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Morchella
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p> Morels resemble a <a href="/facts/Honeycomb/oeAFHaxm">honeycomb</a> due to the network of ridges with pits composing their <a href="/facts/Cap_(mycology)/6d91unJ1">caps</a>. Morels have a convoluted head/cap, and are varied in shape and habitat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h3>Similar species</h3> <p>When foraging for morels, one must be absolutely sure of identification. There are many look-alikes often referred to as "<a href="/facts/False_morel/PeQrgznf">false morels</a>", most notably <i><a href="/facts/Gyromitra/6j1lG1lM">Gyromitra</a></i>. These also include members of the most closely related genus, <i><a href="/facts/Verpa/lehDmIB7">Verpa</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> which are highly poisonous. Other mushrooms can also be mistaken for morels, including some species of stinkhorns, or <a href="/facts/Phallaceae/BwWuwFxc">Phallaceae</a>, which have a similarly shaped cap but a distinctive foul odor. It is important to take care when harvesting and identifying mushrooms, particularly morels. </p><p>The key morphological features distinguishing false morels from true morels are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gyromitra/6j1lG1lM">Gyromitra</a></i> species often have a "wrinkled" or "cerebral" (brain-like) appearance to the cap due to multiple wrinkles and folds, rather than the honeycomb appearance of true morels due to ridges and pits.</li> <li>The caps of morels come in a range of colors including white, grey, black, brown, and yellow. <i>Gyromitra esculenta</i> has a cap that is usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes also chestnut, purplish-brown, or dark brown.</li> <li>True morels are always hollow when sliced lengthwise, whereas <i>Gyromitra</i> species are typically chambered in longitudinal sections, while <i><a href="/facts/Verpa/lehDmIB7">Verpa</a></i> species contain a cottony substance inside their stem. The easiest way to distinguish <i>Verpa</i> species from <i>Morchella</i> species is to slice them longitudinally[7,8].</li> <li>The caps of <i>Verpa</i> species (<i><a href="/facts/Verpa_bohemica/FNj5qNkF">V. bohemica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Verpa_conica/1zd0WDfC">V. conica</a></i> and others) are attached to the stem only at the apex (top of the cap), unlike true morels which have caps that are attached to the stem at, or near the base of the cap.</li></ul> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Sporocarp_(fungi)/ftuHhG1E">fruit bodies</a> of <i>Morchella</i> species are highly <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphic</a>, varying in shape, color, and size. While in many cases they do not exhibit clear-cut distinguishing features microscopically, this has historically contributed to uncertainties in taxonomy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Discriminating between the various taxa described is further hindered by uncertainty over which of these are truly biologically distinct. Remarkably, some authors in the past had suggested that the genus contains as few as 3 to 6 species,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> while others recognised as many as 34.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Efforts to clarify the situation and re-evaluate old classical names (such as <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">Morchella elata</a></i> and others) in accordance to current phylogenetic data have been challenging, due to vague or ambiguous original descriptions and loss of <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In 2012, the simultaneous description of several new taxa from Europe by Clowez<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and North America by Kuo and colleagues<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> resulted in several <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonyms</a> further complicating matters, until a transatlantic study by Richard and colleagues resolved many of these issues in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The genus is currently undergoing extensive re-evaluation with regard to the taxonomic status of several species. </p> <h3>Early taxonomic history</h3> <p><i>Morchella</i> Dill. ex Pers. : Fr. was typified by <a href="/facts/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon/2p1AekWU">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a> in 1794,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> with <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculenta/XKCHGWEA">Morchella esculenta</a></i> designated as the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> for the genus. Among early pioneers who took an interest in the genus, were mycologists <a href="/facts/Julius_Vincenz_von_Krombholz/gAhVD4Hs">Julius Vincenz von Krombholz</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589mile_Boudier/ShIRanao">Émile Boudier</a>, who, in 1834<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> and 1897<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> respectively, published several species and varieties, accompanied by meticulously illustrated iconographic plates. The seminal taxon <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">Morchella elata</a></i>, whose true identity still remains unresolved,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> was described by <a href="/facts/Elias_Magnus_Fries/IspFbsTk">Elias Fries</a> in 1822, from a fir forest in <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Other classical, early-proposed names include <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_deliciosa/qLHVqKNP">Morchella deliciosa</a></i>, also described by Fries in 1822, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_semilibera/oWpN24Dz">Morchella semilibera</a></i>, the half-free morel, originally described by <a href="/facts/De_Candolle/IlF5waCe">de Candolle</a> and sanctioned by Fries in 1822,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_vulgaris/P2d8s6EF">Morchella vulgaris</a></i>, which was recombined by <a href="/facts/Samuel_Frederick_Gray/5brmJ0UH">Samuel Gray</a> as a distinct species in 1821<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> following a <i>forma</i> of <i>M. esculenta</i> previously proposed by <a href="/facts/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon/2p1AekWU">Persoon</a>, and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_angusticeps/2ukk0WIY">Morchella angusticeps</a></i>, a large-spored species described by American mycologist <a href="/facts/Charles_Horton_Peck/XRlhonWv">Charles Peck</a> in 1887.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_purpurascens/TIDstjJF">Morchella purpurascens</a></i>, the purple morel, was first described by <a href="/facts/Emile_Boudier/ShIRanao">Boudier</a> as a variety of <i>M. elata</i> in 1897 based on an 1834 plate by Krombholz, and was recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eximia/Ld5vYS4F">Morchella eximia</a></i>, a globally-occurring fire-associated species was also described by <a href="/facts/Emile_Boudier/ShIRanao">Boudier</a> in 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The old, widely applied name <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_conica/QSAH6j5b">Morchella conica</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> featuring in many field guides and literature across several countries, has been shown by Richard and colleagues to be <a href="/facts/Nomen_illegitimum/apyFBuBW">illegitimate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Classification</h3> <p>About 80 species of <i>Morchella</i> were described until the turn of the 21st century (per the <i><a href="/facts/Index_Fungorum/rqBKYxlD">Index Fungorum</a></i>), a number of which were later shown to be illegitimate or synonyms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> As molecular tools became widely available in the new millennium, a revived interest in the genus commenced and several new species were proposed. In 2008 Kuo described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tomentosa/oHtrIFxw">Morchella tomentosa</a></i> from burned coniferous forests in western North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> In 2010 Işiloğlu and colleagues described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_anatolica/3kgSdsx2">Morchella anatolica</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> a <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> species from <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> later shown to be sister to <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rufobrunnea/AJEHVyNB">Morchella rufobrunnea</a></i>. A study by Clowez described over 20 new species in 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> while later in the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 species from <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> However, several of these newly proposed names later turned out to be synonyms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> An extensive taxonomical and nomenclatural revision of the genus provided by Richard and colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized so far and clarified several synonymities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Also in 2014, Elliott and colleagues described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_australiana/0hblGLUt">Morchella australiana</a></i> from <a href="/facts/Sclerophyll/JWcJI0ue">sclerophyll</a> forests in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> while Clowez and colleagues described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_fluvialis/gMa5Dl4r">Morchella fluvialis</a></i> from riparian forests in <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>In 2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tridentina/mzYNQojJ">Morchella tridentina</a></i>, a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombined <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_kakiicolor/ca9zpzzC">Morchella kakiicolor</a></i> as a distinct species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Later in the same year, Clowez and colleagues described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_palazonii/yzQBH5CT">Morchella palazonii</a></i> from Spain,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> while Voitk and colleagues described <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_laurentiana/5FWmbHIM">Morchella laurentiana</a></i> from <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eohespera/15c0Edsv">Morchella eohespera</a></i>, a cosmopolitan species present in several continents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a> in 2016, Loizides and colleagues added two more <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> species, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_arbutiphila/McuIbwas">Morchella arbutiphila</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_disparilis/y2jlaUfT">Morchella disparilis</a></i>, and resurrected <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_dunensis/E8c3o42L">Morchella dunensis</a></i> as an autonomous species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> In the same year, Taşkın and colleagues described four of the previously unnamed phylospecies from Turkey: <i>Morchella conifericola</i>, <i>Morchella feekensis</i>, <i>Morchella magnispora</i> and <i>Morchella mediteterraneensis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h4>Section <i>Rufobrunnea</i></h4> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_anatolica/3kgSdsx2">Morchella anatolica</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_lanceolata/3kgSdsx2">Morchella lanceolata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rufobrunnea/AJEHVyNB">Morchella rufobrunnea</a></i></li></ul> <h4>Section <i>Morchella</i></h4> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_americana/aUWtep7B">Morchella americana</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_californica/aUWtep7B">Morchella californica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_claviformis/aUWtep7B">Morchella claviformis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculentoides/aUWtep7B">Morchella esculentoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_populina/aUWtep7B">Morchella populina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_castaneae/lKQV6uDN">Morchella castaneae</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella brunneorosea</i>, <i>Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_diminutiva/Q1uYoMNp">Morchella diminutiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_dunensis/E8c3o42L">Morchella dunensis</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculenta_f._dunensis/E8c3o42L">Morchella esculenta f. dunensis</a></i>, <i>Morchella andalusiae</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculenta/XKCHGWEA">Morchella esculenta</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_pseudoumbrina/XKCHGWEA">Morchella pseudoumbrina</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_pseudoviridis/XKCHGWEA">Morchella pseudoviridis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_fluvialis/gMa5Dl4r">Morchella fluvialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_galilaea/QSmPDcVJ">Morchella galilaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_palazonii/yzQBH5CT">Morchella palazonii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_prava/CeP5MQsc">Morchella prava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_sceptriformis/ep6vLn29">Morchella sceptriformis</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_virginiana/ep6vLn29">Morchella virginiana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_steppicola/Hgqk2gAJ">Morchella steppicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_ulmaria/pndmmMHB">Morchella ulmaria</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_cryptica/pndmmMHB">Morchella cryptica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_vulgaris/P2d8s6EF">Morchella vulgaris</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella acerina</i>, <i>Morchella anthracina</i>, <i>Morchella lepida</i>, <i>Morchella robiniae</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_spongiola/Ck6F64n4">Morchella spongiola</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Section <i>Distantes</i></h4> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_angusticeps/2ukk0WIY">Morchella angusticeps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_arbutiphila/McuIbwas">Morchella arbutiphila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_australiana/0hblGLUt">Morchella australiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_brunnea/Vu5NfSo5">Morchella brunnea</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella conifericola</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_deliciosa/qLHVqKNP">Morchella deliciosa</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_conica/QSAH6j5b">Morchella conica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_disparilis/y2jlaUfT">Morchella disparilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_dunalii/Lly36hpf">Morchella dunalii</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_fallax/Lly36hpf">Morchella fallax</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">Morchella elata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eohespera/15c0Edsv">Morchella eohespera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eximia/Ld5vYS4F">Morchella eximia</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella anthracophila</i>, <i>Morchella carbonaria</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_septimelata/JRAHWsgJ">Morchella septimelata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Morchella eximioides</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_exuberans/Wr2vE9df">Morchella exuberans</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_capitata/uovJd0PL">Morchella capitata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Morchella feekensis</i></li> <li><i>Morchella iberica</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_importuna/fEDzzshF">Morchella importuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_kakiicolor/ca9zpzzC">Morchella kakiicolor</a></i> <ul><li>synonym: <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_quercus-ilicis_f._kakiicolor/ca9zpzzC">Morchella quercus-ilicis f. kakiicolor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_laurentiana/5FWmbHIM">Morchella laurentiana</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella magnispora</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_mediterraneensis/EhLPqQAf">Morchella mediterraneensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_populiphila/0Mu0VDAo">Morchella populiphila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_pulchella/gyEypoKC">Morchella pulchella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_punctipes/4hLLvgv9">Morchella punctipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_purpurascens/TIDstjJF">Morchella purpurascens</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella elata var. purpurascens</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_conica/QSAH6j5b">Morchella conica</a></i>, <i>Morchella conica var. purpurascens</i>, <i>Morchella conica var. crassa</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_semilibera/oWpN24Dz">Morchella semilibera</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella gigas</i>, <i>Morchella gigas var. tintinnabulum</i>, <i>Morchella hybrida</i>, <i>Morchella undosa</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_varisiensis/S6RWtpB3">Morchella varisiensis</a></i>, <i>Morchella esculenta var. crassipes</i>, <i>Phallus gigas</i>, <i>Eromitra gigas</i>, <i>Phallus undosus</i>, <i>Phallus crassipes</i>, <i>Mitrophora hybrida</i>, <i>Mitrophora hybrida var. crassipes</i>, <i>Ptychoverpa gigas</i>, <i>Helvella hybrida</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_septentrionalis/fhY6j7s6">Morchella septentrionalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_sextelata/eHFUM9Yr">Morchella sextelata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_snyderi/eM8KtXCL">Morchella snyderi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tomentosa/oHtrIFxw">Morchella tomentosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tridentina/mzYNQojJ">Morchella tridentina</a></i> <ul><li>synonyms: <i>Morchella quercus-ilicis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_frustrata/mzYNQojJ">Morchella frustrata</a></i>, <i>Morchella elatoides</i>, <i>Morchella elatoides var. elagans</i>, <i>Morchella conica var. pseudoeximia</i></li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Unresolved classification</h4> <ul><li><i>Morchella anteridiformis</i></li> <li><i>Morchella apicata</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_bicostata/hRYldU3A">Morchella bicostata</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella conicopapyracea</i></li> <li><i>Morchella crassipes</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_deqinensis/QTx4BMxR">Morchella deqinensis</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella distans</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_guatemalensis/dpk0CJIh">Morchella guatemalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_herediana/JfqnGKeg">Morchella herediana</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella hetieri</i></li> <li><i>Morchella hortensis</i></li> <li><i>Morchella hotsonii</i></li> <li><i>Morchella hungarica</i></li> <li><i>Morchella inamoena</i></li> <li><i>Morchella intermedia</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_meiliensis/PB9HMzVR">Morchella meiliensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_miyabeana/8TTphsxW">Morchella miyabeana</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella neuwirthii</i></li> <li><i>Morchella norvegiensis</i></li> <li><i>Morchella patagonica</i></li> <li><i>Morchella patula</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_pragensis/mtoyLAPJ">Morchella pragensis</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella procera</i></li> <li><i>Morchella pseudovulgaris</i></li> <li><i>Morchella rielana</i></li> <li><i>Morchella rigida</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rigidoides/qMf2eVSU">Morchella rigidoides</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella smithiana</i></li> <li><i>Morchella sulcata</i></li> <li><i>Morchella tasmanica</i></li> <li><i>Morchella tatari</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tibetica/3QIjHJbU">Morchella tibetica</a></i></li> <li><i>Morchella umbrina</i></li> <li><i>Morchella umbrinovelutipes</i></li> <li><i>Morchella vaporaria</i></li></ul> <h3>Phylogeny</h3> <p>Early <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable <a href="/facts/Phenotype/vxWXKGLj">phenotypic</a> variation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Subsequent multigenic DNA studies, however, have revealed more than a dozen genealogically distinct species in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> and at least as many in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> DNA studies revealed three discrete <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clades</a>, or genetic groups, consisting of the "white morels" (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rufobrunnea/AJEHVyNB">Morchella rufobrunnea</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_anatolica/3kgSdsx2">M. anatolica</a></i>), the "yellow morels" (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculenta/XKCHGWEA">M. esculenta</a></i> and others), and the "black morels" (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">M. elata</a></i> and others).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The fire-associated species <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tomentosa/oHtrIFxw">Morchella tomentosa</a></i>, commonly known as the "gray morel", is distinct for its <a href="/facts/Tomentose/tLjKSfvm">fine hairs</a> on the cap ridges and <a href="/facts/Sclerotium/ox2jFJHD">sclerotia</a>-like underground structures, and may also deserve its own clade based on DNA evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Within the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of distinct species, many <a href="/facts/Endemism/xt4IpIsl">endemic</a> to individual continents or regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> This species-rich view is supported by studies in <a href="/facts/Western_Europe/YmWlV59w">Western Europe</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Turkey,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Patagonia/HmNlUCh5">Patagonia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Himalayas/eRSf0yyE">Himalayas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p>Early <a href="/facts/Ancestral_reconstruction/a7m8yX7C">ancestral reconstruction</a> tests by O'Donnell and collaborators postulated a <a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">western North American</a> origin of morels and the genus was estimated to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives <i><a href="/facts/Verpa/lehDmIB7">Verpa</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Disciotis/U1YPAbsI">Disciotis</a></i> in the early Cretaceous, approximately 129 million years ago (Mya).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> This date was later revised by Du and collaborators, placing the divergence of the genus in the late Jurassic, approximately 154 Mya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> However, neither of these reconstructions had included <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_anatolica/3kgSdsx2">Morchella anatolica</a></i> in the analyses, whose phylogenetic placement remained at the time unresolved. Following genetic testing of isotype collection of <i>M. anatolica</i> by Taşkın and colleagues, this species was shown to nest in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, together with the transcontinental <i>M. rufobrunnea</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> This cast doubts over the accuracy of the original reconstructions, since both species of the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade are present in the Mediterranean, while <i>M. anatolica</i> is altogether absent from North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues using an expanded 79-species data set, have in 2021 refuted the previous hypothesis and designated the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_basin/azjFD5mW">Mediterranean basin</a> as the most probable place of origin of morels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><p> Morels can be found in the temperate <a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a>, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>.</p> <p>Yellow morels (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_esculenta/XKCHGWEA">Morchella esculenta</a></i> and related species) are more commonly found under <a href="/facts/Deciduous/7jQHVtdd">deciduous</a> trees rather than <a href="/facts/Conifer/vDUgqxCx">conifers</a>, while black morels (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">M. elata</a></i> and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests, <a href="/facts/Disturbed_ground/0y85hFeB">disturbed ground</a> and recently burned areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_galilaea/QSmPDcVJ">Morchella galilaea</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> and occasionally <i>M. rufobrunnea</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. In the American <a href="/facts/Pacific_Northwest/EjJhETXc">Pacific Northwest</a>, they can be found from April to August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p><p>Efforts to <a href="/facts/Fungiculture/YWQVB7VL">cultivate</a> morels at a large scale have rarely been successful and the commercial morel industry relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p> <h3>Transcontinental species</h3> <p>Although many species within <i>Morchella</i> exhibit continental <a href="/facts/Endemism/xt4IpIsl">endemism</a> and provincialism,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> several species have been phylogenetically shown to be present in more than one continent. So far, the list of transcontinental species includes <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_americana/aUWtep7B">M. americana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eohespera/15c0Edsv">M. eohespera</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eximia/Ld5vYS4F">M. eximia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_exuberans/Wr2vE9df">M. exuberans</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_galilaea/QSmPDcVJ">M. galilaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_importuna/fEDzzshF">M. importuna</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_populiphila/0Mu0VDAo">M. populiphila</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_pulchella/gyEypoKC">M. pulchella</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rufobrunnea/AJEHVyNB">M. rufobrunnea</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_semilibera/oWpN24Dz">M. semilibera</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_sextelata/eHFUM9Yr">M. sextelata</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_steppicola/Hgqk2gAJ">M. steppicola</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tridentina/mzYNQojJ">M. tridentina</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> The reasons behind the widespread, cosmopolitan distribution of these species, are still puzzling. Some authors have hypothesized that such transcontinental occurrences are the result of accidental anthropogenic <a href="/facts/Introduced_species/s0aHefyp">introductions</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> but this view has been disputed by others, who suggested an old and natural distribution, at least for some of these species which appear to be linked to indigenous flora.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible <a href="/facts/Biological_dispersal/aju7c9ku">dispersal</a> mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted <a href="/facts/Lineage_(evolution)/wIChE4CL">lineages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> It has been suggested that the widespread but disjunct distribution of some morel species, especially early diverging lineages like <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_rufobrunnea/AJEHVyNB">M. rufobrunnea</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tridentina/mzYNQojJ">M. tridentina</a></i>, may be the result of climatic refugia from the <a href="/facts/Quaternary_glaciation/5H9xbBTt">Quaternary glaciation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>The ecology of <i>Morchella</i> species is not well understood. Many species appear to form <a href="/facts/Symbiotic_relationship/MrBArRGa">symbiotic</a> or <a href="/facts/Endophytic/895a4l1C">endophytic</a> relationships with trees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> while others appear to act as <a href="/facts/Saprotroph/sJkDfrJW">saprotrophs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>Tree species associated with <i>Morchella</i> vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> include <i><a href="/facts/Abies/oC2WPeKn">Abies</a></i> (fir), <i><a href="/facts/Pinus/HvMa9uc1">Pinus</a></i> (pine), <i><a href="/facts/Populus/SSgurBpF">Populus</a></i> (poplar), <i><a href="/facts/Ulmus/jRBEeWEJ">Ulmus</a></i> (elm), <i><a href="/facts/Quercus/1NJJzkzB">Quercus</a></i> (oak), <i><a href="/facts/Arbutus/NsonMMgg">Arbutus</a></i> (strawberry trees), <i><a href="/facts/Castanea_(plant)/pjwAmCsR">Castanea</a></i> (chestnut), <i><a href="/facts/Alnus/KbD9YG8w">Alnus</a></i> (alder), <i><a href="/facts/Olea/JnHj4oql">Olea</a></i> (olive trees), <i><a href="/facts/Malus/MKp2k7Mq">Malus</a></i> (apple trees), and <i><a href="/facts/Fraxinus/Ew2cklTl">Fraxinus</a></i> (ash).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of <i><a href="/facts/Pinus/HvMa9uc1">Pinus</a></i> (pine), <i><a href="/facts/Abies/oC2WPeKn">Abies</a></i> (fir), <i><a href="/facts/Larix/BDy77MTP">Larix</a></i> (larch), and <i><a href="/facts/Pseudotsuga/yQXGhSD8">Pseudotsuga</a></i> (Douglas-fir), as well as in <i><a href="/facts/Populus/SSgurBpF">Populus</a></i> (cottonwood) <a href="/facts/Riparian_zone/3NQHWM78">riparian</a> forests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> Deciduous trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include <i><a href="/facts/Fraxinus/Ew2cklTl">Fraxinus</a></i> (ash), <i><a href="/facts/Platanus/7bKQWPHo">Platanus</a></i> (sycamore), <i><a href="/facts/Liriodendron/pnQNc0HC">Liriodendron</a></i> (tulip tree), dead and dying <a href="/facts/Elm/jRBEeWEJ">elms</a>, <a href="/facts/Populus_sect._Aigeiros/cHQT1hQc">cottonwoods</a>, and old <a href="/facts/Apple_tree/SF1WND0v">apple trees</a> (remnants of <a href="/facts/Orchard/N7jv0Wrz">orchards</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> Due to their springtime <a href="/facts/Phenology/5qVofbv7">phenology</a> (March–May), morels are hardly ever found in the vicinity of common poisonous mushrooms such as the <a href="/facts/Death_cap/yea3ok6C">death cap</a> (<i>Amanita phalloides</i>), the <a href="/facts/Sulphur_tuft/kfQfLbv8">sulphur tuft</a> (<i>Hypholoma fasciculare</i>), or the <a href="/facts/Fly_agaric/2VybE2L2">fly agaric</a> (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> They can, however, occur alongside <a href="/facts/False_morel/PeQrgznf">false morels</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Gyromitra/6j1lG1lM">Gyromitra</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Verpa/lehDmIB7">Verpa</a></i> species) and elfin saddles (<i><a href="/facts/Helvella/VozB07CV">Helvella</a></i> species), which also appear in spring. </p> <h3>Association with wildfire</h3> <p>Certain <i>Morchella</i> species (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_eximia/Ld5vYS4F">M. eximia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_importuna/fEDzzshF">M. importuna</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Morchella_tomentosa/oHtrIFxw">M. tomentosa</a></i> and others) exhibit a <a href="/facts/Pyrophyte/5B6FwLDf">pyrophilic</a> behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have been recently burned by a <a href="/facts/Forest_fire/LU3797A0">fire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> Moderate-intensity fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low- or high-intensity fires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> This is caused by the soil becoming more alkaline as the result of <a href="/facts/Wood_ash/kqm3JapS">wood ash</a> combining with water and being absorbed into the soil which triggers the morels to fruit. <a href="/facts/Alkali_soil/XRLYuHtu">Alkaline soil</a> conditions which trigger fruiting have been observed and exploited with small-scale commercial cultivation of morels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> Where fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small numbers in the same spot, year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce a bumper crop of black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and buyers in North America target recently burned areas for this reason. These spots may be closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as morels are widely regarded as a <a href="/facts/Delicacy/kckgCBWW">delicacy</a> and often a <a href="/facts/Cash_crop/fwvVrxLT">cash crop</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>Due to the mushroom's prized fruit bodies, several attempts have been made to grow the fungus in culture. In 1901, Repin reported successfully obtaining fruit bodies in a cave in which cultures had been established in flower pots nine years previously in 1892.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p><p>More recently, small-scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkalinity produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021 it was announced that indoor cultivation of black morels had been successfully achieved after decades of research and experimentation with methods by The Danish Morel Project. The project has been able to cultivate 20 lbs of morels per square yard or around 10 kg per square metre with cost estimates expected to be similar to producing white button mushrooms (<i><a href="/facts/Agaricus_bisporus/SwXYFxzy">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>). Previous attempts at cultivation had managed to produce <a href="/facts/Sclerotium/ox2jFJHD">sclerotia</a> but encountered issues in getting them to reliably fruit. One of the breakthroughs with this project was growing them in a climate controlled environment in conjunction with grass which is involved in stimulating fruiting in the morel mycelium. Cultivation in this manner has been noted to produce superior morels for culinary uses since they can be assured to be insect, slug and dirt free and therefore do not need to be washed and cleaned like foraged morels. Since washing morels can negatively impact the texture, reliable cultivation may result in more versatility with this ingredient in the kitchen as well as making the delicacy more affordable and accessible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="toxicity">Toxicity</h2> <p>The consumption of <i>Morchella</i> species can have adverse effects. In 2023, a Montana <a href="/facts/Sushi/4WedU0r1">sushi</a> restaurant serving them was linked to 51 people who experienced <a href="/facts/Gastrointestinal_illness/S4UzQRFA">gastrointestinal illness</a>, with two reported deaths and three other hospitalizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> The consumption of raw morels in particular is advised against.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> An unknown toxin<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> can be neutralized via cooking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> Additionally, cooked morels can reportedly cause <a href="/facts/Upset_stomach/aF6gPB0G">upset stomachs</a> when consumed with alcohol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> </p><p>When eating this fungus for the first time, it is advised to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of decay. Morels growing in old <a href="/facts/Apple/SF1WND0v">apple</a> orchards previously treated with the deprecated insecticide <a href="/facts/Lead_arsenate/9Ant1Ulo">lead arsenate</a> may <a href="/facts/Bioaccumulation/KaHzFKnL">accumulate</a> levels of toxic <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> and <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a> that are unsuitable for human consumption.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Morels, "almost universally associated with spring," can be found in many habitats. Morel may be more likely to fruit during a period of increasing heat following a chilly period, a preference which is credited for their abundance in areas with cold winters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> </p><p>Black morels (<i><a href="/facts/Morchella_elata/0yy1bgYh">Morchella elata</a></i>) are often found on land that has been disturbed by logging burning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nutrition</h3> <p>Raw morel mushrooms are 90% water, 5% <a href="/facts/Carbohydrate/Geuuzxsf">carbohydrates</a>, 3% <a href="/facts/Protein_(nutrient)/JTsv4Rhw">protein</a>, and 1% <a href="/facts/Fat/87HcP11s">fat</a>. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 31 <a href="/facts/Calorie/ntNMPx65">calories</a>, and is a rich source of <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> (94% of the <a href="/facts/Daily_Value/TemwCsC3">Daily Value</a>, DV), <a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a>, <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a>, and vitamin D (34% DV, if having been exposed to sunlight or artificial <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet_light/kncBUqn5">ultraviolet light</a>). Raw morels contain moderate levels of several <a href="/facts/B_vitamins/m6ekXy6A">B vitamins</a> (table). </p> <h3>Gastronomical value and culinary uses</h3> <p>They have been called "prized delicacies...they are so esteemed in Europe that people used to set fire to their own forests in hopes of eliciting a bountiful morel crop the next spring!"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> </p><p>Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including <a href="/facts/French_cuisine/gHvq6Erk">Provençal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> Their flavor is prized by <a href="/facts/Chef/mojmkKEH">chefs</a> worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods designed to highlight and preserve it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> As with most <a href="/facts/Edible_mushroom/CVC20V4U">edible fungi</a>, they are best when collected or bought fresh. They are sometimes added to meat and poultry dishes and soups, and can be used as <a href="/facts/Pasta/sREhIRTE">pasta</a> fillings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> As morels are known to contain <a href="/facts/Thermolabile/QPdANd0I">thermolabile</a> toxins, they must always be cooked before eating. </p><p>Morels can be preserved in several ways: They can be <a href="/facts/Flash_freezing/3NL5BMfA">'flash frozen'</a> by simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few minutes, then spread on a <a href="/facts/Sheet_pan/2RUbYoIx">baking tray</a> and placed into a freezer. After freezing, they keep very well with the frozen glaze for a long time in airtight containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes turn slightly mushy, so they are best frozen after <a href="/facts/Steaming/7M5xHcG3">steaming</a> or <a href="/facts/Frying/yGEEdm31">frying</a>. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace amounts of soil which cannot be easily washed out. Any visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half lengthwise, if needed. Mushroom hunters sometimes recommend soaking morels in a bowl of salt water briefly prior to cooking, although many chefs would disagree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Food_drying/royoV3ho">Drying</a> is a popular and effective method for long-term storage, and morels are widely available commercially in this form. Any <a href="/facts/Larva/GKo2FIew">insect larvae</a> which might be present in the fruit bodies usually drop out during the drying process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> Dried morels can then be reconstituted by soaking for 10–20 minutes in warm water or milk, and the soaking liquid can be used as stock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> </p><p>The flavor of morels is not just appreciated by humans; in <a href="/facts/Yellowstone_National_Park/NnavuSNu">Yellowstone National Park</a>, black morels are also known to be consumed by <a href="/facts/Grizzly_bear/DWMlTWI0">grizzly bears</a> (<i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <p>Morel hunting is a common springtime activity. Mushroom collectors may carry a mesh collecting bag, so the spores can scatter as one carries the harvest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> </p><p>Every spring, hundreds of morel enthusiasts gather in <a href="/facts/Boyne_City%2c_Michigan/YIGUPf2z">Boyne City, Michigan</a> for the National Morel Mushroom Festival, a century-old event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> As one observer stated, "if there is a modern, North American reenactment of <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Chaucer/HR7rHQng">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Canterbury_Tales/FrrCdDy0">Canterbury Tales</a></i> this is it."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> Other festivals and hunting competitions in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> include the Illinois State Morel Mushroom Hunting Championship, the Ottawa Midwest Morel Fest and the Mesick Michigan Mushroom Festival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Tyler_Childers/eh47dk94">Tyler Childers</a> 2019 song "<a href="/facts/All_Your%2527n/F4Hs6uxy">All Your'n</a>", he mentions "Fried morels and fine hotels" in the first line of the 2nd verse. </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Farm_life_sim/Bq6XJ4ro">farming sim</a> video game <i><a href="/facts/Stardew_Valley/h53KmN3F">Stardew Valley</a></i>, morels are a consumable item that can be found in the Secret Woods during spring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> If the player chooses to allow mushrooms to grow in the Farm Cave, morels have an 8.1% chance of spawning each day regardless of season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vernacular names</h3> <p><i>Morchella</i> species have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include <i>dryland fish</i>, because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles the shape of a fish;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> <i>hickory chickens</i>, as they are known in many parts of <a href="/facts/Kentucky/DaTW05Rt">Kentucky</a>; and <i>merkels</i> or <i>miracles</i>, based on <a href="/facts/Folklore/hcBN8qcd">folklore</a>, of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of <a href="/facts/West_Virginia/USP8LtCq">West Virginia</a>, they are known as <i>molly moochers</i>, <i>muggins</i>, or <i>muggles</i>. Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of <i><a href="/facts/Porifera/E9T2WFWA">Porifera</a></i> (sponges), other common names for any true morel are <i>sponge mushroom</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Waffle/xVQBYfmV">waffle</a> mushroom</i>. In the Appalachian woodlands, morels have also been called <i>haystacks</i>, or <i>snakeheads</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a> vernacular name <i>huhtasieni</i>, refers to <i>huhta</i>, area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> </p><p>The scientific name of the genus <i>Morchella</i> itself, is thought to have derived from <i>morchel</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> an old <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> word close to "Möhre", carrot or beet, due to similarity in shape. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li> Fungi portal</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morchella. <ul><li><a href="http://www.ascomycete.org/2000Pezizales/tabid/127/cid/10/language/en-US/Morchellaceae.aspx">2000 Pezizales</a> on Ascomycete.org</li> <li><a href="http://www.mushroomexpert.com/morels/index.html">MushroomExpert.com's Morel section</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/hunting/2013/04/finding-cooking-morel-mushrooms">"A Beginner's Guide to Hunting Morel Mushrooms"</a>, from <i>Field and Stream</i></li> <li><a href="http://www.missfitting.com/colorado-morels">Colorado Morels</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235612/http://www.missfitting.com/colorado-morels">Archived</a> 2020-11-11 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Cup fungus | Edible, Spore Dispersal & Saprobes | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-05-01. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cup-fungus" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/cup-fungus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>O’Donnell, Kerry; Rooney, Alejandro P.; Mills, Gary L.; Kuo, Michael; Weber, Nancy S.; Rehner, Stephen A. (2011-03-01). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (Morchella) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 48 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006. ISSN 1087-1845. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1087184510001830" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1087184510001830</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kimbrough JW. (1970). "Current trends in the classification of discomycetes". Botanical Review. 36 (2): 91–161. Bibcode:1970BotRv..36...91K. doi:10.1007/bf02858958. S2CID 11463562. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Korf RP. (1972). "Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales". Mycologia. 64 (5): 937–994. doi:10.2307/3758070. JSTOR 3758070. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D, Jander-Shagug G (Spring 2010). "The complexity of Morchella systematics: A case of the yellow morel from Israel" (PDF). Fungi Magazine. 3 (2): 14–18. <a href="http://www.fungimag.com/special-spring-2010-articles/YellowMorel.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fungimag.com/special-spring-2010-articles/YellowMorel.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Loizides, M. (2017). "Morels: the story so far". Field Mycology. 18 (2): 42–53. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fldmyc.2017.04.004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fldmyc.2017.04.004</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Overholts LO. (1934). "The morels of Pennsylvania". Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 8: 108–114. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Seaver FJ. (1942). The North American cup-fungi (Operculates). Hafner Publishing C. New York. p. 377 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Dennis RWG. (1978). Bristish Ascomycètes. Ed. Cramer, Vaduz, p. 585 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1984). Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. p. 314 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Weber, N.S. (1988). In A Morel Hunter's Companion, pp. 111-167. Two Peninsula Press: Lansing. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France". Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France. 13: 130–150. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jacquetant E. (1984). Les Morilles. Paris: La Bibliothèque des Arts. p. 114. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 126 (3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238). <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia. 107 (2): 359–382. doi:10.3852/14-166. PMID 25550303. <a href="http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract" target="_blank">http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau PA, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "Morchella tridentina, M. rufobrunnea, and M. kakiicolor: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section Distantes". Mycological Progress. 14 (13). Bibcode:2015MycPr..14...13L. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6. S2CID 16132175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 126 (3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238). <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kuo M, Dewsbury DR, O'Donnell K, Carter MC, Rehner SA, Moore JD, Moncalvo JM, Canfield SA, Stephenson SL, Methven AS, Volk TJ (2012). "Taxonomic revision of true morels (Morchella) in Canada and the United States". Mycologia. 104 (5): 1159–1177. doi:10.3852/11-375. PMID 22495449. S2CID 45219627. <a href="http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=bio_fac" target="_blank">http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=bio_fac</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia. 107 (2): 359–382. doi:10.3852/14-166. PMID 25550303. <a href="http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract" target="_blank">http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Persoon CH. (1794). "Neue Versuch einer Systematischen Einteilung der Schwämme". Neues Magazin für die Botanik (in German). 1: 63–128. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Krombholz JV von. (1834). Naturgetreue Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, Heift 3. G. Calve, Praha J, 36 p., pl. XV-XXII. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France". Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France. 13: 130–150. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia. 107 (2): 359–382. doi:10.3852/14-166. PMID 25550303. <a href="http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract" target="_blank">http://www.mycologia.org/content/early/2014/12/24/14-166.abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Loizides, M. (2017). "Morels: the story so far". Field Mycology. 18 (2): 42–53. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fldmyc.2017.04.004" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fldmyc.2017.04.004</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Fries EM. (1822). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4335151" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4335151</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Fries EM. (1822). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4335151" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4335151</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other. 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