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OpenWrt
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The OpenWrt project was started in 2004 after <a href="/facts/Linksys/esfo3sCF">Linksys</a> had built the <a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">firmware</a> for their <a href="/facts/Linksys_WRT54G_series/pftXSlBt">WRT54G series</a> of wireless routers with code licensed under the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Under the terms of that license, Linksys was required to make the source code of its modified version available under the same license,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> which enabled independent developers to create derivative versions. Support was originally limited to the WRT54G series, but has since been expanded to include many other routers and devices from many different manufacturers. </p><p>Using this code as a base and later as a reference, developers created a <a href="/facts/Linux_distribution/0vVl4N4f">Linux distribution</a> that offers many features not previously found in consumer-level routers. Early on some features required proprietary software. For example, prior to OpenWrt 8.09 (based on Linux 2.6.25 and the b43 kernel module) WLAN for many <a href="/facts/Broadcom/pbh0q7ht">Broadcom</a>-based routers could only be had via the proprietary wl.o module (and which required Linux 2.4.x). </p><p>OpenWrt releases were historically named after cocktails, such as <a href="/facts/White_Russian_(cocktail)/pLfCXvIh">White Russian</a>, <a href="/facts/Kamikaze_(cocktail)/XWxW7Nyn">Kamikaze</a>, Backfire, Attitude Adjustment, Barrier Breaker and Chaos Calmer, and their recipes were included in the <a href="/facts/Motd_(Unix)/Gtf3qlyk">message of the day (motd)</a> displayed after logging in using the <a href="/facts/Command-line_interface/R9JpGmXQ">command-line interface</a>. </p><p>In May 2016, OpenWrt was forked by a group of core OpenWrt contributors due to disagreements on internal process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The fork was dubbed Linux Embedded Development Environment (LEDE). The schism was reconciled a year later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Following the remerger, announced in January 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> the OpenWrt branding is preserved, with many of the LEDE processes and rules used. The LEDE project name was used for v17.01, with development versions of 18.01 branded OpenWrt, dropping the original cocktail based naming scheme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Releases</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Version (Code name)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th><th>General availability</th><th>Kernel</th><th>Latest minor version</th><th>Latest release date</th><th>Projected EoL<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/C_standard_library/qdG1nW2c">libc</a></th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>first Stable Release</td><td>2004-01</td><td>?</td><td colspan="3">—</td><td rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/UClibc/gky2euH0">uClibc</a></td><td>Based on <a href="/facts/Linksys/esfo3sCF">Linksys</a> GPL sources for <a href="/facts/WRT54G/pftXSlBt">WRT54G</a> and a buildroot from the uClibc project</td></tr><tr><td>0.9 (White Russian)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>2007-02-05</td><td>2.4.30</td><td colspan="3">—</td><td>NVRAM-based, nas, wl. Supported platform: brcm-2.4.</td></tr><tr><td>7.06 (Kamikaze)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>2007-06-02</td><td>2.6.19</td><td>7.09<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>2007-09-30</td><td>Does not appear</td><td>Using opkg. Supported platforms: atheros-2.6, au1000-2.6, brcm-2.4, brcm47xx-2.6, ixp4xx-2.6, imagicbox-2.6, rb532-2.6 and x86-2.6.</td></tr><tr><td>8.09 (Kamikaze)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>2009-02-19</td><td>2.6.26</td><td>8.09.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>2010-01-10</td><td>Does not appear</td><td>New platform: ar71xx.</td></tr><tr><td>10.03 (Backfire)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>2010-04-07</td><td>2.6.32</td><td>10.03.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>2011-12-21</td><td>Does not appear</td><td>Supported platforms: adm5120_mips, adm5120_mipsel, ar7, ar71xx, atheros, <a href="/facts/Alchemy_(microarchitecture)/JNcE8qpM">au1000</a>, avr32, brcm-2.4, brcm47xx, brcm63xx, cobalt, ep80579, ifxmips, ixp4xx, kirkwood, octeon, orion, ppc40x, ppc44x, rb532, rdc, x86 and <a href="/facts/XBurst_(microarchitecture)/c71BoAld">xburst</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>12.09 (Attitude Adjustment)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>2013-04-25</td><td>3.3.8</td><td colspan="3">—</td><td><a href="/facts/CoDel/kN2yzg4P">CoDel</a> (<a href="/facts/Network_scheduler/7URA71LE">network scheduler</a>) backported from Linux 3.5 to 3.3. New platforms: ramips, <a href="/facts/Raspberry_Pi/Ie6Lx9n5">bcm2708 (Raspberry Pi)</a> and others.</td></tr><tr><td>14.07 (Barrier Breaker)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>2014-10-02</td><td>3.10.49</td><td colspan="3">—</td><td>New platforms: <a href="/facts/I.MX/vy54xSxs">i.MX23</a>, <a href="/facts/I.MX/vy54xSxs">i.MX6</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>15.05 (Chaos Calmer)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>2015-09-11</td><td>3.18.20</td><td>15.05.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>2016-03-16</td><td>2016, March</td><td><a href="/facts/Nftables/G26b8IvM">nftables</a> (available since Linux kernel 3.12); New platforms: TBA if any</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.0 (Reboot (OpenWrt/LEDE))<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>2017-02-22</td><td>4.4.50</td><td>17.01.7</td><td>2019-06-20</td><td>2018, September</td><td rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/Musl/37ByvC8P">musl</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>There were only release notes for "OpenWrt/LEDE 17.01.7 - Seventh Service Release - June 2019" with a code revision "rTODO-2252731af4".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The official announcement of "OpenWrt/LEDE v17.01.7 service release" was never made in the OpenWrt Forum due to GPG signing certs issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>18.06.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>2018-07-31</td><td>4.9.111 / 4.14.52</td><td>18.06.9</td><td>2020-12-09</td><td>2020, December</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19.07.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>2020-01-06</td><td>4.14.162</td><td>19.07.10</td><td>2022-04-20</td><td>2022, April</td><td><a href="/facts/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access/a6XvwpFK">WPA3</a> support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Flow offloading (<a href="/facts/Beta_release/z4Q4RElA">beta</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>21.02.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>2021-09-04</td><td>5.4.143</td><td>21.02.7</td><td>2023-05-01</td><td>2023, May</td><td><a href="/facts/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access/a6XvwpFK">WPA3</a>, <a href="/facts/Transport_Layer_Security/pGy16TnA">TLS</a> and <a href="/facts/HTTPS/MSWYz4zo">HTTPS</a> support included by default, initial <a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/networking/dsa/dsa.html">DSA</a> support, <a href="/facts/LXC/gmfT31xS">LXC</a> and ujail support <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>22.03.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>2022-09-06</td><td>5.10.138</td><td>22.03.7</td><td>2024-07-25</td><td>2024, July</td><td>Firewall4 based on nftables, many new devices added, more targets converted to DSA, dark mode in LuCI, <a href="/facts/Year_2038_problem/dsvSnTgh">year 2038</a> problem handled, core components updated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>23.05.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>2023-10-13</td><td>5.15.134</td><td>23.05.5</td><td>2024-09-25</td><td>2025, July</td><td>New devices added, ipq40xx target converted to DSA, default cryptographic library switched to <a href="/facts/Mbed_TLS/33AV5voW">mbedtls</a>, core components updated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>24.10.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td>2025-02-06</td><td>6.6.73</td><td>24.10.1</td><td>2025-02-06</td><td>2026, February</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>LEDE</h3> <p class="note">This section is about the wireless network router operating system. For other uses, see <a href="/facts/Lede_(disambiguation)/UeHAKBP6">Lede (disambiguation)</a>.</p> <p>The Linux Embedded Development Environment (LEDE) project was a <a href="/facts/Fork_(software_development)/D6khxhpr">fork</a> of the OpenWrt project and shared many of the same goals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> It was created in May 2016 by a group of core OpenWrt contributors due to disagreements on OpenWrt internal processes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The schism was nominally reconciled a year later in May 2017 pending approval of the LEDE developers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The remerger preserves the OpenWrt branding, but uses many of the LEDE processes and rules. The remerge proposal vote was passed by LEDE developers in June 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> and formally announced in January 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The merging process was completed before the OpenWrt 18.06 release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Version<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></th><th>Release Date</th><th>Kernel</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>17.01.0</td><td>2017-02-22</td><td>4.4.50</td><td>first stable release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.1</td><td>2017-04-19</td><td>4.4.61</td><td>bug fixes and enhancements<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.2</td><td>2017-06-12</td><td>4.4.71</td><td>security fixes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.3</td><td>2017-10-03</td><td>4.4.89</td><td>security fixes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.4</td><td>2017-10-18</td><td>4.4.92</td><td>security fixes (<a href="/facts/KRACK/xMswbhe1">KRACK</a>, as far as addressable by server side fixes)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.5</td><td>2018-07-18</td><td>4.4.140</td><td>security fixes <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17.01.6</td><td>2018-09-03</td><td>4.4.153</td><td>security fixes <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>OpenWrt features a writeable <a href="/facts/Root_directory/oJN5waeT">root file system</a>, enabling users to modify any file and easily install additional software. This is in contrast with other firmware based on read-only file systems which don't allow modifying installed software without rebuilding and flashing a complete firmware image. This is accomplished by overlaying a read-only compressed <a href="/facts/SquashFS/shx5yhCv">SquashFS</a> file system with a writeable <a href="/facts/JFFS2/DBtCSotT">JFFS2</a> file system using <a href="/facts/Overlayfs/7UTaAB7P">overlayfs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Additional software can be installed with the <i>opkg</i> package manager and the package repository contains approximately 8000 packages (by 2022). </p> <p>OpenWrt can be configured through either a <a href="/facts/Command-line_interface/R9JpGmXQ">command-line interface</a> or a web interface called LuCI. OpenWrt provides set of scripts called UCI (unified configuration interface) to unify and simplify configuration through the command-line interface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Additional web interfaces, such as <a href="/facts/Gargoyle_(router_firmware)/1Kvc6DxX">Gargoyle</a>, are also available. </p><p>OpenWrt provides regular bug fixes and security updates even for devices that are no longer supported by their manufacturers. </p><p>OpenWrt provides exhaustive possibilities to configure common network-related features, like <a href="/facts/IPv4/bnQ5MEqm">IPv4</a>, <a href="/facts/IPv6/d4dg7kIL">IPv6</a>, <a href="/facts/Domain_Name_System/rfxdWFsj">DNS</a>, <a href="/facts/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol/lpASHnhz">DHCP</a>, <a href="/facts/Routing/Ml6MVCaC">routing</a>, <a href="/facts/Firewall_(computing)/Et2RkJaU">firewall</a>, <a href="/facts/Network_address_translation/nFweFNfN">NAT</a>, <a href="/facts/Port_forwarding/s5rsSftr">port forwarding</a> and <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access/a6XvwpFK">WPA</a>. </p><p>Other features include: </p> <ul><li>Extensible configuration of the entire hardware drivers, e.g. built-in <a href="/facts/Network_switch/CnvmhNYT">network switches</a> and their <a href="/facts/VLAN/QhdJNaWX">VLAN</a>-capabilities, <a href="/facts/Wireless_network_interface_controller/VbnmdRIt">WNICs</a>, <a href="/facts/DSL_modem/GYwNhhyE">DSL modems</a>, <a href="/facts/Foreign_exchange_service_(telecommunications)/wFqjrzNy">FX</a>, available hardware buttons, etc.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mesh_networking/XnVSy5rK">Mesh networking</a> through <a href="/facts/B.A.T.M.A.N./A5HjKNaa">B.A.T.M.A.N.</a>, <a href="/facts/Optimized_Link_State_Routing_Protocol/G5M3pvQK">OLSR</a> and <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.11s/YCDKCQLL">IEEE 802.11s</a>-capabilities of the <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers/9q8zz4ev">WNIC drivers</a> and other ad hoc mesh routing protocols that have been implemented within Linux.</li> <li>Wireless functionality, e.g. make the device act as a <a href="/facts/Wireless_repeater/lxGtttDg">wireless repeater</a>, a <a href="/facts/Wireless_access_point/701JjIzt">wireless access point</a>, a <a href="/facts/Wireless_bridge/5nyTQtNW">wireless bridge</a>, a <a href="/facts/Captive_portal/czjFGtJW">captive portal</a>, or a combination of these with e.g. ChilliSpot, <a href="/facts/WiFiDog_Captive_Portal/HsIe6gsN">WiFiDog Captive Portal</a>, etc.</li> <li>Wireless security: <a href="/facts/Packet_injection/uN9QYFDC">Packet injection</a>, e.g. <a href="http://airpwn.sourceforge.net/Airpwn.html">Airpwn</a>, <a href="/facts/Lorcon/EAq2hBFN">lorcon</a>, e.a.</li> <li>Dynamically configured port forwarding protocols <a href="/facts/Port_Control_Protocol/dQ3PHVr2">PCP</a>, <a href="/facts/NAT_Port_Mapping_Protocol/u5a7Tmg6">NAT-PMP</a>, and <a href="/facts/Internet_Gateway_Device_Protocol/ym9aTNo1">UPnP IGD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Port_knocking/BAzzKkrU">Port knocking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TR-069/34weR5Xd">TR-069</a> (CWMP) client<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intrusion_detection_system/mAw24Fyo">IPS</a> via <a href="/facts/Snort_(software)/TVf3Hfow">Snort</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Active_queue_management/dPk4QqtM">Active queue management</a> (AQM) through the <a href="/facts/Network_scheduler/7URA71LE">network scheduler</a> of the Linux kernel, with many available <a href="/facts/Queuing_discipline/7URA71LE">queuing disciplines</a>. <a href="/facts/CoDel/kN2yzg4P">CoDel</a> has been backported to Kernel 3.3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> This encapsulates <a href="/facts/Traffic_shaping/VCF0Gb3b">Traffic shaping</a> to ensure fair distribution of bandwidth among multiple users and <a href="/facts/Quality_of_service/joz9VkUm">quality of service</a> (QoS) for simultaneous use of applications such as <a href="/facts/VoIP/5QGBbXYg">VoIP</a>, <a href="/facts/Online_game/UH6ItLnW">online gaming</a>, and <a href="/facts/Streaming_media/4rPhSq0Y">streaming media</a> without experiencing the negative impacts of link saturation.</li> <li>Load balancing for use with multiple <a href="/facts/Internet_service_provider/dUacAxef">ISPs</a> using <a href="/facts/Source-specific_routing/tLb1wd4E">source-specific routing</a></li> <li>IP tunneling (<a href="/facts/Generic_Routing_Encapsulation/0TQRDUMK">GRE</a>, OpenVPN, pseudowire, <a href="/facts/WireGuard/zSJv87LA">WireGuard</a>, etc.)</li> <li>Extensible realtime <a href="/facts/Network_monitoring/dt0cvIqS">network monitoring</a> and statistics through e.g. <a href="/facts/RRDtool/0W7ndb1k">RRDtool</a>, <a href="/facts/Collectd/2lh1lyfF">Collectd</a>, <a href="/facts/Nagios/y3E81GSW">Nagios</a>, <a href="/facts/Munin_(software)/zj0oNBXV">Munin lite</a>, <a href="/facts/Zabbix/teYBNBX9">Zabbix</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dynamic_DNS/sJTm6YLu">Dynamic DNS</a> services to maintain a fixed domain name with an <a href="/facts/Internet_service_provider/dUacAxef">ISP</a> that does not provide a static <a href="/facts/IP_address/z9V22Sw9">IP address</a></li> <li>OpenWrt supports any hardware that has Linux support; devices that can be connected (e.g. over <a href="/facts/Universal_Serial_Bus/XcIKWLyg">USB</a>) include <ul><li><a href="/facts/Printer_(computing)/PnDF2QuF">Printers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mobile_broadband_modem/91kNTutm">Mobile broadband modems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Webcam/1vTYrHWw">Webcams</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sound_card/bxlF4YBa">Sound cards</a></li></ul></li> <li>Notable software packages to use the hardware support are <ul><li><a href="/facts/File_sharing/7GISy0GJ">File sharing</a> via <a href="/facts/Samba_(software)/Huyc2pnX">SAMBA</a>, (Windows-compatible), <a href="/facts/Network_File_System/jWRRALVo">NFS</a>, <a href="/facts/File_Transfer_Protocol/THuWgzfw">FTP</a>, SFTP. Printer sharing over the <a href="/facts/Print_server/4gr2wCYq">print server</a> <a href="/facts/CUPS/GH6I7g3U">CUPS</a> (spooling) or p910nd (non-spooling)</li> <li><a href="/facts/PulseAudio/euEHeBCe">PulseAudio</a>, <a href="/facts/Music_Player_Daemon/Ln42daLg">Music Player Daemon</a>, Audio/Video streaming via <a href="/facts/DLNA/bfzwoumq">DLNA</a>/<a href="/facts/Universal_Plug_and_Play/nrUmlpGr">UPnP AV standards</a>, <a href="/facts/ITunes/pdXPE33T">iTunes</a> (<a href="/facts/Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol/mc4jD1zr">DAAP</a>) server</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asterisk_(PBX)/cyMPMw18">Asterisk (PBX)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MQ_Telemetry_Transport/JltGCjue">MQ Telemetry Transport</a> through Mosquitto</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>OpenWrt's development environment and build system, known together as <i>OpenWrt Buildroot</i>, are based on a heavily modified <a href="/facts/Buildroot/0mhzMX5V">Buildroot</a> system. OpenWrt Buildroot is a set of <a href="/facts/Makefile/5q1DQ4ot">Makefiles</a> and <a href="/facts/Patch_(Unix)/9tFn5GeU">patches</a> that automates the process of building a complete Linux-based OpenWrt system for an embedded device, by building and using an appropriate <a href="/facts/Cross_compiler/8hXgCWB9">cross-compilation</a> <a href="/facts/Toolchain/SmlWCJhY">toolchain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>Embedded devices usually use a different processor than the one found in host computers used for building their OpenWrt system images, requiring a cross-compilation toolchain. Such a compilation toolchain runs on a host system but generates code for a targeted embedded device and its processor's <a href="/facts/Instruction_set_architecture/8p8vwUeE">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA). For example, if a host system uses <a href="/facts/X86/Kypq5fgu">x86</a> and a target system uses <a href="/facts/MIPS32/efV4KgK4">MIPS32</a>, the regular compilation toolchain of the host runs on x86 and generates code for x86 architecture,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> while the cross-compilation toolchain runs on x86 and generates code for the MIPS32 architecture. OpenWrt Buildroot automates this whole process to work on the instruction set architectures of most embedded devices and host systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>OpenWrt Buildroot provides the following features:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Makes it easy to port software across architectures</li> <li>Uses kconfig (Linux kernel <a href="/facts/Menuconfig/jgXEAQvk">menuconfig</a>) for the configuration of all options</li> <li>Provides an integrated cross-compiler toolchain (<a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">gcc</a>, <a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">ld</a>, <a href="/facts/UClibc/gky2euH0">uClibc</a> etc.)</li> <li>Provides an abstraction for <a href="/facts/Autotools/mA7PausV">autotools</a> (<a href="/facts/Automake/wP8CruMC">automake</a>, <a href="/facts/Autoconf/oo87Mrbn">autoconf</a>), <a href="/facts/CMake/ICCBEBKF">CMake</a> and <a href="/facts/SCons/aNCdfIeo">SCons</a></li> <li>Handles standard OpenWrt image build workflow: downloading, patching, configuration, compilation and packaging</li> <li>Provides a number of common fixes for known badly behaving packages</li></ul> <p>Besides building system images, OpenWrt development environment also provides a mechanism for simplified cross-platform building of OpenWrt software packages. Source code for each software package is required to provide a Makefile-like set of building instructions, and an optional set of patches for bug fixes or footprint optimizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hardware-compatibility">Hardware compatibility</h2> <p>OpenWrt runs many different routers and includes a table of compatible hardware on its website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> In its buyer's guide,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> it notes that users recommend devices equipped with wireless chips from either Qualcomm's <a href="/facts/Qualcomm_Atheros/VL1IwY6d">Atheros</a>, Ralink (now <a href="/facts/MediaTek/X0yoLa9D">MediaTek</a>) or any vendor with open source drivers and specifications. It specifically avoids <a href="/facts/Broadcom/pbh0q7ht">Broadcom</a> chipsets as the feature set is very limited due to having no open drivers. OpenWrt also recommends choosing a device with a minimum of 16 MB of flash and 128 MB of RAM, preferably higher amounts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="adoption">Adoption</h2> <p>OpenWrt, especially its Buildroot build system, has been adopted as the structure for other efforts. For example </p> <ul><li><a href="https://beta.altiwi.com/">AltiWi</a> "one-time-fee-only" replacement for Cloudtrax.</li> <li>Bufferbloat.net (Cerowrt)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Freifunk/FAA3FdwP">Freifunk</a> and other mesh network communities</li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force/tIcCsFhX">IETF</a> IPv6 integration projects HIPnet and HomeNet are OpenWrt-based</li> <li>prplOS, carrier-grade framework designed to power <a href="/facts/Internet_service_provider/dUacAxef">ISPs</a> routers and gateways made by <a href="/facts/Prpl_Foundation/aQg4n3x6">Prpl Foundation</a></li> <li>SIMET Box, developed by <a href="/facts/NIC.br/oxVcA4Lf">NIC.br</a>, is OpenWrt-based<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Derivative projects</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_router_firmware_projects/fbs7PDy9">List of router firmware projects</a></p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.arednmesh.org/">AREDN</a> The <a href="/facts/Amateur_radio/cBsMyamV">Amateur Radio</a> Emergency Data Network uses a firmware based on OpenWrt: <a href="https://github.com/aredn/aredn_ar71xx">GitHub Project</a></li> <li><i>CeroWrt</i> – (2011—2014) project to resolve bufferbloat in home networking, support IPv6, integrate DNSSEC, for wired and wireless, to complement the debloat-testing kernel tree and provide a platform for real-world testing of <a href="/facts/Bufferbloat/mbtScFvU">bufferbloat</a> fixes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The CeroWRT project is completely by 2014, when the finalized fixes were merged into OpenWRT. The "Bufferbloat project" behind CeroWRT went on to research new methods such as <a href="/facts/CAKE_(queue_management_algorithm)/kN2yzg4P">CAKE</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>Coova chilli – OpenWrt-based with focus on wireless hotspots, a fork of chillifire with focus on wireless hotspot management</li> <li>Flukso – Wireless sensor nodes using an Atheros AR2317 chipset running a patched OpenWrt OS for communication. Sources and hardware schematics available on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fon_(company)/UQMa5G2F">Fon</a> – OpenWrt-based wireless routers acting as hotspots. Sources and toolchain available on fonosfera.org</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gargoyle_(router_firmware)/1Kvc6DxX">Gargoyle</a> – a web interface for OpenWrt with a strong emphasis on usability that later forked into a separate distribution</li> <li>Gluon – Framework for building OpenWrt-based firmwares fitted for <a href="/facts/Mesh_networking/XnVSy5rK">mesh network</a> deployment: <a href="https://github.com/freifunk-gluon/gluon">GitHub Project</a></li> <li>JUCIWRT – a modern distribution using the JUCI webgui that later became an OpenWrt feed instead. The source code for JUCI is available at <a href="https://github.com/mkschreder/juci">mkschreder/juci</a> and is still usable by installing openwrt feed found at <a href="https://github.com/mkschreder/juci-openwrt-feed">mkschreder/juci-openwrt-feed</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LibreCMC/nBWIgHsY">libreCMC</a> – OpenWrt-based distribution which excludes non-free software or binary blobs, endorsed by the <a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>LibreMesh – Framework for creating OpenWrt-based firmwares for wireless mesh nodes. <a href="https://github.com/libremesh/lime-packages">GitHub Project</a></li> <li>Linino – OpenWrt-based distribution for the <a href="/facts/MIPS_architecture/efV4KgK4">MIPS</a>-based <a href="/facts/Arduino/Ah1eKzyS">Arduino</a> Yùn: <a href="https://github.com/arduino/linino">GitHub Project</a></li> <li>Midge Linux – an OpenWrt-based distribution for devices based on <a href="/facts/Infineon_Technologies/LAAXwhcC">Infineon Technologies</a> ADM-5120 <a href="/facts/System-on-a-chip/1RVvVe6N">SoCs</a>, such as Edimax BR-6104K and BR-6104KP.</li> <li><a href="https://www.openmptcprouter.com">OpenMPTCProuter</a> – aggregation of multiple Internet connections using <a href="/facts/Multipath_TCP/PrTmCrqp">Multipath TCP</a></li> <li>OpenSAN – <a href="/facts/ISCSI/oxaQpYBc">iSCSI</a> target <a href="/facts/Storage_Area_Network/e7bmhrmB">Storage Area Network</a> realization.</li> <li>PacketProtector – OpenWrt-based security distribution that includes <a href="/facts/Intrusion_detection_system/mAw24Fyo">IDS</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet_Provider_Security/eNM2FDrG">IPS</a>, <a href="/facts/Virtual_private_network/HX1WUQ3E">VPN</a>, and web antivirus capabilities. Packages included Snort, Snort-inline, <a href="/facts/FreeRADIUS/VgLTS3GH">FreeRADIUS</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenVPN/p8qllSrP">OpenVPN</a>, DansGuardian and <a href="/facts/ClamAV/CGxTFcga">ClamAV</a>. These tools were accessible via the old web GUI management interface of OpenWrt, called X-Wrt or webif^2. Project ended on June 7, 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qualcomm/v54S3UgA">Qualcomm's</a> QCA Software Development Kit (QSDK) which is being used as a development basis by many <a href="/facts/Original_equipment_manufacturer/hmUhIWaS">OEMs</a> is an OpenWrt derivative</li> <li>RutOS – an operating system for all Teltonika routers, based on OpenWrt. Source code found at <a href="https://wiki.teltonika-networks.com/view/GPL">GPL - Teltonika Networks Wiki</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://smoothwan.com">SmoothWAN</a> – aggregation of multiple Internet connections and network conditioning using <a href="/facts/Speedify/wcDkhNoW">Speedify</a>, Engarde and tinyfecvpn.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Turris_Omnia/Qcsxy23k">Turris Omnia</a> and Turris MOX routers run on an OpenWrt derivative</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ubiquiti/JrHJR8ed">Ubiquiti's</a> wireless router firmwares are based on OpenWrt</li> <li>Diverse <a href="/facts/Grassroots/GMw7sKCr">grassroots</a> projects for <a href="/facts/Wireless_community_network/uFA38aD9">wireless community networks</a>, including <a href="/facts/Freifunk/FAA3FdwP">Freifunk</a>, Libre-Mesh and qMp</li> <li>Some <a href="/facts/TP-Link/LNvCalzr">TP-Link</a>, <a href="/facts/Xiaomi/1u0fUnbN">Xiaomi</a>, <a href="/facts/ZyXEL/6rQEKUeh">ZyXEL</a> and <a href="/facts/D-Link/tmrcqckb">D-Link</a> router firmwares are derived from OpenWrt<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>FreeWRT was a Linux distribution that was used in embedded systems such as WLAN devices from Linksys and Asus. Not related to a project (with same name) based on Sveasoft firmware.</li> <li>Friendly Electronics manufactures the NanoPi series of SoC devices and makes available an OpenWRT derivative OS called FriendlyWRT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>Ansuel's Technicolor Custom GUI a modified management web interface developed on the basis of the official Technicolor for Homeware firmware, which runs a fork of OpenWrt, unlocking Technicolor Modem/Routers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Linux portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_router_firmware_projects/fbs7PDy9">List of router firmware projects</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Prpl_Foundation/aQg4n3x6">Prpl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Banana_Pi/KBfktNU4">Banana Pi</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to OpenWrt. <ul><li><a href="https://firmware-selector.openwrt.org">OpenWrt Firmware Selector</a></li> <li><a href="https://downloads.openwrt.org">OpenWrt Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="https://sysupgrade.openwrt.org">OpenWrt Sysupgrade Server</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="https://lists.openwrt.org">OpenWrt Mailing Lists</a></li> <li><a href="https://forum.openwrt.org">OpenWrt Forum</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/openwrt/luci/wiki">LuCI project</a></li> <li><a href="http://openwrtsummit.org/">OpenWrt Summit</a> & <a href="https://www.battlemesh.org">Wireless Battle Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="https://store.linksys.com/support-article?articleNum=50485">GPL Code Center</a> at Linksys</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fietkau, Felix (June 16, 2015). "OpenWrt switches to musl by default". Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617193511/http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.embedded.openwrt.devel/32651" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150617193511/http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.embedded.openwrt.devel/32651</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Miklas, Andrew (June 7, 2003). "Linksys WRT54G and the GPL". Linux kernel mailing list (Mailing list). Retrieved July 5, 2018. <a href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2003/6/7/164" target="_blank">https://lkml.org/lkml/2003/6/7/164</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Weiss, Aaron (November 8, 2005). "The Open Source WRT54G Story". Wi-Fi Planet. Retrieved July 5, 2018. <a href="http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3562391" target="_blank">http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3562391</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Linksys Releases GPLed Code for WRT54G". Slashdot. July 6, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2018. <a href="http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/03/07/06/2121234/linksys-releases-gpled-code-for-wrt54g" target="_blank">http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/03/07/06/2121234/linksys-releases-gpled-code-for-wrt54g</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Willis, Nathan (May 11, 2016). "LEDE and OpenWrt". LWN.net. Retrieved August 31, 2017. <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/686767/" target="_blank">https://lwn.net/Articles/686767/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sharwood, Simon (May 10, 2017). "OpenWRT and LEDE agree on Linux-for-routers peace plan". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved August 31, 2017. <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/10/openwrt_and_lede_peace_plan/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/10/openwrt_and_lede_peace_plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wich, Jo-Philipp (January 2, 2018). "Announcing the OpenWrt/LEDE merge". LEDE Project Forum. Retrieved January 10, 2018. <a href="https://forum.lede-project.org/t/announcing-the-openwrt-lede-merge/10217" target="_blank">https://forum.lede-project.org/t/announcing-the-openwrt-lede-merge/10217</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Welcome to the OpenWrt Project (OpenWrt Project)". OpenWrt. January 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. As of January 2018, the current Stable OpenWrt release [17.01.4] was built from the LEDE 17.01 source code, and branded with the LEDE project name. Development versions of OpenWrt are currently branded with the OpenWrt name, and have a version number of 18.01 " <a href="https://openwrt.org/" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"OpenWrt version history". October 16, 2023. <a href="https://openwrt.org/about/history" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/about/history</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Release Builds". October 19, 2023. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/start" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/start</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Security - Support status". December 28, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2024. <a href="https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/security#support_status" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/security#support_status</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Whiterussian 0.9 / Kamikaze snapshots". February 5, 2007. <a href="https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=9326" target="_blank">https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=9326</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"WHITE RUSSIAN 0.9". February 5, 2007. <a href="https://archive.openwrt.org/whiterussian/0.9/00-README" target="_blank">https://archive.openwrt.org/whiterussian/0.9/00-README</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Kamikaze 7.06". June 2, 2007. <a href="https://archive.openwrt.org/kamikaze/7.06/release.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.openwrt.org/kamikaze/7.06/release.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Kamikaze 7.07". July 26, 2007. <a href="https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=11808" target="_blank">https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=11808</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Kamikaze 7.09". September 30, 2007. <a href="https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=12780" target="_blank">https://forum.archive.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=12780</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Kamikaze 8.09". February 19, 2009. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Kamikaze 8.09.1". June 3, 2009. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09.1" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09.1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Kamikaze 8.09.2". January 10, 2010. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09.2" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/8.09/notes-8.09.2</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Backfire 10.03". April 7, 2010. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/10.03/notes-10.03" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/10.03/notes-10.03</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Backfire 10.03.1". December 21, 2011. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/10.03/notes-10.03.1" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/10.03/notes-10.03.1</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Attitude Adjustment". April 25, 2013. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/12.09/notes-12.09" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/12.09/notes-12.09</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Barrier Breaker". October 2, 2014. <a href="https://openwrt.org/releases/14.07/notes-14.07" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/releases/14.07/notes-14.07</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"OpenWrt Project: Freescale i.MX". openwrt.org. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2018. <a href="https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc/soc.freescale.imx" target="_blank">https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc/soc.freescale.imx</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Chaos Calmer". 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