software.af.mil/softwarefactory/spacecamp/</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">Eversden, Andrew "Army Software Factory experiments with a new culture to unleash coders in its ranks". C4ISRNet. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2021/04/14/army-software-factory-experiments-with-a-new-culture-to-unleash-coders-in-its-ranks/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2021/04/14/army-software-factory-experiments-with-a-new-culture-to-unleash-coders-in-its-ranks/</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">Army Futures Command "STAND-TO!". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021. Army Software Factory <a href="https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/08/21/" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/08/21/</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">AI TF Artificial Intelligence Task Force Archived 24 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
US Army Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force (31 August 2020) AFC: Growing an AI-ready workforce Archived 16 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
U.S. ARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TASK FORCE (Nov 2019) U.S. ARMY FUTURES COMMAND, AREAS OF INTEREST Archived 18 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://armyfuturescommand.com/aitf/?standto" target="_blank">https://armyfuturescommand.com/aitf/?standto</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Colin Clark (8 Aug 2021) Wormuth Hints At Cuts To 35 Core Army Modernization Programs Archived 20 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/wormuth-hints-at-cuts-to-35-core-army-modernization-programs/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/wormuth-hints-at-cuts-to-35-core-army-modernization-programs/</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">Jaspreet Gill (10 March 2023) Marines teaming with Army on 3-year software factory pilot Archived 11 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine technical accelerator; 3 year pilot is to build applications; at least 50 Marines; 8 to enter the technical accelerator every 6 months; each of them in a program to accelerate modernization as product managers, designers, or software developers. The teams will learn baseline skillsets using pair programming for one-on-one mentoring, and utilization. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/marines-teaming-with-army-on-three-year-software-factory-pilot/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/marines-teaming-with-army-on-three-year-software-factory-pilot/</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">David Vergun (29 March 2018) Army network modernization efforts spearheaded by new Cross-Functional Teams. The Army conducts a network demonstration at Fort Bliss, Texas. The Army is pursuing network modernization through Cross-Functional Teams. Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-light-viewer/6613-pdfs/page-00013.pdf" target="_blank">http://apgnews.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-light-viewer/6613-pdfs/page-00013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">US Army (27 June 2018) U.S. Army to host tactical Cloud computing industry forum Archived 9 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine army.mil <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/207797/us_army_to_host_tactical_cloud_computing_industry_forum" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/207797/us_army_to_host_tactical_cloud_computing_industry_forum</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization Archived 5 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.mil <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/230394/the_army_gathers_industry_to_inspire_network_modernization" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/230394/the_army_gathers_industry_to_inspire_network_modernization</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Nathan Strout (30 Nov 2019) Can hundreds of unrelated satellites create a GPS backup? Archived 6 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2019/11/29/can-hundreds-of-unrelated-satellites-create-a-gps-backup/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2019/11/29/can-hundreds-of-unrelated-satellites-create-a-gps-backup/</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (3 August 2018) Army leveraging industry ideas to modernize network Archived 6 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/209394/army_leveraging_industry_ideas_to_modernize_network" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/209394/army_leveraging_industry_ideas_to_modernize_network</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine FLRAA

RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
first flight in the third quarter of FY24
critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
 <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/04/04/us-army-plans-to-field-a-future-long-range-assault-helicopter-by-2030/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/04/04/us-army-plans-to-field-a-future-long-range-assault-helicopter-by-2030/</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 January 2020) Army 'Fully Committed To Replacing The Bradley': Gen. McConville Archived 22 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Bradley fighting vehicle replacement is still a project
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 January 2020) Bradley Replacement: Did Army Ask For 'Unobtainium'? Archived 24 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
U.S. Army Public Affairs (16 January 2020) Army decides to cancel current OMFV solicitation Archived 14 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
U.S. Army Public Affairs (7 February 2020) Army aggressively moves forward on OMFV, seeks industry input on path forward Archived 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine "We are not releasing a prescribed set of requirements -- we are describing the problem set and giving industry the freedom to be creative and innovative in their approach" —Gen. John (Mike) Murray
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 February 2020) OMFV: Army Seeks Industry Advice On Bradley Replacement Archived 26 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-fully-committed-to-replacing-the-bradley-gen-mcconville/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-fully-committed-to-replacing-the-bradley-gen-mcconville/</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">Andrew Eversden (22 Nov 2021) Robotic vehicles, drones coordinate recon at Army's Project Convergence 21 Archived 27 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/robotic-vehicles-drones-coordinate-recon-at-armys-project-convergence-21/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/robotic-vehicles-drones-coordinate-recon-at-armys-project-convergence-21/</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Andrew Eversden (21 Oct 2022) 'Lightning in a bottle': Inside the 'Origin' of the Army's future robotic fleet Archived 26 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/lightning-in-a-bottle-inside-the-origin-of-the-armys-future-robotic-fleet/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/lightning-in-a-bottle-inside-the-origin-of-the-armys-future-robotic-fleet/</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Ben Watson (6 May 2022) Defense One Radio, Ep. 99: The role of drones in Russia's Ukraine invasion Archived 9 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/05/defense-one-radio-ep-99-role-drones-russias-ukraine-invasion/366577/" target="_blank">https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/05/defense-one-radio-ep-99-role-drones-russias-ukraine-invasion/366577/</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 Mar 2021) Army Outlines Ambitious Schedule For Robots, Armor Archived 19 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:300">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 Mar 2021) Army Outlines Ambitious Schedule For Robots, Armor Archived 19 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:301">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 Mar 2021) Army Outlines Ambitious Schedule For Robots, Armor Archived 19 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/army-outlines-ambitious-schedule-for-robots-armor/</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:302">Army.mil "Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights". www.army.mil. 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/223657/robotic_combat_vehicles_could_change_way_army_looks_fights" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/223657/robotic_combat_vehicles_could_change_way_army_looks_fights</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:303">Andrew Eversden (24 Aug 2022) Army's robotic vehicle slipped behind 'enemy' lines in European exercise Archived 25 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/08/armys-robotic-vehicle-slipped-behind-enemy-lines-in-european-exercise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/08/armys-robotic-vehicle-slipped-behind-enemy-lines-in-european-exercise/</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:304">Defense One staff (9 Sep 2022) The Army's top officer discusses the future of the force and how the six-month-old Ukraine invasion is evolving. Archived 12 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine LTG Scott McKean <a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/defense-one-radio/episode/what-lies-ahead-for-the-u-s-army-206584046" target="_blank">https://www.stitcher.com/show/defense-one-radio/episode/what-lies-ahead-for-the-u-s-army-206584046</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:305">Army Futures Command (19 Sep 2022) Project Convergence 2022 to demonstrate futuristic joint, multinational warfighting technologies Archived 22 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine inaugural PC22 Technology Gateway <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/260345/project_convergence_2022_to_demonstrate_futuristic_joint_multinational_warfighting_technologies" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/260345/project_convergence_2022_to_demonstrate_futuristic_joint_multinational_warfighting_technologies</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:306">Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (21 Sep 2022) Army to test robotic vehicles on land and sea during PC 22 Archived 5 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine AFC's McKean: JADC2 experiment to reach from continental US to Pacific: 1) establish an IAMD; 2) use Joint offensive fires; 3) examine which authorities and policies hinder the mission <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/260402/army_to_test_robotic_vehicles_on_land_and_sea_during_pc_22" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/260402/army_to_test_robotic_vehicles_on_land_and_sea_during_pc_22</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:307">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (14 Nov 2022) Can the Army's robotics programs build AI the Silicon Valley way? RCV navigation: "DIU has brokered a potentially groundbreaking contract between the Army's Robotic Combat Vehicle program and a small California firm that trains AI algorithms to navigate off-road". <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/can-the-armys-robotics-programs-build-ai-the-silicon-valley-way/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/can-the-armys-robotics-programs-build-ai-the-silicon-valley-way/</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:308">Max Boot (28 May 2023) Opinion: An Army command like no other seeks to master the future of war Archived 31 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/05/28/army-futures-command-war-innovation" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/05/28/army-futures-command-war-innovation</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">AUSA 2023 Warriors Corner: BG Stephanie Ahern, moderator (9 Oct 2023) Human Machine Integrated Formations panel Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine First fielding 2028 <a href="https://www.bitchute.com/video/6XmSOC1qKbiS/" target="_blank">https://www.bitchute.com/video/6XmSOC1qKbiS/</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:310">Ms. Karen Diane Kurtz (ASA (ALT)) and Steven Y. Lusher (JPEO CBRND PAO) (8 October 2018) ASA(ALT) Participates in U.S. Army Futures Command Panel at AUSA Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/212178/asaalt_participates_in_us_army_futures_command_panel_at_ausa" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/212178/asaalt_participates_in_us_army_futures_command_panel_at_ausa</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:311">Matthew Cox (14 Sep 2018) Head of Army Futures Command Fields Tough Questions From Congress Archived 14 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/09/14/head-army-futures-command-fields-tough-questions-congress.html" target="_blank">https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/09/14/head-army-futures-command-fields-tough-questions-congress.html</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 Sep 2018) Futures Command Won't Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress Archived 14 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/futures-command-wont-hurt-oversight-army-tells-congress/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/futures-command-wont-hurt-oversight-army-tells-congress/</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">Jaspreet Gill (4 May 2022) EXCLUSIVE: New Army directive shakes up modernization enterprise Archived 5 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">Richard Simonetti (23 April 2018) "US Army turns to new technologies" Archived 25 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine linkedin.com <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">"Acquisition process: Materiel development decision (MDD)". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. <a href="http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/acquisitions/materiel-development-decision" target="_blank">http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/acquisitions/materiel-development-decision</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">"Acquisition process: Materiel development decision (MDD)". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. <a href="http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/acquisitions/materiel-development-decision" target="_blank">http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/acquisitions/materiel-development-decision</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">Richard Simonetti (23 April 2018) "US Army turns to new technologies" Archived 25 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine linkedin.com <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">"(24 October 2019) Army Pushes 600 Programs From Acquisition To Sustainment". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">"(24 October 2019) Army Pushes 600 Programs From Acquisition To Sustainment". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">"(24 October 2019) Army Pushes 600 Programs From Acquisition To Sustainment". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">"(24 October 2019) Army Pushes 600 Programs From Acquisition To Sustainment". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">"USArmy tweet: Futures Command will have the overarching objective to achieve clear overmatch in future conflicts, making Soldiers and units more lethal to win the nation's wars, then return home safely". Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2018. <a href="https://twitter.com/USArmy/status/1012863317088653318" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/USArmy/status/1012863317088653318</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">Anthony Small Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest, US Army, 13 March 2019, archived from the original on 21 May 2020, retrieved 17 March 2019 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (25 October 2017). "Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators?". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASA(ALT) Archived 18 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine—Org Chart as of May 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine see also February 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, and 11/5/19 , as well as Org Chart as of 11/26/18
 <a href="https://www.asaalt.army.mil/" target="_blank">https://www.asaalt.army.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">Mr. Craig A. Spisak, Director, Acquisition Career Management (3 October 2018) A vigorous talent management strategy keeps the acquisition workforce prepared for threats Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/211985/a_vigorous_talent_management_strategy_keeps_the_acquisition_workforce_prepared_for_threats" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/211985/a_vigorous_talent_management_strategy_keeps_the_acquisition_workforce_prepared_for_threats</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">Jacqueline M. Hames, U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (31 January 2020) TWI: worth it Archived 21 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Training with Industry: a work-experience program for Army Acquisition officers (from captain to lieutenant colonel). "After their TWI rotation, officers are expected to identify industry best practices and implement them at their next duty station" <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/232270/twi_worth_it" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/232270/twi_worth_it</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">A sample career path here: Aviation Engineering director to SES Archived 12 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/208101/new_aviation_engineering_director_appointed_as_ses" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/208101/new_aviation_engineering_director_appointed_as_ses</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">"(1 Aug 2018) Military (Officer) Corner: Army Acquisition Centralized Selection List". Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162253/https://asc.army.mil/web/news-military-career-corner-dacm-july-2018/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162253/https://asc.army.mil/web/news-military-career-corner-dacm-july-2018/</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">"(29 Apr 2015) Army Acquisition Corps Recognized". 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/147519/army_acquisition_corps_recognized" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/147519/army_acquisition_corps_recognized</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Richard Simonetti (23 April 2018) "US Army turns to new technologies" Archived 25 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine linkedin.com <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/us-army-turns-new-technologies-richard-simonetti</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN12786_AD2018-15_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Ms. Audra Calloway (Picatinny) (19 September 2018) With new Army Futures Command, senior acquisition leader discusses role of Program Executive Offices Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/211337/with_new_army_futures_command_senior_acquisition_leader_discusses_role_of_program_executive_offices" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/211337/with_new_army_futures_command_senior_acquisition_leader_discusses_role_of_program_executive_offices</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux Archived 26 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASA(ALT) Archived 18 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine—Org Chart as of May 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine see also February 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, and 11/5/19 , as well as Org Chart as of 11/26/18
 <a href="https://www.asaalt.army.mil/" target="_blank">https://www.asaalt.army.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">Freedberg Jr, Sydney (14 August 2018). "Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (25 October 2017). "Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators?". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2017/10/can-the-pentagon-protect-young-innovators/</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">Freedberg Jr, Sydney (14 August 2018). "Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/08/inside-army-futures-command-cross-functional-teams-take-root/</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (3 April 2019) Army 'Shark Tank' enabling quick prototyping of new systems Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/219667/army_shark_tank_enabling_quick_prototyping_of_new_systems" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/219667/army_shark_tank_enabling_quick_prototyping_of_new_systems</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (6 June 2019). "Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/06/army-fields-anti-jam-gps-to-germany-this-fall/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/06/army-fields-anti-jam-gps-to-germany-this-fall/</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 July 2019) "Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command". www.army.mil. 11 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/224201/embracing_a_new_culture_at_army_futures_command</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">Jaspreet Gill (4 May 2022) EXCLUSIVE: New Army directive shakes up modernization enterprise Archived 5 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 January 2019) Bell V-280 Flies 322 MPH: Army Secretary Praises Program Archived 25 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/bell-v-280-flies-322-mph-army-secretary-praises-program/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/bell-v-280-flies-322-mph-army-secretary-praises-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.[89][90] The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.[91] <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper, ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES ARMY FUTURES COMMAND Army General order G.O.2018-10 Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper, ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES ARMY FUTURES COMMAND Army General order G.O.2018-10 Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:350">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (8 February 2019). "Army R&D Chief: 'I Don't Think We Went Far Enough' – But Futures Command Can". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:351">Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (14 June 2019) Partnering for speed: Army rapid prototyping office hosts industry open house Archived 27 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/223154/partnering_for_speed_army_rapid_prototyping_office_hosts_industry_open_house" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/223154/partnering_for_speed_army_rapid_prototyping_office_hosts_industry_open_house</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">Clark, Colin (2019-05-24) Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/army-moves-out-on-lasers-hypersonics-lt-gen-thurgood/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/army-moves-out-on-lasers-hypersonics-lt-gen-thurgood/</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">Jen Judson (13 March 2019) Army Rapid Capabilities Office is getting a new name and mission Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/03/13/army-rapid-capabilities-office-is-getting-a-new-name-and-mission/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/03/13/army-rapid-capabilities-office-is-getting-a-new-name-and-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (22 August 2018) Army Warhead Is Key To Joint Hypersonics
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-warhead-is-key-to-joint-hypersonics/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-warhead-is-key-to-joint-hypersonics/</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army's Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:356">Judson, Jen (5 June 2019). "Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons". C4ISRNet. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/</a> <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:357">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (19 March 2019) Army Sets 2023 Hypersonic Flight Test; Strategic Cannon Advances <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-sets-2023-hypersonic-flight-test-strategic-cannon-advances/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-sets-2023-hypersonic-flight-test-strategic-cannon-advances/</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">Sydney J Freedberg (2 Oct 2020) Army Tripled OTA Prototyping To $4.8B In Just 3 Years: GAO Archived 5 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-tripled-prototyping-to-4-8b-in-just-3-years-gao/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-tripled-prototyping-to-4-8b-in-just-3-years-gao/</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:359">"Team White Sands Organizations". www.wsmr.army.mil. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203200750/https://www.wsmr.army.mil/testcenter/twso/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191203200750/https://www.wsmr.army.mil/testcenter/twso/Pages/default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:360">Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf section 20-2a, p.27 <a href="#fnref:360" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:361">For example,
Request for ATEC Acquisition Support Form Archived 27 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
or Rapid evaluation of a capability
or Private industry test
 <a href="https://www.atec.army.mil/downloads/RFAS%20Acquisition%20Form%20(Help).pdf" target="_blank">https://www.atec.army.mil/downloads/RFAS%20Acquisition%20Form%20(Help).pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:362">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (8 February 2019). "Army R&D Chief: 'I Don't Think We Went Far Enough' – But Futures Command Can". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:362" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:363">"(January 2011) Implementing Acquisition Reform: The Decker-Wagner Army Acquisition Review". Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2019. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA546200" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA546200</a> <a href="#fnref:363" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:364">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (8 February 2019). "Army R&D Chief: 'I Don't Think We Went Far Enough' – But Futures Command Can". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:364" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:365">"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (4 February 2019) CCDC Research Laboratory". Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2019. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/157850/ccdc_research_laboratory" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/157850/ccdc_research_laboratory</a> <a href="#fnref:365" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:366">Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper, ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES ARMY FUTURES COMMAND Army General order G.O.2018-10 Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:366" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:367">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (8 February 2019). "Army R&D Chief: 'I Don't Think We Went Far Enough' – But Futures Command Can". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/02/army-rd-chief-i-dont-think-we-went-far-enough-but-futures-command-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:368">Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine References Decker-Wagner 2011 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:368" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:369">Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, CG RDECOM (25 September 2018) RDECOM's road map to modernizing the Army: Long-range precision fires Archived 6 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine First in a series <a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" target="_blank">/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins</a> <a href="#fnref:369" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:370">Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, CG RDECOM (25 September 2018) RDECOM's road map to modernizing the Army: Long-range precision fires Archived 6 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine First in a series <a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" target="_blank">/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins</a> <a href="#fnref:370" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:371">"Argie Sarantinos-Perrin (17 October 2018) RDECOM at the forefront of creating a more modern, lethal Army". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/212548/rdecom_at_the_forefront_of_creating_a_more_modern_lethal_army" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/212548/rdecom_at_the_forefront_of_creating_a_more_modern_lethal_army</a> <a href="#fnref:371" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:372">Freedberg, Jr. (31 Jan 2019) Army Completes Biggest Reorg In 45 Years: Can Futures Command End Weapons Disasters? Archived 12 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine "... another thing we've not done very well—is doing the prototyping and experimentation with soldiers from the beginning, so we got soldier input into a program before it ever becomes a program of record" —Gen. 'Mike' Murray <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/can-futures-command-end-acquisition-disasters-as-army-completes-biggest-reorg-since-1973" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/can-futures-command-end-acquisition-disasters-as-army-completes-biggest-reorg-since-1973</a> <a href="#fnref:372" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:373">Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine References Decker-Wagner 2011 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:373" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:374">"Get that moving truck ready". www.army.mil. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/212251/get_that_moving_truck_ready" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/212251/get_that_moving_truck_ready</a> <a href="#fnref:374" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:375">"US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". www.army.mil. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/197886/us_army_futures_command_to_reform_modernization_says_secretary_of_the_army" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/197886/us_army_futures_command_to_reform_modernization_says_secretary_of_the_army</a> <a href="#fnref:375" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:376">"The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley</a> <a href="#fnref:376" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:377">JP-1 Archived 26 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine p.xxi has the definition of operational control (OPCON). Note that "command authority may not be delegated" (COCOM being command authority). p.xxii has the definition of administrative control (ADCON): one application being coordinating authority.
see also C. Berry (3 May 2010) Understanding OPCON Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. (COCOM is the legal authority of a combatant commander (CCDR).) OPCON, on the other hand, "is derived from the authorities of COCOM and delineated in JP-1".
 <a href="http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp1_ch1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp1_ch1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:378">AUSA 2018 CMF #1: Army Futures Command Unifies Force Modernization Archived 11 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine DVIDS video of panelists Gen. Murray, Sec. McCarthy, Dr. Jette, and Trae Stephens <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/631508/ausa-2018-cmf-1-army-futures-command-unifies-force-modernization" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/631508/ausa-2018-cmf-1-army-futures-command-unifies-force-modernization</a> <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:379">Trae Stephens (6 Jun 2022) Rebooting the arsenal of democracy Archived 6 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine 4 principles for the new defense companies <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/06/rebooting-the-arsenal-of-democracy/" target="_blank">https://warontherocks.com/2022/06/rebooting-the-arsenal-of-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:380">"Army Futures Command Press Conference". DVIDS. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2021. <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/621108/army-futures-command-press-conference" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/621108/army-futures-command-press-conference</a> <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:381">Federal News Radio Army has picked a location for its new Futures Command, but now comes the hard part Archived 2 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://federalnewsradio.com/on-dod/2018/08/the-army-has-picked-a-location-for-its-new-futures-command-but-now-comes-the-hard-part/" target="_blank">https://federalnewsradio.com/on-dod/2018/08/the-army-has-picked-a-location-for-its-new-futures-command-but-now-comes-the-hard-part/</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:382">Association of the United States Army (AUSA): Scott R. Gourley (Friday, 13 January 2017) CLOSING THE CAPABILITIES GAP: SEVEN THINGS THE ARMY NEEDS FOR A WINNING FUTURE Archived 15 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army" target="_blank">/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army</a> <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:383">Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine References Decker-Wagner 2011 <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6391_AD2017-33_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:384">Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets Archived 3 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
'6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
No new requirements once an increment is started.
Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
 <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Army-Futures/</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:385">United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report: GAO-17-457 (Jun 2017) ARMY CONTRACTING Leadership Lacks Information Needed to Evaluate and Improve Operations Archived 10 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685425.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685425.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:386">"Building the Army of the future". www.army.mil. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/208403/building_the_army_of_the_future" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/208403/building_the_army_of_the_future</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:387">Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASA(ALT) Archived 18 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine—Org Chart as of May 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine see also February 2020 Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, and 11/5/19 , as well as Org Chart as of 11/26/18
 <a href="https://www.asaalt.army.mil/" target="_blank">https://www.asaalt.army.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:388">Hannah Wiley (6 April 2018) Program cuts likely under Army secretary's new Futures Command Archived 7 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.upi.com/Program-cuts-likely-under-Army-secretarys-new-Futures-Command/6821522958394/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Program-cuts-likely-under-Army-secretarys-new-Futures-Command/6821522958394/</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:389">Jen Judson (17 July 2018) US Army asks Congress to shift millions in FY18 dollars. What's behind the request? Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/07/17/army-asks-congress-to-shift-millions-in-fy18-dollars-to-pay-for-big-modernization-efforts/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/07/17/army-asks-congress-to-shift-millions-in-fy18-dollars-to-pay-for-big-modernization-efforts/</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:390">Sydney Freedberg (29 August 2018) Army Futures Command: $100M, 500 Staff, & Access To Top Leaders Archived 31 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-futures-command-100m-500-staff-access-to-top-leaders/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-futures-command-100m-500-staff-access-to-top-leaders/</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:391">David Vergun (5 September 2018) Richardson confirmed as Futures Command deputy commander Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:392">David Vergun (5 September 2018) Richardson confirmed as Futures Command deputy commander Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/210734/richardson_confirmed_as_futures_command_deputy_commander</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:393">FY2021 budget request: Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (13 February 2020) Army budget request eyes $2B boost for modernization Archived 13 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
$10.6 billion for modernization in 2021 request, up from $8.5 billion in 2020
LRPF: $1700 million
FVL: $514 million
OMFV: $328 million
MPF: $135 million
LTAMDS: $376 million
IFPC $236 million
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/232642/army_budget_request_eyes_2b_boost_for_modernization" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/232642/army_budget_request_eyes_2b_boost_for_modernization</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:394">Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:395">Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:396">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 January 2020) Army To Navy: Hey, We Already Get Less $$ Than You Archived 16 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Army: 26.6%; Navy: 28.7%; Air Force: 28.5%; Other: 16.3% <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-to-navy-hey-we-already-get-less-than-you/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-to-navy-hey-we-already-get-less-than-you/</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:397">Scott Maucione (19 July 2019) Army Futures Command fully operational, dinged by GAO on announcement Archived 3 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2019/07/army-futures-command-fully-operational-dinged-by-gao-on-announcement/" target="_blank">https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2019/07/army-futures-command-fully-operational-dinged-by-gao-on-announcement/</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:398">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (7 February 2020) Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace' Archived 9 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/232408/vice_chief_of_staff_speed_of_modernization_no_longer_at_glacial_pace" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/232408/vice_chief_of_staff_speed_of_modernization_no_longer_at_glacial_pace</a> <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:399">Kern Life Cycle Management Command (LCMC) 2004 Archived 30 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2005/050100-management.htm" target="_blank">https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2005/050100-management.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:400">Ed Worley (1 October 2018) Two contracting centers achieve full operational capability Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/211858/two_contracting_centers_achieve_full_operational_capability" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/211858/two_contracting_centers_achieve_full_operational_capability</a> <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:401">JP-1 Archived 26 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine p.xxi has the definition of operational control (OPCON). Note that "command authority may not be delegated" (COCOM being command authority). p.xxii has the definition of administrative control (ADCON): one application being coordinating authority.
see also C. Berry (3 May 2010) Understanding OPCON Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. (COCOM is the legal authority of a combatant commander (CCDR).) OPCON, on the other hand, "is derived from the authorities of COCOM and delineated in JP-1".
 <a href="http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp1_ch1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp1_ch1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:401" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:402">United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report: GAO-17-457 (Jun 2017) ARMY CONTRACTING Leadership Lacks Information Needed to Evaluate and Improve Operations Archived 10 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685425.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685425.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:402" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:403">"(24 October 2019) Army Pushes 600 Programs From Acquisition To Sustainment". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-pushes-600-programs-from-acquisition-to-sustainment/</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:404">Jaspreet Gill (4 May 2022) EXCLUSIVE: New Army directive shakes up modernization enterprise Archived 5 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/exclusive-new-army-directive-shakes-up-modernization-enterprise/</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:405">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:406">Jon Harper (3 April 2020) COVID-19 NEWS: Army Trying to Mitigate Disruptions for Top Modernization Programs Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Devon Suits, Army News Service (7 April 2020) Army looks to keep critical modernization programs on schedule Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine "800 acquisition, logistics, and technology-related programs and nearly 35 key modernization priorities"
Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (23 April 2020) COVID-19 Won't Slow New Army Weapons: McCarthy, Murray, Jette Archived 27 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Subcontractors are holding to their schedules when making up for COVID-19 shutdowns
 <a href="https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/4/3/army-trying-to-mitigate-disruptions-for-top-modernization-programs" target="_blank">https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/4/3/army-trying-to-mitigate-disruptions-for-top-modernization-programs</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:407">US Army (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development) Archived 27 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:408">Scott Maucione (14 Sep 2018) Army leaders ask for trust in lieu of metrics for Futures Command Archived 17 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://federalnewsradio.com/army/2018/09/army-leaders-ask-for-trust-in-lieu-of-metrics-for-futures-command/" target="_blank">https://federalnewsradio.com/army/2018/09/army-leaders-ask-for-trust-in-lieu-of-metrics-for-futures-command/</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:409">The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use subject-matter experts (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using CFTs for:

Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:426">Mr. Kinsey Kiriakos (ASA (ALT)) (20 November 2019) Army Acquisition Leaders Must "Speak Truth To Power" MTA and OTA <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/230122/army_acquisition_leaders_must_speak_truth_to_power" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/230122/army_acquisition_leaders_must_speak_truth_to_power</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:427">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (27 Feb 2023) Rapid updates, flexible authorities key for modern combat, says Army acquisition chief Use DOD Instruction 5000.87 for Software Pathway (SWP) acquisition process, under middle tier acquisition authority. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/rapid-updates-flexible-authorities-key-for-modern-combat-says-army-acquisition-chief/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/rapid-updates-flexible-authorities-key-for-modern-combat-says-army-acquisition-chief/</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:428">Jen Judson (26 March 2018) The next Army program executive office will be the Rapid Capabilities Office <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2018/03/26/the-next-army-program-executive-office-will-be-the-rapid-capabilities-office/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2018/03/26/the-next-army-program-executive-office-will-be-the-rapid-capabilities-office/</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:429">Jen Judson (7 Oct 2018) Army Rapid Capabilities Office realigned to focus on top modernization priorities <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/07/army-rapid-capabilities-office-realigned-to-focus-on-top-modernization-priorities/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/07/army-rapid-capabilities-office-realigned-to-focus-on-top-modernization-priorities/</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:430">RCO RCCTO (2019) Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office <a href="https://archive.today/20210601024446/https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20210601024446/https://rapidcapabilitiesoffice.army.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:431">Phil Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (7 August 2019) Army Futures Command charts a campaign plan No uniforms <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225458/army_futures_command_charts_a_campaign_plan" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225458/army_futures_command_charts_a_campaign_plan</a> <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:432">Judson, Jen (26 February 2018). "US Army's war-gaming is under-resourced, three-star says". Defense News. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/02/26/armys-conceptual-experimentation-is-under-resourced-three-star-says/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/02/26/armys-conceptual-experimentation-is-under-resourced-three-star-says/</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:433">Phil Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (7 August 2019) Army Futures Command charts a campaign plan No uniforms <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/225458/army_futures_command_charts_a_campaign_plan" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/225458/army_futures_command_charts_a_campaign_plan</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:434">Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond (28 Feb 2020) America's future battle network is key to multidomain defense JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force" <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/</a> <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:435">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (14 Oct 2020) Army Seeks Open Architecture For All Air & Ground Systems: Jette In the spirit of MOSA, JADC2, & Project convergence:
Army Common Operating Environment (COE)
C5ISR/EW Modular Open Suite of Standards (CMOSS)
Future Air-Borne Capability Environment (FACE)
Integrated Sensor Architecture (ISA)
Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA)
Vehicle Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY)
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-seeks-open-architecture-for-all-air-ground-systems-jette/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-seeks-open-architecture-for-all-air-ground-systems-jette/</a> <a href="#fnref:435" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:436">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (14 Nov 2022) Can the Army's robotics programs build AI the Silicon Valley way? RCV navigation: "DIU has brokered a potentially groundbreaking contract between the Army's Robotic Combat Vehicle program and a small California firm that trains AI algorithms to navigate off-road". <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/can-the-armys-robotics-programs-build-ai-the-silicon-valley-way/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/can-the-armys-robotics-programs-build-ai-the-silicon-valley-way/</a> <a href="#fnref:436" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:437">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (13 Nov 2020) QinetiQ Delivers Armed Scout Robot To Army: RCV-L uses UGV Interoperability Profile <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/qinetiq-delivers-armed-scout-robot-to-army-rcv-l/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/qinetiq-delivers-armed-scout-robot-to-army-rcv-l/</a> <a href="#fnref:437" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:438">Katherine Spivey and Wendy Wagner-Smith (19 May 2021) Positioning Yourself as a Plain Language Editor <a href="https://digital.gov/event/2021/05/19/positioning-yourself-as-a-plain-language-editor/" target="_blank">https://digital.gov/event/2021/05/19/positioning-yourself-as-a-plain-language-editor/</a> <a href="#fnref:438" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:439">Headquarters, Department of the Army (1 October 2022) FM 3-0 OPERATIONS 280 pages <a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN36290-FM_3-0-000-WEB-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN36290-FM_3-0-000-WEB-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:439" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:440">AUSA 2022 (10 Oct 2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow's Fight Office of the Chief of Public Affairs <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight</a> <a href="#fnref:440" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:441">"Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War". www.armyupress.army.mil. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/" target="_blank">https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/</a> <a href="#fnref:441" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:442">Andrew Feickert, Specialist in Military Ground Forces, Congressional Research Service (CRS) (31 May 2022) The Army's Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF) report IF11797 <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11797" target="_blank">https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11797</a> <a href="#fnref:442" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:443">Christine Wormuth (10.11.2021) AUSA 2021 <a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" target="_blank">/wiki/Christine_Wormuth</a> <a href="#fnref:443" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:444">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/</a> <a href="#fnref:444" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:445">Jen Judson (31 July 2023) Army Futures Command drafting next operating concept Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/07/31/army-futures-command-drafting-next-operating-concept/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/07/31/army-futures-command-drafting-next-operating-concept/</a> <a href="#fnref:445" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:446">The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[418] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[419] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[420]: diagram on p.559 [156][419]
The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[420]
The resources are "dictated by Congress".[419]
A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[421]
A JCIDS/ACIDS[422] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
Staff uses Synchronization meetings[423]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[420]: p.3-1 
A budget request is submitted to Congress.
Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
 <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/g357/</a> <a href="#fnref:446" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:447">U.S. Department of Defense (28 Aug 2023) Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks Keynote Address: 'The Urgency to Innovate' (As Delivered) Replicator, introduced at the "NDIA Emerging Technologies for Defense Conference"— Replicator is meant to overcome PRC's mass with AI en masse
Brandi Vincent (28 Aug 2023) Hicks unveils DOD's new 'Replicator' initiative to counter China via autonomous tech
 <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech/Article/3507156/deputy-secretary-of-defense-kathleen-hicks-keynote-address-the-urgency-to-innov/" target="_blank">https://www.defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech/Article/3507156/deputy-secretary-of-defense-kathleen-hicks-keynote-address-the-urgency-to-innov/</a> <a href="#fnref:447" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:448">Munitions such as PrSM will need to fire and then move, at targets on the move.[331][332] <a href="#fnref:448" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:449">Breaking Defense A series on: Army Strategic Fires <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/tag/army-strategic-fires/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/tag/army-strategic-fires/</a> <a href="#fnref:449" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:450">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles? INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:450" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:451">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (22 August 2018) Army Warhead Is Key To Joint Hypersonics
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-warhead-is-key-to-joint-hypersonics/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/army-warhead-is-key-to-joint-hypersonics/</a> <a href="#fnref:451" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:452">Loren Thompson (7 Aug 2020) Army breakthroughs in Long-range fires raise novel questions about targeting, organization, and command about SLRC, a long-barrelled cannon which uses GPS-guided munitions <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2020/08/07/army-breakthroughs-in-long-range-fires-raise-novel-questions-about-targeting-organization--command/#565a921b6d7b" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2020/08/07/army-breakthroughs-in-long-range-fires-raise-novel-questions-about-targeting-organization--command/#565a921b6d7b</a> <a href="#fnref:452" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:453">Matthew Cox (14 September 2018) The Army is developing a new strategic cannon to devastate targets over 1,000 miles away <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-seeks-strategic-cannon-that-can-fire-a-round-over-1000-miles-2018-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/army-seeks-strategic-cannon-that-can-fire-a-round-over-1000-miles-2018-9</a> <a href="#fnref:453" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:454">Sean Gallagher (10/15/2019) Bringing in the big gun: Army paves way for "strategic cannon"
Defense Updates (4 Feb 2019) U.S ARMY'S SUPER GUN - STRATEGIC LONG RANGE CANNON (SLRC) Smaller GPS-enabled shells.
 <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/10/army-aims-to-test-extreme-long-range-strategic-cannon/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/10/army-aims-to-test-extreme-long-range-strategic-cannon/</a> <a href="#fnref:454" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:455">Sean Gallagher (10/15/2019) Bringing in the big gun: Army paves way for "strategic cannon"
Defense Updates (4 Feb 2019) U.S ARMY'S SUPER GUN - STRATEGIC LONG RANGE CANNON (SLRC) Smaller GPS-enabled shells.
 <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/10/army-aims-to-test-extreme-long-range-strategic-cannon/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/10/army-aims-to-test-extreme-long-range-strategic-cannon/</a> <a href="#fnref:455" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:456">Judson, Jen (15 October 2019). "Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle". Defense News. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/</a> <a href="#fnref:456" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:457">Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) US Army terminates science and technology effort for strategic long-range cannon <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/05/23/us-army-terminates-strategic-long-range-cannon-science-and-technology-effort/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/05/23/us-army-terminates-strategic-long-range-cannon-science-and-technology-effort/</a> <a href="#fnref:457" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:458">Eric Kowal (August 27, 2020) By Improving Artillery Shells, Picatinny Engineers Seek to Greatly Extend Range of Cannon Artillery <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/238532/by_improving_artillery_shells_picatinny_engineers_seek_to_greatly_extend_range_of_cannon_artillery" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/238532/by_improving_artillery_shells_picatinny_engineers_seek_to_greatly_extend_range_of_cannon_artillery</a> <a href="#fnref:458" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:459">Richard P. Hansen, Scranton Army Ammunition Plant (August 19, 2020) Scranton Army Ammunition Plant Manufactures and Ships Large-Caliber Ammunition Metal Parts <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/238269/scranton_army_ammunition_plant_manufactures_and_ships_large_caliber_ammunition_metal_parts" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/238269/scranton_army_ammunition_plant_manufactures_and_ships_large_caliber_ammunition_metal_parts</a> <a href="#fnref:459" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:460">Ashley Rocque (11 Mar 2024) Army’s $186B budget request shuffles artillery, aviation plans <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-budget-request-2025-biden-pentagon-how-much-does-the-army-spend/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/army-budget-request-2025-biden-pentagon-how-much-does-the-army-spend/</a> <a href="#fnref:460" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:461">Ashley Rocque (26 Mar 2024) Towed artillery has reached 'end of the effectiveness', Army four-star declares Rainey <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/towed-artillery-has-reached-end-of-the-effectiveness-army-four-star-declares/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/towed-artillery-has-reached-end-of-the-effectiveness-army-four-star-declares/</a> <a href="#fnref:461" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:462">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (19 March 2019) Army Sets 2023 Hypersonic Flight Test; Strategic Cannon Advances <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-sets-2023-hypersonic-flight-test-strategic-cannon-advances/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/army-sets-2023-hypersonic-flight-test-strategic-cannon-advances/</a> <a href="#fnref:462" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:463">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army's Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:463" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:464">Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs: (SEPTEMBER 4, 2019) Target Mensuration course: Bulldog Brigade trains target acquisition with precision Target Mensuration Only (TMO) Including TMO in a unit training plan
Maj. Anthony Clas (28 August 2019) Bulldog Brigade Trains Target Acquisition with Precision
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226393/bulldog_brigade_trains_target_acquisition_with_precision" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226393/bulldog_brigade_trains_target_acquisition_with_precision</a> <a href="#fnref:464" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:465">Lacdan, Joe (19 June 2019). "Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense" (PDF). Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:465" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:466">Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations</a> <a href="#fnref:466" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:467">Monica K. Guthrie, LRPF communications director (9 October 2019) Army Futures Command gains new general <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/228330/army_futures_command_gains_new_general" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/228330/army_futures_command_gains_new_general</a> <a href="#fnref:467" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:468">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army's Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/aiming-the-armys-thousand-mile-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:468" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:469">Daniel Cebul (8 Oct 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army-looks-to-a-future-of-integrated-fire/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army-looks-to-a-future-of-integrated-fire/</a> <a href="#fnref:469" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:470">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires For use in I2CEWS battalion of a Multi-domain task force <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/228867/titan_system_being_developed_to_tie_deep_sensing_to_long_range_fires" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/228867/titan_system_being_developed_to_tie_deep_sensing_to_long_range_fires</a> <a href="#fnref:470" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:471">Sandra Erwin (19 April 2021) U.S. Army approves plans for a future 'tactical space layer' "tactical space layer will be integrated with an existing ground station called Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN)" <a href="https://spacenews.com/u-s-army-approves-plans-for-a-future-tactical-space-layer/" target="_blank">https://spacenews.com/u-s-army-approves-plans-for-a-future-tactical-space-layer/</a> <a href="#fnref:471" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:472">Scott McKean (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Army Futures Command Concept for Command and Control - Pursuing decision dominance AFCC-C2 is the future communications network. 14 Jul 2021 see: FUTURES AND CONCEPTS CENTER resources <a href="/wiki/Scott_McKean" target="_blank">/wiki/Scott_McKean</a> <a href="#fnref:472" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:473">TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 Archived 28 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." Link moved here Archived 19 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:473" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:474">Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4</a> <a href="#fnref:474" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:475">Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
NavWar
 <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities</a> <a href="#fnref:475" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:476">ARL Public Affairs (16 October 2018) Researchers develop technique to locate robots, Soldiers in GPS-challenged environments <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/212459/researchers_develop_technique_to_locate_robots_soldiers_in_gps_challenged_environments" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/212459/researchers_develop_technique_to_locate_robots_soldiers_in_gps_challenged_environments</a> <a href="#fnref:476" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:477">Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (10 June 2019) Army leaders: Space tech crucial to future combat <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/222936/army_leaders_space_tech_crucial_to_future_combat" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/222936/army_leaders_space_tech_crucial_to_future_combat</a> <a href="#fnref:477" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:478">ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:478" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:479">ASA(ALT) (2018) Weapon Systems Handbook update Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.
By Modernization priority
By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely—°Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.[52][27][54][55][41]
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:479" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:480">"Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing Cross Functional Team Assessment Exercise, 1-16 Aug 2019, WSMR". rfpdb.com. <a href="http://www.rfpdb.com/view/document/name/Assured-Positioning%2C-Navigation-and-Timing-Cross-Functional-Team-Assessment-Exercise_PNT%7CASSESSMENT%7CEXERCISE" target="_blank">http://www.rfpdb.com/view/document/name/Assured-Positioning%2C-Navigation-and-Timing-Cross-Functional-Team-Assessment-Exercise_PNT%7CASSESSMENT%7CEXERCISE</a> <a href="#fnref:480" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:481">Positioning, Navigation and Timing Assessment Exercise (PNTAX) <a href="#fnref:481" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:482">Koester, Jonathan (4 September 2019). "Army, JMC assess new navigation, positioning systems. Wearable A-PN". fortissbugle.com. Joint Modernization Command Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904235349/https://fortblissbugle.com/2019/09/04/army-jmc-assess-new-navigation-positioning-systems/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190904235349/https://fortblissbugle.com/2019/09/04/army-jmc-assess-new-navigation-positioning-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:482" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:483">ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:484">ASA(ALT) (2018) Weapon Systems Handbook update Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.
By Modernization priority
By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely—°Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.[52][27][54][55][41]
 <a href="/wiki/ASA(ALT)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASA(ALT)</a> <a href="#fnref:484" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:485">Mark Pomerleau (28 March 2019) If GPS goes out, the Army now has a requirement for that <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2019/03/29/if-gps-goes-out-the-army-now-has-a-requirement-for-that/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2019/03/29/if-gps-goes-out-the-army-now-has-a-requirement-for-that/</a> <a href="#fnref:485" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:486">Caitlin O'Neill, APNT CFT Public Affairs (23 August 2019) APNT CFT Hosts First Annual Assessment Exercise <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226186/apnt_cft_hosts_first_annual_assessment_exercise" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226186/apnt_cft_hosts_first_annual_assessment_exercise</a> <a href="#fnref:486" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:487">Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (6 June 2019). "Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/06/army-fields-anti-jam-gps-to-germany-this-fall/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/06/army-fields-anti-jam-gps-to-germany-this-fall/</a> <a href="#fnref:487" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:488">Thomas Brading, Army News Service (7 October 2019) Army fields anti-jam GPS, plans for thousands more by 2028 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/228236/army_fields_anti_jam_gps_plans_for_thousands_more_by_2028" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/228236/army_fields_anti_jam_gps_plans_for_thousands_more_by_2028</a> <a href="#fnref:488" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:489">Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (17 June 2019) Futures Command looks to enable plug-and-play PNT across Army platforms <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/223236/futures_command_looks_to_enable_plug_and_play_pnt_across_army_platforms" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/223236/futures_command_looks_to_enable_plug_and_play_pnt_across_army_platforms</a> <a href="#fnref:489" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:490">Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
Theresa Hitchens (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/</a> <a href="#fnref:490" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:491">Nathan Strout (30 Nov 2019) Can hundreds of unrelated satellites create a GPS backup? Archived 6 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2019/11/29/can-hundreds-of-unrelated-satellites-create-a-gps-backup/" target="_blank">https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2019/11/29/can-hundreds-of-unrelated-satellites-create-a-gps-backup/</a> <a href="#fnref:491" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:492">Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (10 March 2020) Army looks to leverage 'low Earth orbit' satellites: LEO satellites orbit 100-1200 miles above Earth <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/233587/army_looks_to_leverage_low_earth_orbit_satellites" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/233587/army_looks_to_leverage_low_earth_orbit_satellites</a> <a href="#fnref:492" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:493">CCDC Army Research Laboratory (29 August 2019) Army scientists discover a new way for robots to exchange directed messages <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/226447/army_scientists_discover_a_new_way_for_robots_to_exchange_directed_messages" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/226447/army_scientists_discover_a_new_way_for_robots_to_exchange_directed_messages</a> <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:494">Kim, M., Pallecchi, E., Ge, R. et al. (2020) Analogue switches made from boron nitride monolayers for application in 5G and terahertz communication systems. Nature Electron https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0416-x
U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (May 26, 2020) New 5G switch provides 50 times more energy efficiency than currently exists
 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-020-0416-x" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-020-0416-x</a> <a href="#fnref:494" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:495">Todd South (20 Nov 2020) New Army research breakthrough could lead to more powerful lasers 
David J. Pine is investigator for ARO, using colloids of microscopic spheres which can assemble bottom-up into promising structures.
Mingxin He, Johnathon P. Gales, Étienne Ducrot, Zhe Gong, Gi-Ra Yi, Stefano Sacanna, & David J. Pine (23 Sep 2020) Colloidal diamond
 <a href="https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/11/20/new-army-research-breakthrough-could-lead-to-more-powerful-lasers/" target="_blank">https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/11/20/new-army-research-breakthrough-could-lead-to-more-powerful-lasers/</a> <a href="#fnref:495" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:496">Michael Howard (11 September 2020) Technology Providing Navigation in GPS-Denied Environment wins Grand Prize in xTechSearch Competition <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/238979/technology_providing_navigation_in_gps_denied_environment_wins_grand_prize_in_xtechsearch_competition" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/238979/technology_providing_navigation_in_gps_denied_environment_wins_grand_prize_in_xtechsearch_competition</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:497">Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles? INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:498">Lacdan, Joe (19 June 2019). "Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense" (PDF). Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:498" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:499">Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:500">Sydney J Freedberg Jr.Iron Dome Doesn't Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical, breakingdefense.com, 5 March 2020 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/iron-dome-doesnt-work-for-army-gen-murray/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/iron-dome-doesnt-work-for-army-gen-murray/</a> <a href="#fnref:500" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:501">Jen Judson (27 March 2019) Army debuts missile defense framework in move to counter drones, hypersonic threats <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2019/03/27/army-debuts-new-missile-defense-strategy-to-address-emerging-threats/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/global-force-symposium/2019/03/27/army-debuts-new-missile-defense-strategy-to-address-emerging-threats/</a> <a href="#fnref:501" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:502">Paul McLeary (17 January 2019) Missile Defense Review a Multi-Billion IOU to White House <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/missile-defense-review-a-multi-billion-iou-to-white-house/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/missile-defense-review-a-multi-billion-iou-to-white-house/</a> <a href="#fnref:502" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:503">Miles Brown (5 July 2019) Aviation, missile commander addresses workforce CG Todd Royar's statement of his expectations
Lisa Simanuci, Aviation and Missile Command Public Affairs (27 Nov 2019) Field grade officers hear general's perspective —Maj. Gen. Todd Royar's talk at the Command and General Staff School
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/224156/aviation_missile_commander_addresses_workforce" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/224156/aviation_missile_commander_addresses_workforce</a> <a href="#fnref:503" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:504">PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE MISSILES AND SPACE (2018) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Program Overview Archived 23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/IAMD/AIAMD%20Web%20Brief.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/IAMD/AIAMD%20Web%20Brief.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:505">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (1 October 2018) Army Awards Northrop $289M For IBCS Missile Defense Network
 <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/army-gives-northrop-289m-for-ibcs-missile-defense-network/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/army-gives-northrop-289m-for-ibcs-missile-defense-network/</a> <a href="#fnref:505" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:506">Lacdan, Joe (19 June 2019). "Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense" (PDF). Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:506" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:507">Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps
 <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations</a> <a href="#fnref:507" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:508">Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/218504/fy20_budget_to_boost_air_missile_defense" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/218504/fy20_budget_to_boost_air_missile_defense</a> <a href="#fnref:508" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:509">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)

United States Army Futures Command open-in-new

United States Army Futures Command